Atoms Combining

Contents

▪ Ionic Bond
▪ Covalent Bond
▪ Metallic Bond
Compounds, mixtures and chemical change
 Elements

An element contains only one kind of atom. For example, the element
sodium contains only sodium atoms.
 Compounds
A compound is made of atoms of different elements, bonded together.

Name of Element in it Atoms are Joined Formula of

Compound Compound
water Hydrogen and H2O
oxygen

Carbon dioxide Carbon and oxygen CO2

ethanol Carbon, hydrogen C2H5OH

and oxygen
Compounds and Mixture
Questions Page 43
1. Explain the difference between a mixture of iron and sulfur and the
compound iron sulfide.
2. When you light a piece of magnesium ribbon, it burns with a dazzling
white light. A white ash forms. What signs are there that a chemical
change has taken place?
3. Is it a chemical change or physical changes? Give reasons.
• (a) A glass bottle breaking
• (b) butter and sugar being made into toffee.
• (c) Cotton being woven to make sheets.
• (d) coal burning in air.
 Signs for Chemical Changes

1. One or more new chemical substances are formed.

 Signs for Chemical Changes

2. Energy is taken in or given out, during the reaction.

 Signs for Chemical Changes

3. The change is usually difficult to reverse.

A chemical change is usually called a chemical reaction.

Mixing of iron powder with sulfur is
a physical change.
No new substance has formed.

If no new chemical substance is formed, a change is a physical change.

Sodium + chlorine → sodium chloride
▪ Atoms bond with each other in order to obtain a full outer shell of
electrons, like the atoms in Group VIII.
▪ They bond in order to obtain 8 electrons inn their outer shell ( or 2 of
they have only one shell)
Gain 1 electron
▪ Atoms become ions when they lose or gain electrons.
▪ An ions is a charged particle. It is charged because it has an unequal
number of protons and electrons.
▪ Positive ions are also called cations
▪ Negative ions are also called anions
The Ionic Bond
Objectives:

▪ Describe how metals react with Non-metals to form ionic compounds.

▪ Define ionic bond
▪ Describe the lattice structure of sodium chlordie
 Metal + Non-metal → Ionic Compound

Sodium + chlorine → sodium chloride

▪ Sodium atom must lose one electron to obtain full outer shell of 8
electrons.
▪ Chlorine atom must gain one electron to obtain full outer shell of 8
electrons.
 giving

▪ The two ions have opposite charges, so they attract each other.
▪ The force of attraction between them is strong.

The ionic bond is a strong electrostatic attraction between ions of opposite

charge.
 Lattice structure of Sodium chloride

Lattice – Regular arrangement of particles.

▪ An ionic compound forms when metal atoms lose electrons to non-metal
atoms.
▪ This gives positive metal ions and negative non-metals, with full outer
electron shells.
▪ They form a lattice.
▪ The compound has no overall charge.
 Magnesium Oxide

▪ Magnesium atom has 2 outer electrons

▪ Oxygen atom has 6 outer electrons.
▪ When magnesium burn in oxygen, each magnesium atom loses its 2 outer electrons
to an oxygen atom.
▪ Magnesium and oxide ions are formed.
The charge on magnesium oxide
Charge on a magnesium ion 2+
Charge on an oxide ion 2-
Total charge 0

Magnesium oxide ( MgO)

Magnesium Chloride
Ions of the First 20 elements
Group in Periodic Table Charge on ion Example

1 1+ Na+
2 2+ Mg2+
3 3+ Al3+
5 3- N3-
6 2- O2-
7 1- Br-
All metals form positive ions.
Name such as lead (II) oxide, iron (III) chloride or copper (II) sulfate tell
you directly about the charge on the netal ion.
▪ Lead(II) oxide contains a Pb2+ ion
▪ Iron (III) chloride contains an Fe3+ ion
▪ Copper (II) sulfate contains a Cu2+ ions
 Charge Substance Ion Charge Substance Ion

Positive Zinc Zn2+ Negative Nitrate NO3-

Silver Ag+ Hydroxide OH-

Hydrogen H+ Carbonate CO32-

ammonium NH4+ sulfate SO42-

▪ The metals, and the non-metal hydrogen, lose electrons and form positive
ions. These ions have same names as the atoms.
▪ The other non-metals form negative ions, with names ending in –ide.
▪ The elements in Groups IV do not usually form ions. The atoms would
have to gain or lose several electrons. It takes too much energy.
▪ The Group VIII elements do not form ions. Their atoms already have full
outer shells.
 Naming Ionic Compound

The formulae of ionic compounds can be worked out using the four steps.
1. Write down the name of the ionic compound
2. Write down the symbols for its ions.
3. The compound must have no overall charge, so balance the ions
until the positive and negative charges add up to zero.
4. Write down the formula without charges.
 Writing the formula for an ionic compound

Example 1 Example 2
1. Lithium fluoride 1. Sodium sulfide
2. The ions are Li+ and F- 2. The ions are Na+ and S2-
3. One Li+ is needed for every F-, to 3. One Na+ is needed for every S2-,
make the total charge zero to make the total charge zero:Na+
4. The formula is LiF Na+ S2-
4. The formula is Na2S
Compound Ions
Draw diagrams to represent the bonding in each of the following ionic
compounds:
(a) potassium fluoride (KF)
(b) lithium chloride (LiCl)
(c) magnesium fluoride (MgF2)
(d) calcium oxide (CaO).
The Covalent Bond
Objectives:
Explain what covalent bond is ; define molecule; describe the covalent
bonding in the elements hydrogen, chlorine, oxygen and nitrogen.
Non-metal + non-metals → covalent compound

Carbon + oxygen → carbon dioxide

Hydrogen
Covalent Compound
Covalent Compound
Covalent Compound
Covalent Compound
Covalent Compound
▪ In ionic solids the particles (ions) are charged, and the forces between
them are strong.
▪ In molecular covalent solids the particles ( molecules) are not charged,
and the forces between them are weak.
 Properties of Ionic compound
1. Ionic compound have high melting and boiling points.

▪ The ionic bonds are very strong.

▪ It takes a lot of heat energy to break up the lattice.
▪ They are solid at room temperature.
Compound Melting point ◦C Boiling point ◦C
Sodium chloride , NaCl 801 1413
Magnesium oxide, MgO 2852 3600

▪ The melting and boiling points of magnesium oxide is higher than

sodium chloride.
▪ This is because its ions have double charge ( Mg2+ and O2-) compare
with Na+ and Cl-
▪ Thus, its ionic bonds are stronger.
 Properties of Ionic compound

2. Ionic compounds are usually soluble in water.

 Properties of Ionic compound
3. Ionic compounds conduct electricity , when melted or dissolved in
water.

▪ Solid ionic compound will not conduct electricity.

▪ But when it is melts or dissolve in water, the ions become free to
move and they can conduct electricity.
 Intermolecular forces

▪ The covalent bonds within molecules are very strong .

▪ However, the forces between the separate molecules are weak.
▪ These weak attractive forces are called intermolecular forces.
 Intermolecular forces

▪ Because the forces between molecules are weak, it only needs a little

energy input to overcome these forces and get the molecules to move

away from each other.

▪ This is why molecular substances have low melting points and boiling

points.
 Giant Covalent Structure

▪ Many covalent bonded substances are small molecules.

▪ In some covalent structure, however, there is a network of covalent
bonds through the whole structure.
▪ These structures are called giant covalent structures.
▪ They have a rigid three-dimensional network of many strong covalent
bonds through out the structure;
▪ It needs a high temperature and a lot of energy to break all these bonds.
▪ Giant covalent structures have very high melting and boiling point.
▪ Giant covalent structures can be elements, such as carbon, graphite and
diamond or compound such as silicon (IV) oxide.
 Diamond

It is very hard, because each atom is held in place by four strong covalent
bonds. It is the hardest substance on Earth.
 Diamond

It has a very high melting point, 3550C.

 Diamond

It cannot conduct electricity because there are no ions or free electrons to

carry the charge.
 Graphite

Graphite is a black shiny solid.

Its carbon atoms are arranges in layers
 Graphite

▪ Each carbon atom is covalently bonded to three other carbon atoms.

▪ These carbon atoms are arranges in layers of hexagon-six –sided rings.
 Graphite

▪ The strong covalent bonding within the layers means that a high
temperature and a lot of energy are needed to break the bonds.
▪ So, the melting and boiling points of graphite are very high.
 Properties of Graphite

▪ It is soft and slippery. That is because the sheets can slide over each
other easily.
▪ It is good conductor of electricity. This is because each carbon atom
has four outer electrons, but forms only three bond.
▪ So, the fourth electron is free to move through the graphite, carrying
charge.
 Silicon (IV) oxide

▪ Silicon (IV) oxide, SiO2, is found in sand and quartz.

▪ Silicon (IV) oxide found in quartz has a structure
similar to diamond.
▪ Each silicon atom is bonded to four oxygen atoms, but
each oxygen atom is bonded to only two silicon
atoms.
▪ Silicon (IV) oxide has similar structure to diamond- sta
structure of linked tetrahedrons.
Silicon (IV) oxide
▪ Diamond and graphite have giant covalent structures.
▪ Diamond is used for cutting tools because of its hardness.
▪ Graphite is used as an electrode because of the movement of the
delocalized electrons along its layers, and as a lubricant because its
layers slide over each other.
▪ Silicon (IV) oxide has a similar structure and properties to diamond.
 Properties of Metal
1. Metals usually have high melting points.

▪ It takes a lot of heat energy to break up the lattice, with its strong
metallic bonds.
▪ Copper melts at 1083◦C
▪ Nickel melts at 1455◦C
 Properties of Metal
2. Metals are malleable and ductile.
▪ Malleable : they can be bend and pressed into shape.
▪ Ductile : they can be drawn into wires.

▪ The layer can slide over each other.

▪ The layers can slide without breaking the metallic bond, because the
electrons are free to move ion.
 Properties of Metal
3. Metals are good conductor of heat.

▪ This is because the free electrons take in heat energy, which

makes them move faster.
▪ They quickly transfer the heat through the metal structure.
 Properties of Metal

4. Metals are good conductors of electricity.

▪ The free electrons can move through the lattice carrying charge,
when a voltage is applied across the metal..
▪ Silver is the best conductor of all the metals.
▪ Copper is next- but it is used much more than silver because it is
cheaper.