Physics201

Eleventh Edition
Cutnell & Johnson

Chapter 4
Forces and Newton’s Laws of Motion
 Introduction

Force is a Vector quantity that refers to the change in

motion of an object or its state including shape or position
of the object.

Any push or pull is a force

More than one force can act on an object at the same
time.
 Forces

 Gravitation
 Electric and magnetic forces
 Elastic forces (Hooke’s Law)
 Frictional forces: static and kinetic friction, fluid
resistance
 Contact forces: normal forces and static friction
Tension and compression
 Force is a vector quantity:

𝐹𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 = m 𝑎Ԧ

(1) The magnitude of the total force is defined to be:

𝐹Ԧ = m . 𝑎Ԧ
Where,
m  mass, and 𝑎Ԧ  magnitude of the acceleration

(2) Direction of the total force of the standard body is

the direction of the acceleration of that body
The SI units for force are newton (N)
Where, 1N = kg. m/ s2

If we apply two forces 𝐹1 and 𝐹2 to a standard body

Then, the total force is the vector sum of the two forces:
𝐹 𝑇 = 𝐹1 + 𝐹2
Where,
𝐹1 = 𝑚 𝑎1 and 𝐹2 = m 𝑎2
𝑎𝑇 = 𝑎1 + 𝑎2
 𝑎𝑇 = 𝑎1 + 𝑎2 𝐹 𝑇 = 𝐹1 + 𝐹2

 The picture shows the geometric sum of forces

Example 2
 Statics and force measurement
(static equilibrium )
 When all the forces that act upon an object are
balanced, then the object is said to be in a state of
equilibrium.

 Example:

The net force is zero. Thus, the acceleration is 0 m/s/s

 Newton laws of Motion

1- Newton first laws

2- Newton second laws
3- Newton third laws
Newton's First Law of Motion
Newton's first law:
An object at rest tends to stay at rest and an object in
motion tends to stay in motion with the same speed and in
the same direction unless an external force acts on it.

Newton's first law is sometimes referred to as the "law of

inertia
 Example of Newton's First Law
in every day life

Example 1: Seat belts

We wear seat belts in cars. If a car is traveling at 120 km/hr, the passengers
in the car is also traveling at 120 km/hr. When the car suddenly stops a force
is exerted on the car (making it slow down), but not on the passengers. The
passengers will carry on moving forward at 120 km/hr

according to Newton first law  If they are wearing seat belts, the seat belts
will stop them by exerting a force on them and so prevent them from getting
hurt.
Newton's Second Law of Motion

Newton second law deals with the force (F) and mass (m) in
producing acceleration (a)

Newton's Second Law states that the acceleration produced

by a net force on an object is directly proportional to the net
force, and is inversely proportional to the mass of the object.

Newton’s second law is also known as the law of acceleration

Newton's Second Law of Motion
Newton’s Second Law of Motion

As the net force increases, the object’s acceleration

increases. As the mass of the object increases, its
acceleration decreases.
Newton’s Second Law of Motion

m =3000 kg
a = 2 m/s 2

F=ma
= 3000 x 2
2
= 6000 kg m/s
Newton’s Second Law of Motion
(2) An object accelerates 8.2 m/s2 when a force of
20.1 newtons is applied to it. What is the mass of
the object?
F = 20.1 N
a = 8.2 m/s2

The answer:
a = F/ m  m = F/a
m = 20.1 / 8.2
= 2.451 kg
Newton's Third Law of Motion

Newton's third Law:

All actions have reactions in the
same magnitude but opposite
direction.

In another word, When one object

exerts a force on another, the
second object exerts an equal you are exerting a force on
and opposite force on the first. the chair (your weight), the
chair is also exerting a force
on you in the opposite
direction.
 Newton's Third Law of Motion

Example:
 Suppose that, when you swim you push the water to

the backward direction and water also pushes you

to the forward direction
 4.6 Types of Forces: An Overview
19

In nature there are two general types of forces,

fundamental and nonfundamental.
Fundamental Forces
1. Gravitational force

2. Strong Nuclear force

3. Electroweak force

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 4.6 Types of Forces: An Overview
20

Examples of nonfundamental forces:

friction
tension in a rope
normal forces

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 Universal Law of Gravitation
 Newton’s Universal Law of Gravitation describes the gravitation force
between two particles that have masses m1 and m2 and are
separated by a distance r.

The gravitation force has a magnitude given by,

m1m2
F G 2
r

G  6.673  1011 N  m 2 kg 2 universal gravitational constant

 Example:
What is the magnitude of the gravitational force that acts on each particle in
Figure below, assuming 𝑚1 = 12 𝑘𝑔, 𝑚2 = 25 𝑘𝑔, and 𝑟 = 1.2 𝑚?

G  6.673  1011 N  m 2 kg 2
 4.7 The Gravitational Force
23

Solution:

m1m2
F G 2
r

  6.67  10
12 kg  25 kg 
11
N  m kg2 2
 1.2 m 2
 
 1.4  108 N

Copyright ©2018 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

 4.7 The Gravitational Force
24

Weight:
Definition of Weight
The weight of an object on or above the earth is the
gravitational force that the earth exerts on the object. The
weight always acts downwards, toward the center of the earth.
On or above another astronomical body, the weight is the
gravitational force exerted on the object by that body.
SI Unit of Weight: newton (N)

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 4.7 The Gravitational Force (6 of 7)
25

Using W for the magnitude of the weight, m for the mass of

the object, and 𝑀𝐸 for the mass of the earth, it follows from
gravitational force equation that,

M Em
W G 2
r

W  mg

ME
g G 2
r
Copyright ©2018 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Example:
The mass of the Hubble Space Telescope is
11600 kg. Determine the weight of the telescope:
(a) when it was resting on the earth as the earth’s
radius 𝑟 = 6.82 × 106 𝑚
(b) as it is in its orbit 598 km above the earth’s
surface
 4.8 The Normal Force
28

Definition of the Normal Force

The normal force 𝐹𝑁 is one component of the force that a surface exerts on an
object which is in contact with.
The normal force 𝐹𝑁 is perpendicular to the surface.

Copyright ©2018 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

 4.8 The Normal Force (2 of 4)
29

FN  11 N  15 N  0

FN  26 N

FN  11 N  15 N  0

FN  4 N
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 4.9 Static and Kinetic Frictional
30
Forces
Frictional force or fraction is the force that resists motion when
the surface of one object comes in contact with the surface of
another

The direction of fractional force is always parallel to the contact

surface and opposite motion
4.9 Static and Kinetic Frictional
Forces (2 of 8)
31

Static friction is a force

that keeps an object at rest

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 4.9 Static and Kinetic Frictional
32
Forces
The magnitude of the static frictional force can have any
value from zero up to a maximum value.

fs  f s
MAX

f sMAX   s FN

0   s is called the coefficient of static friction.

•FN refers to the normal force acting upon the said object,
given as F = mg
Copyright ©2018 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
 4.9 Static and Kinetic Frictional
33
Forces
Kinetic friction is the friction present between two or
more objects that are in motion.

f k  k FN

0  k is called the coefficient of kinetic friction.

Copyright ©2018 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

 4.9 Static and Kinetic Frictional
34
Forces (6 of 8)
Table 4.2 Approximate Values of the Coefficients of Friction for Various Surfaces*
Coefficient of Static Coefficient of
Materials
ms mu subscript s.
Friction, mu mk mu subscript k.
Kinetic Friction, mu
Glass on glass (dry) 0.94 0.4
Ice on ice (clean, 0 degree
0.1 0.02
Celsius)
Rubber on dry concrete 1.0 0.8
Rubber on wet concrete 0.7 0.5
Steel on ice 0.1 0.05
Steel on steel (dry hard steel) 0.78 0.42
Teflon on Teflon 0.04 0.04
Wood on wood 0.35 0.3
a The last column gives the coefficients of kinetic friction, a concept that will be discussed shortly.
Copyright ©2018 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
 4.9 Static and Kinetic Frictional
35
Forces

The sled comes to a halt because the kinetic frictional

force opposes its motion and causes the sled to slow down.
Copyright ©2018 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
 4.9 Static and Kinetic Frictional
36
Forces

Suppose the coefficient of kinetic friction is 0.05 and the total mass is
40kg. What is the kinetic frictional force?

f k  k FN  k mg  0.05  40kg   9.80m s 2   20N

Copyright ©2018 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
 4.10 The Tension Force
37

Tension force is defined as the

force transmitted through a rope,
string or wire when pulled by
forces acting from opposite sides

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 Homework

Determine the force of gravitational attraction between the earth 5.98

x 1024 kg and a 70 kg boy who is standing at sea level, a distance of
6.38 x 106 m from earth's center.