CHAPTER 3-HP Sta.

maria

THE IDEAL GAS

An ideal gas is ideal only in the sense that it conforms
to the simple perfect gas laws.
Boyle’s Law

If the temperature of a given quantity of gas is held

constant, the volume of the gas varies inversely with
the absolute pressure during a change of state.

1 𝐶
𝑉∞ 𝑜𝑟 𝑉 =
𝑝 𝑝
𝑝𝑉 = 𝐶 𝑜𝑟 𝑝1 𝑉1 = 𝑝2 𝑉2
 Charles’ Law

If the pressure on a particular quantity of gas is

held constant, then, with any change of state, the
volume will vary directly as the absolute
temperature.

𝑉∞ 𝑇 𝑜𝑟 𝑉 = 𝐶𝑇
𝑉 𝑉1 𝑉2
= 𝐶 𝑜𝑟 =
𝑇 𝑇1 𝑇2
If the volume of a particular quantity of gas is
held constant, then, with any change of state, the
pressure will vary directly as the absolute
temperature

𝑃∞𝑇 𝑜𝑟 𝑝 = 𝐶𝑇
𝑃 𝑃1 𝑃2
=𝐶 𝑜𝑟 =
𝑇 𝑇1 𝑇2
 Equation of State or Characteristics Equation
of a Perfect Gas
Combining Boyle’s and Charles’ laws,
𝑝1 𝑉1 𝑝2 𝑉2
= = 𝐶, 𝑎 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡
𝑇1 𝑇2
𝑝𝑉
= 𝑚𝑅
𝑇
𝑝𝑉 = 𝑚𝑅𝑇
𝑝𝑣 = 𝑅𝑇
(unit mass)
Where p = absolute pressure
V = volume
v = specific volume
m = mass
T = absolute temperature
R = specific gas constant or simply gas constant
 p V m T R

lbf 3 ft.lbf
English units ft2
ft lbm °R lbm .°R

N 3 N.m
SI units m kg K
m2 kg.K
Problems
1. A drum 6 in. in diameter and 40 in. long
contained acetylene at 250 psia and 90°F. After
some of the acetylene was used, the pressure
was 200 psia and the temperature was 85°F, (a)
What proportion of the acetylene was used? (b)
What volume would the used acetylene occupy
at 14.7 psia and 80°F? R for acetylene is 59.35
ft.lbf/lb.°R.
Solution
Let
m1 = mass of acetylene initially in the drum
m2 = mass of acetylene left in the drum
m3 = mass of acetylene used
p1 = 250 psia
T1 = 90°F + 460 = 550°R
p2 = 200 psia
T2 = 85°F + 460 = 545°R
 𝜋𝑑2 𝜋 6 in 2 40 in
𝑉𝑑𝑟𝑢𝑚 = 𝐿= 3 = 𝟎. 𝟔𝟓𝟒𝟓 𝒄𝒖 𝒇𝒕
4 in
4 1728 3
ft
lbf in2 3
𝑝1 𝑉1 250 2 144 0.6545 ft
in ft 2
𝑚1 = =
𝑅𝑇1 ft. lbf oR
59.35 550
lb. oR
𝑚1 = 𝟎. 𝟕𝟐𝟏𝟖 𝒍𝒃
𝑝2 𝑉2 200 144 0.6545
𝑚2 = = = 𝟎. 𝟓𝟖𝟐𝟖 𝒍𝒃
𝑅𝑇2 59.35 545
𝑚3 = 𝑚1 − 𝑚2 = 0.7218 − 0.5828 = 𝟎. 𝟏𝟑𝟗𝟎 𝒍𝒃
 𝑚3 0.1390
% Acetylene used = =
𝑚1 0.7218
= 0.1926 𝑜𝑟 19.26%

𝑏 𝑝3 = 14.7 𝑝𝑠𝑖𝑎
𝑇3 = 80°𝐹 + 460 = 540°𝑅
𝑚3 𝑅𝑇3 (0.139)(59.35)(540)
𝑉3 = =
𝑝3 (14.7)(144)
V3 = 2.105 ft 3
2. The volume of a 6 x 12-ft tank is 339.3 cu ft.
It contains air at 200 psig and 85°F. How many
1-cu ft drums can be filled to 50 psig and 80°F
if it is assumed that the air temperature in the
tank remains at 85°F? The drums have been
sitting around in the atmosphere which is at
14.7 psia and 80°F.
Solution
Let m1 = mass of air initially in the tank
m2 = mass of air left in the tank
m3 = mass of air initially in the drum
m4 = mass of air in the drum after filling

p1 = 200 + 14.7 = 214.7 psia p3 = 14.7 psia

T1 = 85 + 460 = 545º R T3 = 80 + 460 = 540º R
p2 = 50 + 14.7 = 64.7 psia p4 = 50 + 14.7 = 64.7 psia
T2 = 85 + 460 = 545º R T4 = 80 + 460 = 540º R
For the tank
lbf in2
𝑝1 𝑉1 214.7 2 144 2 339.3ft 3
in ft
𝑚1 = +
𝑅𝑇1 ft. lbf
53.34 o 545𝑜𝑅
lb. R
𝑚1 = 360.9 lb.
𝑝2 𝑉2 64.7 144 (339.3)
𝑚2 = + = 108.7 lb.
𝑅𝑇2 53.34 (545)

mass of air that can be used

= 360.9 – 108.7 = 252.2 lb.
For the drums
𝑝3 𝑉3 14.7 144 (1)
𝑚3 = = = 0.0735 lb.
𝑅𝑇3 53.34 (540)
𝑝4 𝑉4 64.7 144 (1)
𝑚4 = = = 0.3235 lb.
𝑅𝑇4 53.34 (540)
mass of air put in each drum
= 0.3235 – 0.0735 = 0.25 lb.
Number of drums filled up
252.2 lb
= = 1009 drums
0.25 lb/drum
3. It is planned to lift and move logs from almost
inaccessible forest areas by means of balloons.
Helium at atmosphere pressure (101.325 kPa)
and temperature 21.1℃ is to be used in the
balloons. What minimum balloon diameter
(assume spherical shape) will be required for a
gross lifting force of 20 metric tons?
Solution
Let ma = mass of air displaced by the balloon
mHe = mass of Helium
𝑉 = volume of the balloon
For the air
𝐽
𝑅𝑎 = 287.08
𝑘𝑔. 𝐾
𝑝𝑎 = 101,325 𝑃𝑎
𝑇𝑎 = 21.1 + 273 = 294.1 𝐾
𝑁 3)
𝑝𝑎 𝑉 101,325 2 𝑉(𝑚
𝑚𝑎 = = 𝑚
𝑅𝑎 𝑇𝑎 𝑁−𝑚
287.08 294.1 𝐾
𝑘𝑔. 𝐾
= 𝟏. 𝟐𝟎𝟎𝟏 𝑉 𝑘𝑔
For the helium
𝐽
𝑅𝐻𝑒 = 2,077.67
𝑘𝑔. 𝐾
𝑝𝐻𝑒 = 101,325 𝑃𝑎
𝑇𝐻𝑒 = 21.1 + 273 = 294.1𝐾
𝑝𝐻𝑒 𝑉 101,325 𝑉
𝑚𝐻𝑒 = = = 𝟎. 𝟏𝟔𝟓𝟖 𝑽 𝒌𝒈
𝑅𝐻𝑒 𝑇𝐻𝑒 2077.67 294.1
𝑚𝑎 = 𝑚𝐻𝑒 + 20,000
𝑘𝑃𝑎 = 𝑘𝑁/𝑚2
1.2001 𝑉 = 0.1658 𝑉 + 20,000
20,000
𝑉=
1.0343
𝑉 = 𝟏𝟗, 𝟑𝟑𝟕𝒎𝟑
 𝑉 = 19,331 𝑚3
4 3
𝜋𝑟 = 19,337
3
𝑟 = 16.65 𝑚
𝑑 = 2 16.65 = 𝟑𝟑. 𝟑 𝒎
4. Two vessels A and B of different sizes are
connected by a pipe with a valve. Vessel A
contains 142 L of air at 2,767.92 kPa, 93.33°C.
Vessel B, of unknown volume, contains air at
68.95 kPa, 4.44°C. The valve is opened and,
when the properties have been determined, it is
found that pm = 1378.96 kPa, tm = 43.33°C.
What is the volume of vessel B?
Solution
For vessel A
𝑃𝐴 = 2,767.92 𝑘𝑃𝑎
𝑉𝐴 = 142 𝑙𝑖𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑠
𝑇𝐴 = 93.33 + 273 = 366.33 𝐾
For vessel B
𝑃𝐵 = 68.95 𝑘𝑃𝑎
𝑇𝐵 = 4.44 + 273 = 277.44 𝐾
For the mixture
𝑃𝑚 = 1378.96 𝑘𝑃𝑎
𝑇𝑚 = 43.33 + 273 = 316.33 𝐾
𝑚𝑚 = 𝑚𝐴 + 𝑚𝐵
 𝑝𝑚 𝑉𝑚 𝑝𝐴 𝑉𝐴 𝑝𝐵 𝑉𝐵
= +
𝑅𝑇𝑚 𝑅𝑇𝐴 𝑅𝑇𝐵
1378.96 𝑉𝑚 2767.92 142 68.95𝑉𝐵
= +
316.33 366.33 277.44
4.36𝑉𝑚 = 1072.9 + 0.25𝑉𝐵 1
𝑉𝑚 = 142 + 𝑉𝐵 2
Solving equations 1 and 2 simultaneously
𝑉𝐵 = 𝟏𝟏𝟎. 𝟒 𝑙𝑖𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑠
 Specific Heat

The specific heat of a substance is defined as the quantity of heat

required to change the temperature of unit mass through one
degree.
In dimensional form,
heat energy units
𝑐→
mass change of temperature

In differential quantities,

𝑑𝑄
𝑐= 𝑜𝑟 𝑑𝑄 = 𝑚𝑐𝑑𝑇
𝑚𝑑𝑇
And for a particular mass m,
2

𝑄 = 𝑚 න 𝑐𝑑𝑇
1

(The specific heat equation)

If the mean or instantaneous value of specific heat is used,
2

𝑄 = 𝑚𝑐 න 𝑑𝑇 = 𝑚𝑐 𝑇2 − 𝑇1
1

(constant specific heat)

Constant Volume Specific Heat 𝑐𝑉

𝑄 = ∆𝑈
𝑄𝑣 = 𝑚𝑐𝑣 𝑇2 − 𝑇1
Constant Pressure Specific Heat (𝒄𝒑 )
𝑄𝑝 = 𝑚𝑐𝑝 𝑇2 − 𝑇1
2

𝑄𝑝 = ∆𝑈 + 𝑊 = ∆𝑈 + න 𝑝𝑑𝑉
1
𝑄𝑝 = ∆𝑈 + 𝑝(𝑉2 − 𝑉1 )
= 𝑈2 − 𝑈1 + 𝑝2 𝑉2 − 𝑝1 𝑉1 )
𝑄𝑝 = 𝐻2 − 𝐻1 = ∆𝐻
Ratio of Specific Heats
𝑘 = 𝑐𝑝 /𝑐𝑣 > 1
Internal Energy of an Ideal Gas
Joule’s law states that “the change of internal
energy of an ideal gas is a function of only the
temperature change.” Therefore, ∆𝑈 is given by
the formula,
∆𝑈 = 𝑚𝑐𝑣 𝑇2 − 𝑇1

whether the volume remains constant or not.

 Enthalpy of an Ideal Gas

The change of enthalpy of an ideal gas is given by the

formula,
∆𝐻 = 𝑚𝑐𝑝 𝑇2 − 𝑇1
whether the pressure remains constant or not.
Relation Between 𝒄𝒑 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝒄𝒗
From ℎ = 𝑢 + 𝑝𝑣 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑝𝑣 = 𝑅𝑇
𝑑ℎ = 𝑑𝑢 + 𝑅𝑑𝑇
𝑐𝑝 𝑑𝑇 = 𝑐𝑣 𝑑𝑇 + 𝑅𝑑𝑇
𝑐𝑝
𝑐𝑣 = 𝑐𝑣 + 𝑅; with 𝑘 =
𝑐𝑣
𝑅 𝑘𝑅
𝑐𝑣 = ; 𝑐𝑝 =
𝑘−1 𝑘−1
Problems
1. For a certain idal gas R = 25.8 ft.lb/lb.°𝑅 and k = 1.09
What are the values of 𝑐𝑝 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑐𝑣 ? (b) What mass of this gas
would occupy a volume of 15 cu ft at 75 psia and 80℉? (c) If 30
Btu are transferred to this gas at constant volume in (b), what are
the resulting temperature and pressure?

Solution
𝑘𝑅 1.09 25.8
𝑐𝑝 = =
𝑘−1 1.09 − 1
ft. lb Btu 778 ft − lbf
= 𝟑𝟏𝟐. 𝟒𝟕 o 𝑜𝑟 𝟎. 𝟒𝟎𝟏𝟔 o ; 𝑤𝑖𝑡ℎ
lb. R lb. R Btu
𝑐𝑝 0.4016 Btu
𝑐𝑣 = = = 0.3685 o
𝑘 1.09 lb. R
→ 𝑏 𝑉 = 15 cu ft 𝑝 = 75 psia 𝑇 = 80 + 460 = 540°𝑅

𝑝𝑉 75 144 (15)
𝑚= = = 𝟏𝟏. 𝟔𝟑 𝐥𝐛.
𝑅𝑇 25.8 (540)
𝑐 𝑄 = 𝑚𝑐𝑣 𝑇2 − 𝑇1
30 = 11.63 0.3685 𝑇2 − 540
𝑄
𝑚𝑐𝑣 𝑇2 − 𝑇1 = 𝑄 → 𝑇2 − 𝑇1 =
𝑚𝑐𝑣
𝑄 30 𝐵𝑡𝑢
𝑇2 = + 𝑇1 = + 540𝑜𝑅
𝑚𝑐𝑣 Btu
11.63 𝑙𝑏 0.3685
𝑙𝑏. oR
𝑇2 = 547°𝑅

𝑇2 547
𝑝2 = 𝑝1 = 75 = 𝟕𝟔 𝐩𝐬𝐢𝐚
𝑇1 540
2. For a certain gas 𝑅 = 320 J/kg.K and 𝑐𝑣 = 0.84 kJ/kg.K. Find
𝑐𝑝 and 𝑘. (b) If 5 kg of this gas undergo a reversible non flow
constant pressure process from 𝑉1 = 1.133 𝑚3 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑝1 = 690 kPa
to a state where 𝑡2 = 555℃, find ∆𝑈 𝑎𝑛𝑑 ∆𝐻.
Solution
𝑐𝑝 = 𝑐𝑣 + 𝑅 = 0.84 + 0.32 = 1.16 𝑘𝐽/𝑘𝑔. 𝐾
𝑅 0.32
𝑘 = +1= + 1 = 1.381
𝑐𝑣 0.84
𝑐𝑝 1.16
or: 𝑘 = = = 1.381
𝑐𝑣 0.84
𝑁
𝑝1 𝑉1 690,000 2 1.133 𝑚3
𝑇1 = = 𝑚 = 𝟒𝟖𝟖. 𝟔 𝐾
𝑚𝑅 𝑁. 𝑚
5 𝑘𝑔 320
𝑘𝑔. 𝐾
𝑘𝐽
∆𝑈 = 𝑚𝑐𝑣 𝑇2 − 𝑇1 = 5 𝑘𝑔 0.84 828 − 488.6 𝐾
𝑘𝑔. 𝐾
= 𝟏𝟒𝟐𝟓. 𝟓 𝑘𝐽
∆𝐻 = 𝑚𝑐𝑝 𝑇2 − 𝑇1 = 5 1.16 828 − 488.6
= 𝟏𝟗𝟔𝟖. 𝟓 𝑘𝐽
 Entropy (S, s)
Entropy is that property of a substance which remains constant if no heat
enters or leaves the substance, while it does work or alters its volume, but which
increases or diminishes should a small amount of heat enter or leave.
The change of entropy of a substance receiving (or delivering) heat is defined by
2
𝑑𝑄 𝑑𝑄
𝑑𝑆 = 𝑜𝑟 ∆𝑆 = න
𝑇 𝑇
1
where: 𝑑𝑄 = heat transferred at the temperature 𝑇
∆𝑆 = total change of entropy
2
𝑚𝑐𝑑𝑇
∆𝑆 = න
𝑇
1
2
𝑑𝑇 𝑇2
∆𝑆 = 𝑚𝑐 න = 𝑚𝑐 ln
𝑇 𝑇1
1
𝑐 = constant specific heat
Temperature-Entropy Coordinates
𝑑𝑄 = 𝑇𝑑𝑠
2

𝑄 = න 𝑇𝑑𝑠
1

“The area under the curve of the process

on the TS plane represents the quantity of
heat transferred during the process.”
Other Energy Relations
2

− න 𝑉𝑑𝑝 = 𝑊𝑠 + ∆𝐾
1

Reversible steady flow, ∆𝑃 = 0

“The area behind the curve of the

process on the pV planes represents the
work of a steady flow process when
∆𝐾 = 0, or it represents ∆𝐾 when Ws =
0.”
Any process that can be made to go in the reverse
direction by an infinitesimal change in the conditions is
called a reversible process.
Any process that is not reversible is irreversible.
THE END!!!