Course code: 222ECE096

Natural Hazards and Impact Management

Syllabus & Course plan
No Topic No. of
Lectures
1 Module 1 Total Lecture hours: 8
Overview of natural hazards
1.1 Introduction to hazards and Hazard types 1
1.2 Key Concepts of disasters and types, vulnerability, exposure, risk,
crisis, emergency, capacity, resilience, Carbon footprint, disaster
2
prevention, disaster mitigation, disaster response, damage
assessment, and needs assessment.
1.3 Causes and consequences of geological hazards, flood, drought and
climate change issues, forest hazards, tsunami and coastal hazards,
3
cyclone hazards, extreme weather events, urban and industrial
hazards
1.4 Impact and mitigation in the Global and Indian context 2
Module 1 Total Lecture hours: 8
Overview of natural hazards
**************************************************************************
Hazards
Hazards are defined as any situation or event that has the potential to cause harm,
injury, or damage to people, property, or the environment. They can arise from natural
or human-made events and can be categorized into different types.
Natural hazards include geophysical hazards like earthquakes, volcanic
eruptions, landslides, and tsunamis, meteorological hazards such as hurricanes,
tornadoes, floods, and droughts, and biological hazards like the outbreak of infectious
diseases.
Human-made hazards are those that are caused by human activities, such as
technological hazards originating from transportation accidents, chemical spills, and
explosions, or from acts of violence, such as war, terrorism, and civil unrest.
Hazards can be classified as physical, chemical, biological, and social hazards,
depending on the nature of the harm they pose. Physical hazards include anything that
has to do with physical injury, such as earthquakes, floods, fires, and extreme
temperatures. Chemical hazards are those that come from the exposure to toxic
chemicals, gases, and fumes, while biological hazards arise from exposure to biological
agents like bacteria, viruses, and fungi. Social hazards refer to harmful social structures
and practices like violence, poverty, and political conflict.
Identifying hazards and assessing their potential risks is essential in promoting public
safety and reducing the adverse effects of such events. It allows for the implementation

222ECE096 Natural Hazards and Impact Management M2 IDE

of effective emergency management and risk reduction strategies to avoid or mitigate
their impact.
Hazard Types
Hazards can be classified into different types based on their origin or nature.
Here are some of the most common types of hazards:
 Natural hazards: These are hazards that arise naturally and uncontrollably.
Examples include earthquakes, floods, landslides, hurricanes, volcanic
eruptions, lightning, wildfire, and drought.
 Environmental hazards: These are hazards caused by environmental factors such
as pollution, natural resource depletion, climate change, and other ecological
imbalances that endanger the health of humans and the ecosystems.
 Biological hazards: These hazards arise from exposure to biological agents like
bacteria, viruses, fungi, and biotoxins that can cause diseases or infections.
Examples include Ebola, Zika, and COVID-19.
 Chemical hazards: These are hazards caused by exposure to chemicals that can
negatively affect human health or the environment, such as corrosive, explosive,
combustible, or toxic chemicals.
 Physical hazards: These are hazards that can cause harm by direct contact or
proximity, such as sharp objects, moving machinery, high noise levels, radiation,
and extreme temperatures.
 Psychosocial hazards: These hazards stem from non-physical dangers, such as
mental workload, job dissatisfaction, bullying, harassment, and violence.
 Geopolitical hazards: These hazards are primarily caused by conflicts and
political instability, leading to civil unrest, terrorism, and war.
Overall, understanding the different types of hazards helps to identify potential risks
and develop measures to prevent or mitigate their impact on human health, the
environment, and the economy.
Disaster
A disaster is an event or occurrence that causes significant harm, damage, or
destruction to the environment, society, or community. It can be caused by natural
phenomena such as earthquakes, hurricanes, floods, wildfires, or man-made events like
terrorist attacks, industrial accidents or pandemics.
Disasters often have serious and long-lasting impacts on people's lives, including
loss of life, injury, displacement, property damage, and economic losses. They can
disrupt infrastructure, essential services, and supply chains, leading to further social and
economic consequences.
Effective disaster management and response strategies are critical to reduce the
adverse impacts of disasters. This includes preparing for and responding to

222ECE096 Natural Hazards and Impact Management M2 IDE

emergencies, providing aid and support to affected communities, and identifying and
implementing long-term recovery plans.
Types of Disaster
Disasters can be classified into different types based on their causes and impacts.
Here are some of the most common types of disasters:
 Natural disasters: These are disasters caused by natural phenomena, such as
earthquakes, hurricanes, floods, tornadoes, tsunamis, landslides, volcanic
eruptions, and wildfires.
 Environmental disasters: These disasters are caused by human activities that
negatively affect the environment, such as oil spills, deforestation, climate
change, and air and water pollution.
 Technological disasters: These disasters are caused by accidents or failures of
technology, such as nuclear accidents, chemical spills, pipeline explosions, and
industrial accidents.
 Biological disasters: These disasters are caused by the spread of infectious
diseases, epidemics, or pandemics, such as the COVID-19 pandemic, the Ebola
outbreak, and the Zika virus.
 Geopolitical disasters: These disasters are primarily caused by conflicts, wars,
and political instability, leading to humanitarian crises, mass displacement of
people, and the destruction of infrastructure.
 Cyber disasters: These disasters are caused by cyberattacks that disrupt critical
infrastructure, such as power grids, water systems, and communication
networks.
Understanding the different types of disasters is important for preparedness,
response, and recovery efforts. It helps to identify potential risks, develop effective
emergency plans, and build resilience in communities and businesses.
Vulnerability
Vulnerability refers to the degree to which someone or something is susceptible
to harm or damage, given exposure to a particular hazard. It is a state of being
unprotected and unable to withstand the potential impact of adverse events.
Vulnerability is caused by a variety of factors, including physical, social, economic, and
environmental influences. Here are some examples:
 Physical vulnerability: This refers to weakness or susceptibility of physical
structures or systems to harm or damage. For example, buildings that are not
constructed to withstand earthquakes are physically vulnerable to damage during
an earthquake.
 Social vulnerability: This refers to weakness or susceptibility of individuals or
groups due to their social status, ethnicity, gender, age, or disability. For

222ECE096 Natural Hazards and Impact Management M2 IDE

 example, elderly people and those with pre-existing medical conditions are
socially vulnerable to COVID-19.
 Economic vulnerability: This refers to the inability of individuals or
communities to cope with the financial and economic consequences of hazards.
For example, low-income households may have limited resources to evacuate or
purchase emergency supplies during a hurricane.
 Environmental vulnerability: This refers to the susceptibility of natural
ecosystems to damage from natural or human-induced hazards. For example,
coral reefs are environmentally vulnerable to climate change, pollution, and
overfishing.
Understanding vulnerability is essential for hazard mitigation and disaster risk
reduction strategies. By identifying vulnerable people and systems, it is possible to
develop targeted interventions that can reduce the impact of hazards and increase
resilience.
Exposure
Exposure refers to the contact or proximity of people, animals, or things to a
hazardous agent or condition. It is a fundamental concept in understanding the potential
health risks associated with different types of hazards, including physical, chemical,
biological, and environmental hazards.
Exposure can occur in different ways, such as:
 Inhalation: Exposure to hazardous gases, fumes, or particles that are breathed in
through the lungs, such as air pollution, asbestos, and silica dust.
 Ingestion: Exposure to hazardous substances that are eaten or swallowed, such
as contaminated food, water, or soil, or toxic chemicals.
 Dermal contact: Exposure to hazardous agents that contact the skin, such as
corrosive acids or bases, pesticides, or radiation.
 Injection: Exposure to hazardous substances that are injected into the body, such
as contaminated needles or medical injections.
The level and duration of exposure can influence the severity of health outcomes.
For instance, acute exposure to a hazardous agent can cause immediate and severe
health effects, while chronic exposure over a longer period can lead to cumulative
damage and chronic health conditions. Understanding exposure helps to identify and
manage risks in different settings, such as workplaces, homes, and communities. It
involves assessing the potential hazards, identifying the at-risk populations, and
implementing appropriate measures to prevent or reduce exposure.
Exposure is a critical component of disaster risk assessment, and it refers to both the
physical and social aspects of exposure to hazards. Here are some examples:

222ECE096 Natural Hazards and Impact Management M2 IDE

  Physical exposure: This refers to the proximity of people and infrastructure
to a particular hazard. For example, buildings located in low-lying areas are
physically exposed to flooding, while structures built near active fault lines
are physically exposed to earthquakes.
 Social exposure: This refers to the degree to which populations are vulnerable
to hazards based on social status, ethnicity, gender, age, or disability. For
example, people with limited mobility are socially exposed to hazards as they
may have difficulty evacuating or seeking medical assistance.
 Economic exposure: This refers to the degree to which economic systems and
infrastructure are vulnerable to hazards. For example, businesses in coastal
areas may be economically exposed to hurricanes, as they may experience
damage or business interruption due to hurricane impacts.
 Environmental exposure: This refers to the degree to which ecosystems and
natural resources are vulnerable to hazards. For example, forested areas are
environmentally exposed to wildfires, which can cause significant damage or
loss of natural resources.
Understanding disaster-related exposure is essential for disaster preparedness,
response, and recovery planning. By identifying areas and populations that are
particularly exposed to hazards, it is possible to develop targeted interventions to
minimize the impact of disasters and increase resilience.
Risk
Risk refers to the potential for adverse effects resulting from hazards. Essentially,
it is the probability and severity of harm occurring. Risk is a product of both exposure
to a hazard and vulnerability of the population or asset exposed. In general, risk
assessment involves estimating the probability of hazards and estimating the
vulnerabilities of populations and assets, then combining these two estimates to produce
an estimate of the likelihood and severity of any given impact.
Here are some key concepts related to risk:
 Hazard: A hazard is any threat that can cause harm to people, property, or the
environment. Examples include natural disasters (such as floods, earthquakes,
hurricanes), technological accidents (such as chemical spills, radiation leaks),
and human-made events (such as terrorist attacks, war).
 Exposure: Exposure refers to the proximity or presence of people, property, or
the environment to a hazard. Exposure can be direct (e.g. people living in flood-
prone areas) or indirect (e.g. an industry that depends on a natural resource that
is vulnerable to climate change).
 Vulnerability: Vulnerability refers to the degree to which a population or asset is
susceptible to harm from a hazard. Vulnerabilities can be physical (such as poor
building quality), social (such as poverty or discrimination), or economic (such
as a reliance on a single industry).

222ECE096 Natural Hazards and Impact Management M2 IDE

  Risk assessment: Risk assessment is the process of evaluating the likelihood and
severity of harm from a hazard, taking into account exposure and vulnerability.
Risk assessments inform the development of risk reduction and management
strategies.
Risk management includes various strategies, such as mitigation (reducing
exposure, reducing vulnerabilities), preparedness (ensuring readiness to respond), and
response and recovery (responding and recovering after an event). Effective risk
management relies on accurate risk assessment and the implementation of informed
decisions based on this assessment.
Crisis
A disaster crisis is a sudden and devastating event that causes widespread
damage, loss of life, and disruption to communities. Disasters can take many forms,
including natural disasters like hurricanes, earthquakes, floods, wildfires, and droughts,
as well as human-made disasters like terrorist attacks, industrial accidents, and
environmental disasters.
During a disaster crisis, it is crucial to prioritize safety and take immediate action
to protect oneself and others. This includes following emergency procedures,
evacuating if necessary, and staying informed about the situation. Once the immediate
danger has passed, it is important to assess the damage and begin the process of
recovery. Recovery efforts may involve search and rescue operations, medical care,
restoring infrastructure, providing food and shelter to affected communities, and
assisting those who have been displaced.
Effective disaster management requires collaboration and coordination among
multiple agencies and stakeholders, including emergency responders, government
agencies, non-profit organizations, and community members. It is also important to
prioritize prevention and preparedness measures, such as education, training, and
infrastructure improvements, to minimize the impact of disasters and ensure that
communities are better equipped to respond and recover.
Emergency
A disaster emergency refers to a situation in which a sudden and catastrophic
event has occurred, causing widespread damage, loss of life, and disruption to
communities. Examples of disasters include natural disasters like hurricanes,
earthquakes, floods, and wildfires, as well as human-made disasters like terrorist
attacks, industrial accidents, and environmental disasters.
During a disaster emergency, immediate action must be taken to ensure the safety
of those affected. This includes following emergency procedures, evacuating if
necessary, and staying informed about the situation. Emergency responders, such as
police, fire, and medical personnel, play a crucial role in managing a disaster emergency
and providing assistance to those in need.

222ECE096 Natural Hazards and Impact Management M2 IDE

 Effective disaster emergency management requires collaboration and
coordination among multiple agencies and stakeholders, including emergency
responders, government agencies, non-profit organizations, and community members.
It is also important to prioritize prevention and preparedness measures, such as
education, training, and infrastructure improvements, to minimize the impact of
disasters and ensure that communities are better equipped to respond and recover.
In summary, a disaster emergency is a situation in which immediate action is
required to protect the safety and well-being of those affected. Effective disaster
emergency management involves coordination among multiple stakeholders and
prioritization of prevention and preparedness measures.
Capacity
Disaster-related capacity refers to the ability of individuals, communities,
organizations, and governments to prepare for, respond to, and recover from disasters.
This capacity can be built through a range of activities, including training, education,
and infrastructure improvements.
Individuals can build disaster-related capacity by learning about the risks in their
community, developing emergency plans, and assembling disaster supply kits.
Communities can build capacity by developing emergency response plans, conducting
drills and exercises, and identifying and preparing evacuation routes and shelters.
Organizations can build disaster-related capacity by developing contingency
plans, training staff in emergency response procedures, and establishing communication
protocols with stakeholders and partners. Governments can build capacity by investing
in infrastructure improvements, such as strengthening buildings and bridges, and
developing emergency response plans at the national, state, and local levels.
Building disaster-related capacity is essential for effective disaster management
and can help to minimize the impact of disasters on individuals, communities, and
societies. By investing in prevention and preparedness measures, we can reduce the
risks and improve the resilience of our communities to disasters.
Resilience
Resilience refers to the ability of individuals, communities, organizations, and
systems to withstand and recover from shocks and stressors. This can include natural
disasters, economic downturns, social disruptions, and other forms of adversity.
Resilience involves both the ability to absorb and adapt to shocks and the ability
to bounce back and recover quickly. It is a dynamic process that involves learning,
growth, and transformation in response to adversity.
Individuals can build resilience by developing coping skills, building social
connections, and taking care of their physical and mental health. Communities can build

222ECE096 Natural Hazards and Impact Management M2 IDE

resilience by developing social networks, building infrastructure that is resistant to
shocks and stresses, and investing in education and training.
Organizations can build resilience by developing contingency plans, diversifying
their operations, and investing in research and development to create new products and
services. Governments can build resilience by investing in infrastructure, creating
policies and regulations that encourage innovation and adaptation, and supporting the
development of strong social safety nets.
Building resilience is essential for creating sustainable and equitable
communities that can thrive in the face of adversity. By investing in resilience-building
measures, we can reduce the risks and improve the well-being of individuals,
communities, and societies.
Carbon footprint
Carbon footprint refers to the total amount of greenhouse gases, primarily carbon
dioxide, that are released into the atmosphere as a result of human activities. These
activities include burning fossil fuels for transportation and energy production,
deforestation, and manufacturing.
The carbon footprint of an individual, organization, or country is usually
expressed in metric tons of carbon dioxide equivalent (CO2e) per year. This is a
measure of the total amount of greenhouse gases emitted, converted into the equivalent
amount of carbon dioxide.
Reducing carbon footprints is essential for addressing climate change, as
greenhouse gases trap heat in the Earth's atmosphere and contribute to global warming.
To reduce carbon footprints, individuals, organizations, and governments can take a
range of actions, such as:
 Reducing energy use by improving energy efficiency and using renewable
energy sources
 Using public transportation, carpooling, or electric vehicles instead of driving
alone in a gas-powered car
 Reducing meat consumption, as the production of meat generates a significant
amount of greenhouse gases
 Planting trees or supporting reforestation efforts to sequester carbon from the
atmosphere
 Investing in new technologies and innovations that reduce greenhouse gas
emissions in industry, agriculture, and other sectors
 Reducing carbon footprints is a key component of global efforts to address
climate change and create a sustainable future for all.

222ECE096 Natural Hazards and Impact Management M2 IDE

Disaster prevention
Disaster prevention refers to the measures and actions taken to reduce the risk of
disasters and their potential impacts. This can include a range of activities, from
identifying and mitigating hazards to building capacity and promoting resilience.
Preventing disasters is essential for protecting lives, property, and the
environment, as well as reducing the economic and social costs of disasters. Some of
the key strategies and approaches for disaster prevention include:
Disaster prevention
 Hazard identification and risk assessment: This involves identifying potential
hazards in a given area, assessing the level of risk associated with each hazard,
and taking steps to mitigate or eliminate the risks.
 Land use planning and zoning: This involves developing policies and regulations
to guide land use and development in a way that reduces the risk of disasters. For
example, zoning regulations may require new buildings to be constructed in
areas that are less prone to flooding or landslides.
 Infrastructure improvements: This includes building structures and infrastructure
that are designed to withstand natural disasters, such as earthquake-resistant
buildings or flood control systems.
 Early warning systems: These systems provide timely information to
communities and individuals about potential hazards, allowing them to take
action to protect themselves and their property.
 Education and awareness-raising: This involves educating individuals and
communities about the risks of disasters and how to prepare for and respond to
them.
 Capacity building: This involves building the skills, knowledge, and resources
needed to prevent disasters and respond effectively when they occur.
By focusing on disaster prevention, we can reduce the impact of disasters on
individuals, communities, and societies. It is an important component of disaster
management and an essential step towards creating a safer and more resilient world.
Disaster response
Disaster response refers to the actions and measures taken in the immediate
aftermath of a disaster to protect and support affected individuals and communities. The
goal of disaster response is to save lives, alleviate suffering, and meet the basic needs
of those affected by the disaster.
Some of the key elements of disaster response include:
 Search and rescue: This involves locating and rescuing people who are trapped
or injured as a result of the disaster.

222ECE096 Natural Hazards and Impact Management M2 IDE

  Emergency medical care: This includes providing medical treatment to those
who are injured or sick as a result of the disaster.
 Shelter and basic needs: This involves providing temporary shelter, food, water,
and other essential supplies to those affected by the disaster.
 Communication and coordination: This involves establishing communication
systems and coordinating the efforts of various agencies and organizations
involved in the disaster response.
 Recovery planning: This involves developing plans for long-term recovery and
reconstruction efforts, such as rebuilding infrastructure and restoring basic
services.
 Psychological support: This includes providing psychological support and
counselling to those affected by the disaster, including survivors and rescue
workers.
Effective disaster response requires a coordinated and rapid response from multiple
organizations, including government agencies, non-governmental organizations, and
community groups. By responding quickly and effectively to disasters, we can
minimize the impact on affected individuals and communities and support their
recovery and resilience in the long term.

Damage assessment and needs assessment

Damage assessment is the process of evaluating the extent and severity of
physical damage caused by a disaster. This assessment helps to identify areas that
require immediate attention and prioritize the allocation of resources for response and
recovery efforts. Damage assessment can involve a range of methods, from visual
inspections to detailed engineering assessments, depending on the nature and severity
of the disaster.
The purpose of damage assessment is to determine the impact of the disaster on
physical infrastructure, such as buildings, roads, bridges, and utilities. The assessment
typically includes identifying the extent of structural damage, determining the safety of
structures, assessing the need for repairs, and estimating the cost of repairs.
Damage assessment can be conducted by a variety of individuals and
organizations, including government agencies, non-governmental organizations, and
engineering firms. It is often a critical first step in the disaster management process, as
it provides important information for decision-making and resource allocation in the
aftermath of a disaster.
The results of damage assessment are used to prioritize response and recovery
efforts, allocate resources to the most critical areas, and identify areas where additional
resources may be needed. Effective damage assessment can help to minimize the impact
of disasters and speed up the recovery process for affected communities.

222ECE096 Natural Hazards and Impact Management M2 IDE

 Needs assessment, on the other hand, refers to the process of identifying the
needs of individuals, communities, and other stakeholders affected by the disaster. This
assessment helps to identify the most urgent needs, such as shelter, food, water, medical
care, and other essential services, and helps to prioritize the allocation of resources for
response and recovery efforts. Needs assessment can involve surveys, interviews, and
other methods of gathering information from affected individuals and communities.
Needs assessment is the process of identifying the needs of individuals,
communities, and other stakeholders affected by the disaster. This assessment helps to
identify the most urgent needs, such as shelter, food, water, medical care, and other
essential services, and helps to prioritize the allocation of resources for response and
recovery efforts. Needs assessment can involve surveys, interviews, and other methods
of gathering information from affected individuals and communities.
Both damage assessment and needs assessment are critical components of
disaster management, as they provide important information for decision-making and
resource allocation in the aftermath of a disaster. By conducting thorough assessments,
responders and relief workers can better understand the impact of the disaster and
respond more effectively to meet the needs of affected individuals and communities.
Causes and consequences of geological hazards
Geological hazards refer to natural phenomena that occur in the Earth's crust,
such as earthquakes, volcanic eruptions, landslides, and tsunamis. These hazards can
have significant causes and consequences, including:
Causes:
 Tectonic activity: Earthquakes and volcanic eruptions are caused by the
movement of tectonic plates in the Earth's crust. When these plates collide or
shift, they can create seismic activity or release pressure in the form of volcanic
eruptions.
 Weathering and erosion: Landslides and rockfalls can be caused by the effects
of weathering and erosion on slopes and cliffs. Over time, these processes can
weaken rock formations and destabilize them, leading to mass movement.
 Human activities: Human activities such as mining, drilling, and construction
can alter the natural landscape, leading to geological hazards. For example,
mining can destabilize hillsides and cause landslides, while drilling can trigger
earthquakes.
Consequences:
 Loss of life and property damage: Geological hazards can cause significant loss
of life and property damage. Earthquakes and volcanic eruptions can destroy
buildings and infrastructure, while landslides and tsunamis can cause widespread
damage to communities.

222ECE096 Natural Hazards and Impact Management M2 IDE

  Economic impact: The economic impact of geological hazards can be significant,
with long-term effects on industries such as agriculture, tourism, and
transportation. Damage to infrastructure can also lead to economic disruption.
 Environmental impact: Geological hazards can have a significant impact on the
environment, including damage to ecosystems and contamination of water and
soil. Volcanic eruptions can release gases and ash into the atmosphere, while
landslides can alter river systems and cause erosion.
In conclusion, geological hazards can have a significant impact on human society,
the environment, and the economy. Understanding the causes and consequences of
these hazards is important for developing strategies to mitigate their effects and reduce
their impact on communities.
Floods
Floods are a type of geological hazard that occur when an area is inundated with water
from rainfall, river overflow, or storm surge. The causes and consequences of floods
can vary depending on the type and severity of the flooding event.
Causes:
 Heavy rainfall: Intense rainfall over a short period of time can cause rivers and
streams to overflow their banks and flood surrounding areas.
 Coastal storms: Tropical storms and hurricanes can cause storm surge, which can
result in flooding in coastal regions.
 Snowmelt: During the spring thaw, melting snow and ice can cause rivers to
swell and flood low-lying areas.
Consequences:
 Property damage: Flooding can cause significant damage to homes, businesses,
and infrastructure such as roads and bridges. This can lead to costly repairs and
financial losses for affected communities.
 Loss of life: Floods can be dangerous, and individuals who are caught in
floodwaters can be at risk of drowning. In addition, flooding can also cause
landslides and other secondary hazards that can threaten human life.
 Health risks: Floodwaters can be contaminated with bacteria, viruses, and other
harmful substances, which can pose a risk to public health. In addition, flooding
can cause the spread of waterborne diseases such as cholera and typhoid fever.
 Environmental damage: Flooding can damage ecosystems, including wetlands
and forests, and can have long-term effects on plant and animal populations.
Floodwaters can also cause erosion and sedimentation, which can alter river
channels and impact water quality.
Prevention and mitigation measures can be taken to minimize the impact of floods,
such as building flood protection structures, implementing zoning laws to limit

222ECE096 Natural Hazards and Impact Management M2 IDE

construction in flood-prone areas, and developing early warning systems to alert
communities of potential flooding.
Drought
Drought is a geological hazard that occurs when there is a prolonged period of
below-average rainfall or water supply. Drought can have significant causes and
consequences, including:
Causes:
 Climate variability: Changes in global weather patterns can cause extended
periods of dry weather, leading to drought conditions in certain regions.
 Human activities: Overuse of water resources, such as over-pumping of
groundwater or diversion of rivers for irrigation, can exacerbate drought
conditions.
 Natural disasters: Drought can be caused or exacerbated by natural disasters such
as wildfires or volcanic eruptions, which can reduce water availability and
damage ecosystems.
Consequences:
 Crop failure: Drought can have a significant impact on agriculture, with crop
failures and reduced yields leading to food shortages and higher food prices.
 Water scarcity: Drought can lead to water scarcity, with reduced water
availability for drinking, sanitation, and industrial purposes.
 Economic impact: Drought can have significant economic consequences,
including losses to agriculture, tourism, and other industries.
 Environmental impact: Drought can have long-term effects on ecosystems,
including reduced biodiversity and degradation of soil quality. In addition,
drought can increase the risk of wildfires and other natural disasters.
Measures to mitigate the impact of drought can include water conservation
efforts, such as reducing water use in households and industries, implementing water
pricing policies to encourage conservation, and developing drought-resistant crops. In
addition, early warning systems and contingency planning can help communities
prepare for and respond to drought conditions.
Climate change issues
Climate change refers to the long-term changes in the Earth's climate due to human
activities, such as burning fossil fuels, deforestation, and land-use changes. Climate change is
a complex issue that has significant causes and consequences, including:
Causes:
 Greenhouse gas emissions: The burning of fossil fuels releases carbon dioxide and other
greenhouse gases into the atmosphere, which trap heat and cause the Earth's
temperature to rise.

222ECE096 Natural Hazards and Impact Management M2 IDE

  Deforestation: Trees absorb carbon dioxide and help regulate the Earth's climate, but
deforestation reduces the number of trees, leading to increased carbon dioxide levels
and contributing to climate change.
 Agriculture: Agriculture is a significant source of greenhouse gas emissions, due to
livestock farming and the use of fertilizers.
Consequences:
 Rising temperatures: The Earth's temperature has been rising due to climate change,
leading to more frequent and severe heat waves, droughts, and wildfires.
 Sea-level rise: The melting of glaciers and ice caps is causing sea levels to rise, which
can lead to flooding, erosion, and displacement of coastal communities.
 Biodiversity loss: Climate change is causing changes in ecosystems, leading to
biodiversity loss and species extinction.
 Health impacts: Climate change can have significant impacts on human health, such as
increased incidence of respiratory diseases, heat-related illnesses, and waterborne
diseases.
Mitigating the impact of climate change requires action on multiple fronts, including
reducing greenhouse gas emissions through transitioning to clean energy sources,
implementing sustainable land use practices, and improving energy efficiency. In addition,
adaptation measures, such as building sea walls and improving public health systems, can help
communities prepare for and respond to the impacts of climate change.
Forest hazards
Forests are complex ecosystems that can be impacted by various hazards, including
natural disasters and human activities. Some common forest hazards include:
 Wildfires: Wildfires are a major hazard for forests, and can be caused by lightning
strikes, human activities, and natural causes such as drought. Wildfires can cause
significant damage to forests, including loss of habitat, soil erosion, and air pollution.
 Insect infestations: Insect infestations, such as bark beetles, can damage and kill trees,
leading to reduced biodiversity and increased risk of wildfires.
 Landslides: Landslides can occur in mountainous regions and can cause significant
damage to forest ecosystems, including loss of habitat and soil erosion.
 Deforestation: Human activities such as logging, mining, and agriculture can lead to
deforestation, which can cause significant damage to forest ecosystems and contribute
to climate change.
 Climate change: Climate change can impact forest ecosystems by causing changes in
temperature and precipitation patterns, leading to altered forest structure and
composition.
The consequences of forest hazards can be significant, including loss of biodiversity, soil
erosion, air and water pollution, and economic losses. Mitigation efforts can include forest
management practices such as controlled burning to reduce wildfire risk, and reforestation
efforts to restore damaged forest ecosystems. In addition, efforts to reduce greenhouse gas
emissions can help mitigate the impact of climate change on forest ecosystems.

222ECE096 Natural Hazards and Impact Management M2 IDE

Tsunami and Coastal hazards
Tsunamis and coastal hazards are geological hazards that can cause significant damage
to coastal communities and ecosystems.
Tsunamis are giant ocean waves caused by earthquakes, volcanic eruptions, or
landslides under the sea. Coastal hazards refer to the potential impact of these and other
phenomena, such as hurricanes, storm surges, and sea-level rise, on coastal communities and
ecosystems.
The causes and consequences of tsunamis and coastal hazards include:
Causes:
 Earthquakes: Earthquakes can cause tsunamis by displacing large volumes of seawater,
which then create giant waves.
 Volcanic eruptions: Volcanic eruptions can cause tsunamis by generating large waves
or landslide-caused waves.
 Storm surges: Hurricanes and other storms can cause storm surges, which are elevated
ocean levels that can lead to flooding and erosion of coastal areas.
 Sea-level rise: The melting of glaciers and ice caps is causing sea levels to rise, which
can lead to coastal flooding, erosion, and displacement of coastal communities.
Consequences:
 Physical damage: Tsunamis and coastal hazards can cause significant physical damage
to buildings, infrastructure, and ecosystems.
 Economic impact: Coastal hazards can cause significant economic losses, including
damage to property, loss of tourism revenues, and disruption to supply chains.
 Human impact: Tsunamis and coastal hazards can have a significant impact on human
health and safety, including loss of life, injury, and displacement.
 Environmental impact: Coastal hazards can cause long-term environmental damage,
such as loss of habitats, pollution, and increased erosion.
Mitigation efforts can include measures such as building seawalls, improving early
warning systems, developing emergency response plans, and implementing land-use policies
that limit development in high-risk coastal areas. In addition, efforts to reduce greenhouse gas
emissions can help mitigate the impact of sea-level rise on coastal communities and
ecosystems.
Cyclone hazards
Cyclones, also known as hurricanes or typhoons depending on the region, are powerful
storms that can cause significant damage to communities and infrastructure.
The causes and consequences of cyclones include:
Causes:
 Warm ocean water: Cyclones require warm ocean water to form, with temperatures of
at least 80°F (27°C) at the ocean's surface.

222ECE096 Natural Hazards and Impact Management M2 IDE

  Low atmospheric pressure: Cyclones form when the air pressure in the atmosphere is
lower than the surrounding areas, causing air to rush in and creating strong winds.
 Coriolis effect: Cyclones rotate clockwise in the Southern Hemisphere and
counterclockwise in the Northern Hemisphere due to the Coriolis effect.
Consequences:
 Physical damage: Cyclones can cause significant physical damage to buildings,
infrastructure, and coastal areas, including flooding and landslides.
 Economic impact: Cyclones can cause significant economic losses, including damage
to property, loss of tourism revenues, and disruption to supply chains.
 Human impact: Cyclones can have a significant impact on human health and safety,
including loss of life, injury, and displacement.
 Environmental impact: Cyclones can cause long-term environmental damage, such as
loss of habitats, pollution, and increased erosion.
Mitigation efforts can include measures such as building resilient infrastructure, improving
early warning systems, developing emergency response plans, and implementing land-use
policies that limit development in high-risk areas. In addition, efforts to reduce greenhouse gas
emissions can help mitigate the impact of climate change on cyclone frequency and severity.
Extreme weather events
Extreme weather events are severe and often unpredictable weather phenomena that
can cause significant damage to communities and infrastructure.
The causes and consequences of extreme weather events include:
Causes:
 Climate change: Climate change is causing more frequent and severe extreme weather
events, including heatwaves, droughts, hurricanes, and floods.
 Natural climate variability: Natural climate variability, such as El Niño and La Niña,
can cause extreme weather events such as droughts, heatwaves, and floods.
 Human activities: Human activities such as deforestation, urbanization, and pollution
can contribute to extreme weather events by altering the climate and environment.
Consequences:
 Physical damage: Extreme weather events can cause significant physical damage to
buildings, infrastructure, and ecosystems.
 Economic impact: Extreme weather events can cause significant economic losses,
including damage to property, loss of tourism revenues, and disruption to supply chains.
 Human impact: Extreme weather events can have a significant impact on human health
and safety, including loss of life, injury, and displacement.
 Environmental impact: Extreme weather events can cause long-term environmental
damage, such as loss of habitats, pollution, and increased erosion.
Mitigation efforts can include measures such as improving infrastructure resilience,
implementing early warning systems, developing emergency response plans, and reducing

222ECE096 Natural Hazards and Impact Management M2 IDE

greenhouse gas emissions. In addition, efforts to adapt to extreme weather events, such as
developing drought-resistant crops and flood control measures, can help minimize their impact.
Urban and Industrial hazards
Urban and industrial hazards refer to potential risks that arise from human
activities in urban and industrial settings. These hazards can cause significant damage
to both human health and the environment.
The causes and consequences of urban and industrial hazards include:
Causes:
 Industrial processes: Industrial processes can release hazardous chemicals,
gases, and pollutants into the environment, which can pose a risk to human health
and the environment.
 Transportation: Transportation, such as the use of cars and trucks, can release
pollutants into the air and contribute to air pollution and climate change.
 Urbanization: Urbanization can lead to the destruction of natural habitats and the
displacement of wildlife, as well as increased exposure to air and noise pollution.

Consequences:
 Physical damage: Urban and industrial hazards can cause physical damage to
buildings, infrastructure, and ecosystems.
 Economic impact: Urban and industrial hazards can cause significant economic
losses, including damage to property, loss of tourism revenues, and disruption to
supply chains.
 Human impact: Urban and industrial hazards can have a significant impact on
human health and safety, including respiratory and other health problems,
injuries, and loss of life.
 Environmental impact: Urban and industrial hazards can cause long-term
environmental damage, such as loss of habitats, pollution, and increased erosion.
Mitigation efforts can include measures such as improving air and water quality,
regulating industrial processes, improving waste management practices, promoting
sustainable transportation, and implementing green infrastructure such as green roofs
and urban forests. In addition, efforts to reduce greenhouse gas emissions can help
mitigate the impact of climate change on urban and industrial hazards.
Impact and mitigation in the Global and Indian context
Global context:
In the global context, there are various environmental hazards that have
significant impacts on human health, economic stability, and the environment. The

222ECE096 Natural Hazards and Impact Management M2 IDE

impacts of these hazards are not limited to one region but can affect multiple countries
and regions worldwide.
Climate change is one such hazard that has become a global concern due to its
severe impacts on the environment and society. Rising temperatures, sea-level rise, and
extreme weather events are just some of the impacts of climate change that can lead to
economic losses, displacement of communities, and loss of life. Mitigation efforts in
the global context include reducing greenhouse gas emissions through the use of
renewable energy sources, improving energy efficiency, and promoting sustainable
practices in industry, agriculture, and transportation.
Another hazard that affects the global context is the depletion of the ozone layer.
The use of chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) and other ozone-depleting substances has
contributed to the thinning of the ozone layer, which can cause harmful UV radiation to
reach the Earth's surface, leading to skin cancer and other health problems. Mitigation
efforts include phasing out the use of ozone-depleting substances and promoting the use
of alternatives.
Indian context:
In the Indian context, environmental hazards such as air pollution, water
pollution, and natural disasters are significant concerns. India is one of the most polluted
countries in the world, with air pollution causing significant health problems,
particularly in urban areas. Mitigation efforts in India include promoting the use of
cleaner fuels, such as natural gas, and implementing measures to reduce emissions from
industry and transportation.
Water pollution is also a significant concern in India, with the contamination of
water sources causing health problems and a significant economic impact on
communities that rely on clean water for agriculture and other livelihoods. Mitigation
efforts in India include improving waste management practices, promoting the use of
sustainable agricultural practices, and implementing measures to prevent industrial
pollution.
Natural disasters, such as floods and cyclones, are also common hazards in India,
particularly in coastal regions. Mitigation efforts include improving early warning
systems, building resilient infrastructure, and implementing measures to reduce the
impact of climate change on these hazards.
In conclusion, the impacts of environmental hazards can be significant in both
the global and Indian contexts. Mitigation efforts are essential to minimize the impacts
of these hazards on human health, the economy, and the environment.
*********************************************************************

222ECE096 Natural Hazards and Impact Management M2 IDE