A TECHNICAL REPORT ON

AUTOMOBILE PRACTICAL
(WORKSHOP TECHNOLOGY ENG 261)
PREPARED BY
YERINMENE .T . WISDOM
(MECHANICAL ENGINEERING)

INSTRUCTORS
ENG A.A. ADERIBIGBE
ENG. H. A. BENJAMIN

NOVEMBER 2022
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Title Page ______________________________________________ i

Table of Contents _______________________________________ ii

List of Figures __________________________________________ iii

List of Tables ___________________________________________ iv

CHAPTER 1

Brief History of the Automotive Industry ______________________

Introduction to Motor Parts _________________________________

Recent Advancements in Automobile Industry __________________

CHAPTER 2

Internal Combustion Engines (ICE)____________________________

Servicing of a Motor Vehicle ________________________________

Cooling System __________________________________________ _

Lubrication System _________________________________________

CHAPTER 3

___

Automobile Structure System _______________________________ _

CHAPTER 4

Summary of Experience Gained _______________________________

Additional Materials ________________________________ _____

1 . Introduction To Automobiles
Automobile is a word derived from the Ancient Greek word ‘autos’ meaning self and
‘Mobilis’ meaning movable.An Automobile is a vehicle which is not powered by
human but rather controlled by a human. An Automobile has huge varieties of the
vehicle for example:- Cars, Buses, Trucks, Bikes, etc.
Development of the automobile started in 1672 with the invention of the first steam
powered vehicle, which led to the creation of the first steam-powered automobile capable of
human transportation, built byNicolas-Joseph Cugnot in 1769. Inventors began to branch out at
the start of the 19th century, creating the de Rivas engine, one of the first internal combustion
engine and an early electric motor.Samuel Brown later tested the first industrially applied
internal combustion engine in 1826.
Development was hindered in the mid-19th century by a backlash against large vehicles, yet
progress continued on some internal combustion engines. The engine evolved as engineers
created two- and four-cycle combustion engines and began using gasoline as fuel. Production
vehicles began appearing in 1887, when Carl Benz developed a gasoline-powered automobile
and made several identical copies.[7] Recent automobile production is marked by the Ford Model
T, created by the Ford Motor Company in 1908, which became the first automobile to be mass-
produced on a movingassembly line.

The Ford Model T (foreground) and Volkswagen Beetle (background) are among the most mass-produced car models in history.

Introduction Motor Parts

From the car body frame to the steering system to the front and rear
suspension, a gas-powered vehicle is filled with a host of parts that
come together to power your car, truck or SUV down the road.
Below are some parts of a car that enables its smooth movement
and operation.
 Engine
The heart and soul of your vehicle is the internal combustion engine.
The engine block features parts such as the timing chain, camshaft,
crankshaft, spark plugs, cylinder heads, valves and pistons.
 Battery
The battery delivers the electricity needed to run your vehicle’s
electrical components. Without a battery, your car won’t run.
 Radiator
The radiator is responsible for helping the engine keep cool by
removing heat from coolant before it is pumped back through the
engine.
 Brakes
Found on all four wheels, your brakes are one of the most important
safety systems on your vehicle. Disc brakes can be found on the
front and back wheels and feature brake pads and calipers. Drum
brakes with brake shoes and wheel cylinders may be found on the
back wheels of some vehicles.
 Catalytic Converter
A device that controls emissions from your vehicle, the catalytic
converter transforms harmful gases and pollutants into less harmful
emissions before they leave the car’s exhaust system.
 Muffler
Keeps the exhaust system quiet through the use of baffles or other
materials that reduce or muffle the sound.
 Fuel Tank
Typically located before the rear axle, the fuel tank holds the gasoline
that powers your vehicle. The placement is important to avoid areas
that could crumple in a crash.

Recent Advancement In The Automotive Industry

Recent technological trends in the automotive industry like artificial
intelligence, machine learning, and robotics find their application in major
technology sectors around the world and the automobile sector is no different
as the effect in recent years is immense. Other trends include computer vision,
robotics, and deep learning.
These technological advancements enable automobile companies to produce
self-driving cars and offer multiple solutions. Some of these solutions include
shared vehicles which help reduce the number of automobiles on the roads.
There are also other solutions like electric vehicles, nitrogen and hydrogen
fueled vehicles. They help manage fleets, improve safety, and provide services
like insurance.
And these technological trends will just continue. For example, statistics show
that 52% of new vehicles that will be sold in 2030 will be electric.
Automobile car companies like Mercedes Benz E(electric)-class, Audi
E(electric)-class, Tesla, BMW Electric class, Ford Cars, Genesis, Cadillac,
Porsche, Volvo, Renault, Bentley, Bugatti, Rolls-Royce, Lexus and a few others
are the car companies striving to see that the automotive industry advances in
all areas.

2.Internal Combustion Engine

An internal combustion engine (ICE or IC engine) is a heat engine in which the combustion of a
fuel occurs with an oxidizer (usually air) in a combustion chamber that is an integral part of the
working fluid flow circuit. In an internal combustion engine, the expansion of the high-
temperature and high-pressure gases produced by combustion applies direct force to some
component of the engine. The force is typically applied to pistons (piston engine), turbine
blades (gas turbine), a rotor (Wankel engine), or a nozzle (jet engine). This force moves the
component over a distance, transforming chemical energy into kinetic energy which is used to
propel, move or power whatever the engine is attached to. This replaced the external
combustion engine for applications where the weight or size of an engine was more important.
The first commercially successful internal combustion engine was created by Étienne Lenoir
around 1860,[4] and the first modern internal combustion engine, known as the Otto engine,
was created in 1876 by Nicolaus Otto. The term internal combustion engine usually refers to an
engine in which combustion is intermittent, such as the more familiar two-stroke and four-stroke
piston engines, along with variants, such as the six-stroke piston engine and the Wankel rotary
engine. A second class of internal combustion engines use continuous combustion: gas
turbines, jet engines and most rocket engines, each of which are internal combustion engines
on the same principle as previously described.[4][5] Firearms are also a form of internal
combustion engine,[5] though of a type so specialized that they are commonly treated as a
separate category, along with weaponry such as mortars and anti-aircraft cannons. In contrast,
in external combustion engines, such as steam or Stirling engines, energy is delivered to a
working fluid not consisting of, mixed with, or contaminated by combustion products. Working
fluids for external combustion engines include air, hot water, pressurized water or even boiler-
heated liquid sodium.
While there are many stationary applications, most ICEs are used in mobile applications and
are the primary power supply for vehicles such as cars, aircraft and boats. ICEs are typically
powered by hydrocarbon-based fuels like natural gas, gasoline, diesel fuel, or ethanol.
Renewable fuels like biodiesel are used in compression ignition (CI) engines and bioethanol or
ETBE (ethyl tert-butyl ether) produced from bioethanol in spark ignition (SI) engines. As early
as 1900 the inventor of the diesel engine, Rudolf Diesel, was using peanut oil to run his
engines.[6] Renewable fuels are commonly blended with fossil fuels. Hydrogen, which is rarely
used, can be obtained from either fossil fuels or renewable energy.
 SERVICING A MOTOR CAR
A motor vehicle service or tune-up is a series of maintenance procedures carried out at a set
time interval or after the vehicle has traveled a certain distance. The service intervals are
specified by the vehicle manufacturer in a service schedule and some modern cars display the
due date for the next service electronically on the instrument panel. A tune-up should not be
confused with engine tuning, which is the modifying of an engine to perform better than the
original specification, rather than using maintenance to keep the engine running as it should.
The motor car service itself includes replacing aging parts and fluids as well as visual
inspections to check key components are still working properly. It's different from an
MOT( Ministry Of Transport )test which is a legal inspection to ensure the vehicle is safe to
drive based on a strict checklist of criteria set out by Driving & Vehicle Standards Agencies.
Essentially, there are three different types of car service: Interim, Full and Major.

Interim Car Service

An interim car service is the entry-level package that is sometimes called a 'Basic' or 'Bronze'
service. It's designed for high-mileage drivers - those that cover 20,000 miles or more a year -
that may need more than one annual service.
Typically, an interim car service will include an oil change, oil filter change and an inspection of
the car's main components, such as the lights, tyres and windscreen wipers.
Other key inclusions in the interim service package are the lubrication of all moving parts, top-
up of the engine, brake inspection,checking for any damage to the car body, testing the exterior
lights, looking at wheel alignment and wheel bearing, carrying out a bounce test,checking they
are correct for the mileage done and a thorough inspection for any fluid leaks.
Though it doesn’t go into the same detail as a full service, an interim service is still fairly in
depth, so you know your car is operating safely.

Full Car Service

A full service, also known as an 'Intermediate' or 'Silver' service, is usually recommended every
12 months or 12,000 miles, whichever comes first. It's ideal for drivers doing lower annual
mileages who will only have their car serviced once a year.It includes a wider range of checks
and service replacement parts in addition to those carried out during an interim service. The list
of jobs that are normally carried out, are: Air filter change, Fuel filter (diesel) / Spark plugs
change (petrol), Extensive brake inspection, Wheel bearings and shock absorbers inspection,
Electrical components (e.g. battery, alternator and starter motor) test, Air conditioning system
inspection, Radiator and coolant hose check.

Major Car Service

A major service might also be referred to as a 'Master' or 'Gold' service, and is recommended
every 24 months or 24,000 miles. If your last annual service was a full service, your car should
have a major service next.
It's the most comprehensive service package available that includes everything from a full
service. In addition, parts that are recommended for replacement every two years - including
the bake fluid and cabin filter - are changed.
Over time, brake fluid can become contaminated, making the brakes less effective, so it takes
longer to stop the car which could have serious consequences on the road. Similarly, the cabin
filter will get clogged up with dust and debris; changing it will improve the cabin's air quality.
3.Structure System Of Automobile
Thousands of individual parts make up the modern automobile. Much like
the human body, these parts are arranged into several semi-independent
systems, each with a different function.
The automobile contains analogous circulatory systems for coolant fluid
(mostly water), for lubricating oil, and for fuel. The engine—the "heart" of
the automobile—is comprised of pistons, cylinders, tubes to deliver fuel to
the cylinders, and other components. Each system is necessary for making
the automobile run and reducing noise and pollution.
The major systems of an automobile are the engine, fuel system,
transmission, electrical system, cooling and lubrication system, and the
chassis, which includes the suspension system, braking system, wheels and
tires, and the body. These systems will be found in every form of motor
vehicle and are designed to interact with and support each other. Below are
the explanation of some of these systems.

Cooling System
A vehicle’s engine-cooling system serves not just to keep the engine cool,
but to also keep its temperature warm enough to ensure efficient, clean
operation. System a radiator to dissipate heat, a fan or fans to ensure
adequate airflow for radiator cooling, a thermostat valve that opens when
the desired operating temperature is reached and a water pump (or coolant
pump) to circulate coolant through the engine, hoses and other
components. Most vehicles now employ an expansion tank that allows the
coolant to expand, and exit, the cooling circuit when hot, and to return
when the car is turned off and the engine cools. The cooling system also
incorporates elements of the cabin’s ventilation system, because engine
heat is used to warm the car’s interior.
The objective of the cooling system is to keep the engine running at its most
efficient operating temperature. It is to be noted that the engine is quite
inefficient when it is cold, hence the cooling system is designed such that it
prevents cooling when theengine is warming up till it attains a maximum
efficient operating temperature, then it starts cooling.
TYPES OF COOLING SYSTEMS
There are mainly two types of cooling systems:
a. Air cooling system, and
b. Water cooling system
AIR COOLING SYSTEM : Air cooled system is generally used in small engines
say up to 15-20kW and in Aero plane engines. In this system, ‘fins’ or
extended surfaces are provided on the cylinder walls, cylinder heads, etc.
Heat generated due to combustion in the engine cylinder will be conducted
to the fins and when the air flows over the fins, heat will be dissipated to
air.
Air Cooling System

WATER COOLING SYSTEM : In this system, water is circulated through water

jackets around each of the combustion chambers, cylinder, valve seats and
valve stems. The water is kept continuously in motion by a centrifugal water
pump which is driven by a V-belt from the pulley on the engine crankshaft. In
the radiator, the water is cooled by air drawn through the radiator by a fan.
The parts of a water-cooling system include; radiator, thermostat valve, water
pump, fan, water jackets and antifreeze mixtures.
COMPARISON BETWEEN AIR AND WATER-COOLING SYSTEMS

One problem connected with the use of air-cooled engines is the requirement of
enough heating and demisting systems for the car.

Water-cooled engines always have a constant supply of hot water and it is easy
enough to convert this into hot air. Air-cooled engines usually have an independent
heater or harness the heat of the exhaust system.

Some older models have heating systems that combine both of these methods. An
electrically-operated heater which burns petrol supplies hot air to the car interior by
way of a blower fan.

The same fan fed the hot air from the heat exchangers, which were finned alloy
castings on the exhaust system. Hot air was fed into a mixer chamber, where it was
blended with fresh air to give a controlled amount of heat.
 Air cooling System

Water Cooling System

Transmission System
A transmission system is referred more specifically to the gearbox, in fact,
the 5-speed transmission refers simply to the gearbox that uses gears and
gear trains. They are used to provide speed and torque conversion from the
rotating power source to another device.
The Transmission system plays an important role in an automobile engine
as it adapts the outputs of the internal combustion engine to the drive
wheels. It aids the engine to work at a high relational speed due to the fact
that it is inappropriate for starting and stopping as well as slower travel.
With the torque, it reduces the higher engine speed to the slower wheel
speed.
The mechanism that transmits the power created by an automobile engine
to the driving wheels is called the TRANSMISSION SYSTEM (or POWER
TRAIN). In some region the term transmission system refers to the whole
drive train such as clutch, gearbox, propeller shaft, differential, and final
drive shafts. Apart from a vehicle, it is used on other application to provide
speed and torque conversion from a rotating power source to another
device.
There are four main types of transmission system namely;
o Manual Transmission System (MT)
o Automatic Transmission System (AT)
o Automated Manual Transmission System (AM)
o Continuously Variable Transmission System (CVT)
(https://studentlesson.com/various-types-of-transmission-system-
and-their-advantages/)
The following are the function of the transmission system and gearbox on
an automobile engine:
o Provide means of connection and disconnection of an engine with rest
of power train without shock and smoothly.
o Provide varied leverage between the engine and the drive wheels
o The means to transfer power in the opposite direction is provided.
o Enable power transmission at varied angles and varied lengths.
o Enable speed reduction between the engine and the drive wheels in
the ratio of 5:1.
 o Diversion of power flow at right angles is also enabled.
o Provide means to drive the driving wheels at different speeds when
required.
o Bear the effect of torque reaction, driving thrust and braking effort
effectively.

Breaking System
A brake is a mechanical device designed to restrain motion by absorbing
energy from a moving system usually by the means of friction. It is used to
slow or stop a moving vehicle, wheels, axle, etc. The braking system is a
complication device with a lot of parts, but its working seems very
easy.After all, pressing a single pedal will activate all brakes on the four
wheels. The slowing down is achieved by hydraulic fluid, which is often
bleed to get the best performance of the breaking. Air is not allowed in the
system else the component won’t work well.
Most brakes are designed to use friction between two surfaces, they’re
pressed to convert the kinetic energy of the moving object into heat.
Though several methods of energy conversion are now employed. In an
automobile, friction brakes store braking heat in the drum brake or disc
brake which then gradually converts into the air.
On modern vehicles, the brake pedal is pushed against the master cylinder.
There is a piston that pushes the brake pad against the brake disc, which
slows the wheel down. On the brake drum, the cylinder pushes the brake
shoes against the drum to slow down the wheel.

Suspension System
The vehicle’s chassis is connected to the front and rear wheels by springs,
shock absorbers, and axles. A Suspension system refers to all parts that
work together to protect parts from shocks. Springs connect the
automotive chassis to the axles in an indirect manner. It is done to
protect the body of the vehicle from road shocks caused by bounce, pitch,
roll, or sway. These road shocks make for a bumpy ride and put
additional strain on the car’s frame and body.
The vehicle’s chassis is connected to the front and rear wheels by springs,
shock absorbers, and axles. A Suspension system refers to all parts that
work together to protect parts from shocks. Springs connect the
automotive chassis to the axles in an indirect manner. It is done to
protect the body of the vehicle from road shocks caused by bounce, pitch,
roll, or sway. These road shocks make for a bumpy ride and put
additional strain on the car’s frame and body.
Functions of the suspension suystem
A suspension system in an automobile serves the following functions:

o To eliminate transmission to car component road shocks.

o To maintain a solid grip on the road while driving, cornering, or braking.
o To maintain the correct steering geometry.
o To achieve a specific body structure and height.
o Torque and braking reflexes must be resisted.
o Maintaining vehicle stability while traveling over uneven terrain or
turning in order to reduce the tendency for rolling, pitching, or vertical
movement.
o To protect passengers from road shocks and give a comfortable ride.
o To reduce the strains caused by road shocks on the motor vehicle’s
mechanism and offer a cushioning effect.
o Shock forces are reduced as much as possible
o Maintain the proper ride height of your car
o Maintain proper alignment of the wheels
o Serve as weight support for the vehicle
o Maintain tire contact with the road
o Controls the vehicle’s travel direction.
Lubrication System
An automotive engine needs lubrication as they comprise of two or more
robbing, moving parts. These parts produce friction and generate heat
which causes excessive wear and tear of the pairs.

Lubrication plays vital roles in automobiles as it aids its working efficiency

and longevity of an engine.

When two moving parts experience a film of lubrication, they are separate
from each other. That is, they do not come in physical contact with each
other. Automobiles are designed with indicator lights which are “on” when
the engine oil pressure is low. Although some engine uses the indicator to
show the quality of the oil in the engine.

An electric analogue and electronic digital gauges are used to indicate the
oil pressure. A dipstick is also available to measure the oil level in the oil
pan.

Engine lubrication is the process in which robbing metal parts are

separated by the flow of lubricating substance between them. lubricants are
available in liquid, solid or gas, but the liquid is the most form of
lubrication used in engines.

Lubrication must be done properly and the right type of lubrication should
be used. Improper lubrication of the engine will cause serious trouble such
as scored cylinders, dirty spark plugs, worn or burned-out bearings,
misfiring cylinders, stuck piston rings, engine deposits and sludge and
excessive fuel consumption.

In motor vehicles, there are two separate systems of lubrication;

1. Engine lubrication system.

2. Chassis lubrication system.

Engine Lubrication System:

The engine lubrication system may be either pressure or splash type.
although a various combination of these two systems is used. A single
system lubricates the whole engine of all modern-day motor vehicles. only
equipment outside the engine, such as starter, generators, water pump and
distributors, are separately lubricated. This system circulates the oil from a
reservoir to the main bearing connecting rod bearings, wrist pins camshaft
bearing cams, cylinder walls, valves timing drive. The pump is located at
the bottom of the crankcase.

All modern American passenger cars and trucks use the pressure system in
which oil is a force under pressure by a geared pump to the various rotating
and reciprocating parts. In the splash system, the connecting rod end has a
dipper which splashes the oil on the carious parts as it travels through the
oil while moving the connecting rod.

Engine Lubrication System

Chassis Lubrication System:

In the chassis lubrication system, each lubricating point is lubricated

separately. About 34 points are to be lubricated in the chassis of a modern
passenger car. These points may vary from 21 to 45 depending upon the
design and construction of the vehicle. No single universal lubricant has yet
been devised for all these points. Some of the points require lubrication
more often than others.
Function of Lubrication System

Below are the functions of lubricating oil in an engine;

 The primary purpose of engine lubrication is to minimize wear by securely

closing the clearance between moving parts such as shafts, bearings, etc.
Lubrication also avoids the moving parts not to come in direct contact with
each other.
 Oil serves as a cleaning agent in an engine as it moves the dirt particle to
the oil pan. Smaller particles are filtered out by the oil filters while larger
ones are retained in the oil pan.
 Another purpose of engine lubrication is that it serves as a cooling system.
Lubricating oil cools the moving parts of the engine and transferred the
hot oil into the cooler oil in the oil pan.
 The oil creates a seal between the cylinder walls and the piston rings. It
also reduces the exhaust gas blowby.
 Clearance between the rotating journals and bearing is filled with oil. The
oil acts as a cushioning agent when the bearing suddenly experiences
heavy loads. Oils reduce the wear on bearings.