Q1) -Given the sequence x(n) = (6 – n ) [ u (n) – u (n – 6) ] , express x(n) in vector form

and then in terms of Delta functions. Also make sketches of x(n), x (4 – n), and
x(2n - 3).

Solution:

The sequence x(n) can be expressed in vector form as

x(n) = [ 6 5 4 3 2 1]
and in terms of Delta functions as
x(n) = 6 𝜹(n) + 5 𝜹(n-1) +4 𝜹(n-2) +3 𝜹(n-3)+2 𝜹(n-4) + 𝜹(n-5)

The sequence x(n), illustrated in Fig. (a),is a linearly decreasing sequence that begins
at index n = 0 and ends at index n = 5. The second sequence that is to be sketched,
x(4 - n), is obtained by shifting x(n) by four and time-reversing. Observe that at index
n = 4, x(4 -n) is equal to x(0). Therefore, it has a value of 6 at n = 4 and decreases
linearly to the left (decreasing values of n) until n = -1, beyond which x(4 - n)= 0. The
sequence x(4 -n) is shown in Fig. (b).

The third sequence, x(2n-3), is formed through the combination of time-shifting and
down-sampling. Therefore, it may be plotted by first shifting x(n) to the right by three
(delay) as shown in Fig. (c). The sequence x(2n-3) is then formed by down-sampling by
a factor of 2 (i.e., keeping only the even index terms as indicated by the solid circles in
Fig.(c)). A sketch of x(2n-3) is shown in Fig. (d).

-1-
Q2) -For the sequence

(i) Find the sum

S

(ii) Compute the power in x(n) as

Solution:
(i)

(ii)

-2-
Q3)- Express the sequence x(n) = [ 1 2 3], as
(i) a sum of weighted and shifted unit samples,
(ii) a sum of scaled and shifted unit steps.

Solution:

(i) We should perform a signal decomposition, expressing x(n) as a sum of weighted and
shifted unit samples as

(ii) Using the fact that a unit sample can be written as the difference of two steps as
follows:

Therefore, x(n) = [u(n) - u(n - 1)] + 2[u(n- 1) - u(n - 2)] + 3[u(n- 2) - u(n - 3)]
i.e., x(n) = u(n) + u(n - 1) + u(n- 2) - 3u(n - 3)]

Q4) Determine whether or not the following systems are stable and causal.

(i) h(n) = n u(n)

(ii) h(n) = 𝜹(2n)

Solution:

(i) Since the system h(n) grows linearly with n, therefore this system cannot be stable.
For example, if x(n)= 𝜹(n), the output y(n) will be
y(n) = n u(n)
which is unbounded. Alternatively, we may use another test to check for stability. So,
because
∞
∑∞ ∞
𝒏=−∞|𝐡(𝐧)| = ∑𝒏=−∞|𝐧 𝒖(𝐧)| = ∑𝒏=𝟎|𝐧| = ∞

So, this system is unstable.

On the other hand, because h(n) = 0 for n < 0, this system is causal.

(ii) For the system, h(n) = 𝜹(2n), note that h(n) has, at most, one nonzero value, and
this nonzero value is equal to 1. Therefore, for all n, and the system is stable. However,
the system is not causal. To show this, let x(n) = 𝜹(n-2), the output response is y(n) =
x(n)* h(n)= 𝜹(n-2)* 𝜹(2n) = 𝜹(2n- 2) = 𝜹(n- 1). Because the system produces an output
response before the input occurs, it is noncausal.

-3-
Q5)- Consider a system whose output y(n) is related to the input x(n) by

Determine whether or not the system is (i) linear, (ii) shift-invariant, (iii) stable, and (iv)
causal.

Solution:

(i) The first thing that we should observe about y(n) is that it is formed by summing
products of x(n) with shifted versions of itself. For example,

From this, we expect the system to be nonlinear. For example if x(n) = 𝜹(n), then
y(n) = 𝜹(n). However, if x(n) = 2𝜹(n), then y(n) = 4𝜹(n). Therefore,
the system is nonlinear.

(ii) For shift-invariance, shift the input x(n) to be x(n − 𝐧𝟎 ) and find the output
yno(n) = ∑∞𝒌=−∞ 𝒙(𝐤 − 𝐧𝟎 ) 𝒙(𝐧 + 𝐤 − 𝐧𝟎 )

then shift the output y(n) to be y(n − 𝐧𝟎 ), So

y(n − 𝐧𝟎 ) = ∑∞
𝒌=−∞ 𝒙(𝐤) 𝒙(𝐧 − 𝐧𝟎 + 𝐤)

Because yno(n) # y(n − 𝐧𝟎 ), this system is shift-variant.

(iii) For stability, if x(n) is a unit step, then y(0) is unbounded. Therefore, this system is
unstable.
(iv) For causality, the output depends on the values of x(n) for all n. For example, y(0)
is the sum of the squares of x(k) for all k. Therefore, this system is not causal.

-4-
 𝟏
Q6) If the step response of an LTI system is yu(n) = 𝐧 (𝟐)𝐧 𝒖(𝐧) , find the unit sample
response, h(n).
Solution:
It is known that 𝜹(n) = u(n) –u (n – 1), So
h(n) * 𝜹(n) = h(n) * [u(n) – u (n – 1)]
or h(n) * 𝜹(n) = h(n) * u(n) – h(n) * u (n – 1),
𝟏 𝐧 𝟏 𝐧−𝟏
i.e., h(n) = yu(n) - yu(n – 1) = 𝐧 (𝟐) 𝒖(𝐧) − (𝐧 − 𝟏) (𝟐) 𝒖(𝐧 − 𝟏)
𝟏 𝐧 𝟏 𝐧−𝟏
= 𝐧 (𝟐) {𝜹(𝐧) + 𝒖(𝐧 − 𝟏)} − (𝐧 − 𝟏) (𝟐) 𝒖(𝐧 − 𝟏)
𝟏 𝐧 𝟏 𝐧−𝟏
= 𝐧 ( ) 𝒖(𝐧 − 𝟏) − (𝐧 − 𝟏) ( ) 𝒖(𝐧 − 𝟏)
𝟐 𝟐
𝟏 𝐧 𝟏 𝐧−𝟏
= [𝐧 ( ) − (𝐧 − 𝟏) ( ) ]𝒖(𝐧 − 𝟏)
𝟐 𝟐
𝟏 −𝟏 𝟏 𝐧
= [𝐧 − (𝐧 − 𝟏) (𝟐) ] (𝟐) 𝒖(𝐧 − 𝟏)
𝟏 𝐧
= [𝐧 − 𝟐(𝐧 − 𝟏)] ( ) 𝒖(𝐧 − 𝟏)
𝟐
𝟏 𝐧
Then, h(n) = (𝟐 − 𝐧) (𝟐) 𝒖(𝐧 − 𝟏)
Q7) An LTI system has a unit sample response h(n) = 𝒖(− 𝐧 − 𝟏), Find the output y(n)
if the input is x(n) = − n 3n u( − n).
Hint:

𝒏 𝒃(𝐧+𝟐) − (𝐧+𝟏) 𝒃(𝐧+𝟏) +𝒃

∑𝒏𝒌=𝟎 𝐤 𝒃𝐤 = for |𝒃| < 1
(𝟏−𝒃)𝟐

Solution:

The sequences x(n) and h(n) are shown below:

For x(n), N1 = - ∞ , N2 = -1. And for h(n) , M1 = - ∞ , M2 = -1 .

Kl = Max{ N1 , (n- M2)} = Max{ - ∞ , (n +1)} = n+1
Ku = Min{ N2 , (n- M1)} = Min{ -1 , (n + ∞)} = -1
𝑲𝒖
y(n) = ∑∞
𝒌=−∞ 𝒙(𝐤) 𝒉(𝐧 − 𝐤) = ∑𝒌=𝑲𝒍 𝒙(𝐤) 𝒉(𝐧 − 𝐤)
𝟏 𝐤 𝟏 𝐤
= ∑−𝟏 𝐤 𝟏
𝒌=𝒏+𝟏 − 𝐤 𝟑 = ∑𝒌=−𝒏−𝟏 𝐤 𝟑
−𝐤
= ∑𝟏𝒌=−𝒏−𝟏 𝐤 (𝟑) = ∑𝟎𝒌=−𝒏−𝟏 𝐤 (𝟑)
𝟏 𝐤
= ∑−𝒏−𝟏
𝒌=𝟎 𝐤 (𝟑)
(−𝒏−𝟏) 𝒃−𝐧−𝟏 + 𝐧 𝒃−𝐧 +𝒃
Since, ∑−𝒏−𝟏 𝐤
𝒌=𝟎 𝐤 𝒃 = (𝟏−𝒃)𝟐
1 −n+1 1 −n 1
(−𝑛−1) ( ) +n( ) +( ) 3 3 1 −n
3 3 3
Then y(n) = 1 = (4) + (4) (2𝑛 − 1) (3) for n ≤ -2
[1−(3)]2

-5-
Q8) An LTI system has a unit sample response h(n) = (𝟎. 𝟗)𝒏 𝒖(𝐧), Find the output y(n)
if the input is x(n) = n u( n). Hints:

𝟏−𝒃𝒏+𝟏 𝒏 𝒃(𝐧+𝟐) − (𝐧+𝟏) 𝒃(𝐧+𝟏) +𝒃

∑𝒏𝒌=𝟎 𝐤
𝒃 = , and ∑𝒏𝒌=𝟎 𝐤 𝒃𝐤 = for |𝒃| < 1
𝟏−𝒃 (𝟏−𝒃)𝟐
Solution:

For h(n), N1 = 0 , N2 = ∞. And for x(n) , M1 = 0 , M2 = ∞ .

Kl = Max{ N1 , (n- M2)} = Max{ 0 , (n - ∞)} = 0
Ku = Min{ N2 , (n- M1)} = Min{ ∞, (n – 0)} = n
𝑲
y(n) = ∑∞ 𝒖
𝒌=−∞ 𝒙(𝐤) 𝒉(𝐧 − 𝐤) = ∑𝒌=𝑲 𝒙(𝐤) 𝒉(𝐧 − 𝐤)
𝒍
= ∑𝒏𝒌=𝟎 (𝐧 − 𝐤) (𝟎. 𝟗) =𝐤
𝒏 ∑𝒏𝒌=𝟎 (𝟎. 𝟗)𝐤 − ∑𝒏𝒌=𝟎 𝐤(𝟎. 𝟗)𝐤 for n ≥ 0
Using series and the given hint, then

𝟏−(𝟎.𝟗)𝒏+𝟏 𝒏 (𝟎.𝟗)(𝐧+𝟐) − (𝐧+𝟏)(𝟎.𝟗)(𝐧+𝟏) +𝟎.𝟗

y(n) = 𝒏 − for n ≥ 0
𝟏−𝟎.𝟗 (𝟏−𝟎.𝟗)𝟐

= 𝟏𝟎𝒏[𝟏 − (𝟎. 𝟗)𝒏+𝟏 ] − 𝟏𝟎𝟎[𝒏 (𝟎. 𝟗)(𝐧+𝟐) − (𝐧 + 𝟏)(𝟎. 𝟗)(𝐧+𝟏) + 𝟎. 𝟗] for n ≥ 0

which may be simplified to

y(n) = [10n -90 + 90(0.9)n]u(n) for n ≥ 0

-6-
Q9) Consider a system described by the difference equation

Find the response of this system to the input x(n) = (𝟎. 𝟓)𝒏 𝒖(𝐧) , with initial conditions
y(-1) = 0.75 and y(-2) =0.25.

Solution:

-7-
-8-