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 9
Intelligent Sensors
and Instruments
9.1 Introduction....................................................................................... 9-1
9.2 Intelligent Sensors............................................................................. 9-2
9.3 IEEE 1451 Standard........................................................................... 9-2
Transducer Electronic Data Sheet • Network Capable
Application Processor
9.4 Communications of Intelligent Sensors.........................................9-4
9.5 Plug-and-Play Capability..................................................................9-4
9.6 Applications and Examples of Intelligent Sensors....................... 9-5
9.7 Intelligent Instruments.....................................................................9-6
9.8 Examples of Intelligent Instruments.............................................. 9-7
Halit Eren References.......................................................................................................9-8
Curtin University Bibliography................................................................................................... 9-9
of Technology Partial List of Manufacturers/Suppliers...................................................... 9-9

9.1 Introduction
In measurement and monitoring, there always has been a need to employ devices with the classical
requirements, such as the communication capabilities, data processing, fault analysis, configuration
guidance, performance tracking and enhancement, calibrations, drift monitoring, convenient access to
devices, network management, and security. Most modern intelligent sensors and instruments address
to these requirements as will be explained in this chapter. Emphasis will be given to intelligent sensors
since they represent the state of art of this technology.
Intelligent and smart sensors are devices in a single chip equipped with the necessary digital electron-
ics capable of delivering communications, data processing, and self-health-monitoring features with
minimal cost and power overhead on the overall system. Successful integration of these device and
their protocols to measurement systems enables a smooth and seamless networking capabilities as well
as many additional features. They are capable of interfacing with other devices using agreed protocols
such as the IEEE 1451 standards.
Intelligent instruments are computerized devices distinguished from nonintelligent ones by the
inclusion of microcontrollers and microprocessor to fulfill the signal processing, communications, data
handling, self-calibrations, and decision-making functions. Some examples that intelligent instruments
can perform are the correction of the instrument output for biases that are caused by environmental
variations (e.g., temperature, humidity) and ability to produce linear outputs and highly nonlinear vari-
ables and sensors.

9-1

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 9-2 Instrumentation and Measurement Concepts

9.2 Intelligent Sensors

A sensor is considered to be intelligent if
• It can provide data, a measure of the quality of the data, and a measure of the health of the sensor
possibly based on some intelligent algorithms.
• It embodies specification/identification information as in the embedded form on the physical sen-
sor or virtually on a remote node.
• It can communicate through a network using TCP/IP or similar protocols to support configura-
tion and operation activities.
In order for sensors to integrate into networks successfully, they must embody networking capabili-
ties that provide information flow and control. Currently, there is no defined common digital interface
standard on how they should provide information flow. However, there is a strong push in the industry
to harmonize the standards that enable networking and data acquisition of sensors.

9.3 IEEE 1451 Standard

The IEEE-1451 is a set of standards for Smart Sensor Networks to unify the data acquisition control
systems across various sensors and transducers [1]. A simplified diagram of this standard is illustrated
in Figure 9.1. IEEE 1451 aims easy connections by using the existing networking technologies, stan-
dardized connections, and common software architectures. The standard allows application software,
field network, and transducer decisions to be made independently. It also offers flexibility to choose the
products and vendors that are most appropriate for a particular application.
At physical connection level, the IEEE-1451 provides standard ways of creating self-describing mea-
surements and control devices. Sensors complying with these standards are expected to have onboard
information on the serial numbers, calibration factors, accuracy specifications, and so on. During the
installation, location information can also be loaded so that the system can have self-describing properties.
The IEEE P1451 standards come in seven sections:
1. 1451.0-2007 IEEE Standard for a Smart Transducer Interface for Sensors and Actuators—Common
Functions, Communication Protocols, and Transducer Electronic Data Sheet (TEDS) Formats
2. 1451.1-1999 IEEE Standard for a Smart Transducer Interface for Sensors and Actuators—Network
Capable Application Processor (NCAP) information model
3. 1451.2-1997 IEEE Standard for a Smart Transducer Interface for Sensors and Actuators—
Transducer to Microprocessor Communication Protocols and TEDS Formats
4. 1451.3-2003 IEEE Standard for a Smart Transducer Interface for Sensors and Actuators—Digital
Communication and TEDS Formats for Distributed Multidrop Systems
5. 1451.4-2004 IEEE Standard for a Smart Transducer Interface for Sensors and Actuators—Mixed-
Mode Communication Protocols and TEDS Formats

NCAP: Network Capable

TIM: Transducer Application Processor
Interface Module Module

External network
TIM IEEE 1451 NCAP NCAP to external
used by smart
module PHY module network interface
transducer clients

PHY: Physical
Interface for Data
Interconnection

Figure 9.1 Simplified functionality of IEEE 1451 standards.

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 Intelligent Sensors and Instruments 9-3

6. 1451.5-2007 IEEE Standard for a Smart Transducer Interface for Sensors and Actuators—Wireless
Communication Protocols and TEDS Formats
7. 1451.7-2010 IEEE Standard for a Smart Transducer Interface for Sensors and Actuators—
Transducers to Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) Systems Communication Protocols and
TEDS Formats
IEEE 1451.1 is termed NCAP information model concerned with the software architecture that moves
the intelligence to device level. The 1451.1 uses the benefits of object-oriented technology to create flex-
ible, natural software modules that allow designers to think at the level of real-world systems, not at
the level of programming languages. In this way, flexibility can be achieved so that that system can be
assembled, reassembled, or modified quickly.
IEEE 1451.2 concerns with the transducers and Microprocessor Communication Protocols and
TEDS. It defines the transducer data and electronic interface of digital information direct from the
sensors, thus creating a modular architecture to allow embedding of the module to any field networks
automatically and transparently.

9.3.1 Transducer Electronic Data Sheet

The heart of the IEEE 1451 standard is the definition of the TEDS, the information structure that contains
the critical sensor information to enable plug-and-play (PnP) operation. The TEDS, which typically resides
in an EEPROM embedded in the sensor, is accessed by the measurement system via a serial interface.
IEEE 1451.4 defines the TEDS structure to be compact yet flexible and extensible to be able to handle
a wide range of sensor application requirements. The TEDS has two types of information: (1) the basic
information that contains the sensor identification, details of the manufacturer, model number, and the
serial number and (2) the standard information containing the specific “data sheet” (e.g., data needed to
properly configure the electrical interface and other parameters) and conversion of the measurement data
into engineering units. Typical parameters include measurement range, electrical output range, sensitiv-
ity, power requirements, and calibration data. IEEE provides standard templates as shown in Table 9.1.

Table 9.1 IEEE Standard Templates

Types Template ID Name of Template
Transducer templates 25 Accelerometer and force
26 Charge amplifiers—accelerometer
27 Microphone preamplifier—built-in
28 Microphone preamplifier—attached
29 Capacitive microphones
30 High-level voltage output sensor
31 Current loop output sensor
32 Resistance sensor
33 Bridge sensor
34 AC linear/rotary differential transformer
35 Strain gage
36 Thermocouple
37 Resistance temperature detector
38 Thermistor
39 Potentiometric voltage divider
43 Charge amplifier—attached to force transducer
Calibration templates 40 Calibration table
41 Polynomial calibration curve
42 Frequency response table

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 9-4 Instrumentation and Measurement Concepts

AQ1 Before installing intelligent sensors with Virtual TEDS technology, one can configure traditional
analog sensors by using binary files. These files can be used to store the information on identification,
configuration, and calibration for an individual sensor.

9.3.2 Network Capable Application Processor

Defined in IEEE 1451, each node primarily consists of three fundamental components, which are the
NCAP, the smart transducer interface module (STIM), and the physical transducer itself. The NCAP is
responsible for providing intelligence and network communication with other nodes in the network.
The STIM is responsible for controlling the transducers and their communication with the NCAP. The
transducers are connected to the STIM. The NCAP and the STIM together form a networked smart
transducer. The sensor nodes thus have the ability to take crucial decisions on their own and communi-
cate more efficiently with other nodes in the network.
The NCAP hosts the processor that makes intelligent control decisions and is responsible for com-
munication with the other NCAPs in the network. It consists of various blocks, namely, functional
blocks, transducer blocks, and ports (e.g., application processor client port, publisher port, sub-
scriber port). Each block is in charge of a unique group of functions and manages associated ports.
NCAP block is mandatory but other blocks are optional. All of the objects residing in an NCAP
process are state based. The blocks in the node would have different states and substates during the
life cycle of the node, and only particular set operations can be performed by a block in a particular
state. IEEE 1451.1 defines classes for such blocks and ports. It also lists the operations performed in
each class.
The STIM is responsible for housing the transducers and providing the information from the trans-
ducers to the NCAP. An STIM acts as an interface between an NCAP and a transducer. It performs the
A/D conversion and houses the control unit as well. It usually also contains the TEDS, which provides
calibration and other important information about the transducers and the STIM.

9.4 Communications of Intelligent Sensors

IEEE 1451.1 provides the object model of the networked transducer nodes and how they communicate
among themselves. IEEE 1451 supports two paradigms of communication among the nodes, which are
1. Multicast publish–subscribe model
2. Point-to-point client–server model
In publish–subscribe communication model, a node publishes a message on a multicast address.
This publication message is received by the nodes with subscription to the publication domain speci-
AQ2 fied in the message. By definition for implementation, publish–subscribe messages use UDP sock-
ets in order to send and receive messages. This model is primarily used for node discovery and
other operations.
Once the nodes are discovered and two nodes have adequate information (such as object tag and
object dispatch address) about each other, the two nodes can start client–server communication between
each other. Major operations performed by the NCAPs are client–server operations. The communica-
tion infrastructure uses TCP/IP for client–server communication.

9.5 Plug-and-Play Capability

A node is PnP if it becomes operational and networked immediately after it is turned on while physi-
cally connected to a network. PnP functionality includes self-announcement, self-configuration to a
default setting, and acknowledgement to clients/servers of its availability to report sensor readings or to
perform actuator functions. PnP capability is not complete unless an application layer communication

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 Intelligent Sensors and Instruments 9-5

language is standardized, which is independent of the network and data link layer communication pro-
tocols (e.g., TCP/IP with ZigBee, TCP/IP with 802.11). PnP capability of intelligent sensors has found
numerous applications [2,3].
A network becomes dynamic when all the elements in the network have PnP capability and a node
is PnP node when it becomes operational and networked immediately after it is turned on and physi-
cally connected to a network. Thus, PnP capability plays a very important role in managing a dynamic
network. For capability, a node has to
• Announce its presence to other nodes in the network
• Configure itself to the default settings during a start-up
• Acknowledge to clients/servers in the network of its availability to report sensor readings or to
perform actuator functions
The IEEE 1451.4 standard reduces the time and challenges associated with sensor configuration. The
standard establishes a universally accepted method of giving sensors PnP capability, similar to the PnP
capability of a USB mouse and personal computers. IEEE 1451.4 defines a mechanism for adding self-
describing behavior to sensors with an analog signal interface.
In sensor networks, achievement of PnP provides the following advantages:
• Reduced configuration time by eliminating manual data entry
• Better sensor tracking by storing data sheets electronically
• Improved accuracy by providing detailed calibration information
• Simplified asset management by eliminating paper data sheets
• Reliable sensor location by identifying individual sensors electronically

9.6 Applications and Examples of Intelligent Sensors

Intelligent sensors find many industrial, consumers, and scientific applications, some of which are
• Manufacturing and assembly lines integrated with the machines
• Medicine for dedicated signal processing of the human sensory systems
• Transportation and automotive industries
• Consumer goods
Some examples are as follows.
In consumer industry, SONY has introduced an intelligent presence sensor in their BRAVIA brand
televisions. This sensor is based on built-in camera, which detects the body movements and recognizes
the facial patterns of up to five viewers (http://esupport.sony.com/docs/imanual/NA/EN/1a/ipsensor_
uc_1a.html).
PCB PIEZOTRONICS produces a range of smart sensors. Some examples are 352A56 Series Accelero­
meters, 481 Series Multichannel Signal Conditioners, TEDS Sensor Interface Kits, and T422 Series In-Line
Charge Converters. For instance, Model 352A56 accelerometer conforms to the IEEE 1451.4 standard to
define a mixed-mode interface that retains the analog signal but adds a digital link to access TEDS embed-
ded in the sensor for self-identification and self-description. It eliminates the need to manually input sensor
parameters such as manufacturer, model number, serial number, calibration fate, and sensitivity when con-
figuring the system (http://www.sensorsportal.com/HTML/SENSORS/TEDS_SensManuf.htm).
The DS2430A 256-bit 1-wire EEPROM produced by Maxim identifies and stores information about the
product it is associated. It is capable of storing calibration constants, board identification, and product revi-
sion status. This chip finds TEDS compliant applications in smart devices such as piezoelectric force sensors,
pressure sensors, and accelerometers. For instance, Model 2801, Smart Remote Charge Converter produced
by ENDEVCO, is a TEDS-based low-noise, two-wire single-ended device to be used with nonsmart sensors
such as some accelerometers to convert high impedance charge output to low impedance voltages.

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 9-6 Instrumentation and Measurement Concepts

9.7 Intelligent Instruments

Intelligent instruments have functionality of learning and adaptation capabilities. They have embed-
ded processing to provide the computational features to perform complex sensing and actuating tasks.
A typical structure of intelligent instrument is shown in Figure 9.2.
The functions of an intelligent instrument can be summarized as compensation, information
­processing, communications, integration, self-calibration, adaptation, and evaluation of the validity of
collected data. Information processing encompasses the data-related processing that aims to enhance
and interpret the collected data and maximize the efficiency of the system, through signal conditioning,
data reduction, event detection, and decision making.
Communications component of intelligent instrument systems incorporates the standardized
­network protocol, which serves to link the distributed instruments in a coherent manner, enabling
­efficient communications and fault tolerance. Traditional task-specific instrument systems often
­contain a ­number of limitations in terms of complexity, cost, and flexibility. Intelligent instruments aim
to overcome these limitations through the utilization of standardized transducer interfaces and com-
munication protocols, resulting in autonomous, distributed, and reconfigurable instrument.
As far as the user is concerned, an intelligent instrument behaves like a black box, and no knowledge of
its internal mode of operation is required for normal measurements. These types of instruments offer many
advantages over their nonintelligent counterparts, principally because of the improvement in accuracy
achieved by processing the output of transducers to correct for errors inherent in the measurement process.
Intelligent instruments usually provide many other functions, such as
1. Signal damping with selectable time constants
2. Switchable ranges (using several primary transducers within the instrument, which each measure
over a different range)
3. Switchable output units (e.g., display in imperial or SI units)
4. Diagnostic facilities
5. Remote adjustment and control of instrument options
6. Self-calibrations
7. Various output options, 4–20 mA, Ethernet, Internet, wireless, etc.
8. Self-learning ability
In this chapter, we will not go into the details and intricacies of internal structures and principles of
operations of intelligent instruments. Instead, some typical examples will be provided. The underlying
technologies are also discussed at various other chapters of this book.

Sensing elements Processing elements Communications

Memory

Communications
Process Interface
Sensors ADC Microprocessor
variables Radio

Intelligence
algorithms

Power supply

Figure 9.2 Architecture of an intelligent instrument.

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 Intelligent Sensors and Instruments 9-7

9.8 Examples of Intelligent Instruments

There are many examples of intelligent instruments. Four typical examples are provided in the following:

Example 9.1
Intelligent microsurgical instruments [4,5]: They are designed as handheld instruments to be
used particularly in microsurgery. Positioning error is inherent in a normal human such as AQ3
tremor and jerk, which limit the accuracy of the hand motion of the surgeon. Intelligent instru-
ments sense their own motion and distinguish between desired and undesired motions using
advanced filtering techniques. They can actively compensate for undesired motions by equal but
opposite deflections of their own tips.

Example 9.2
Intelligent temperature transducers [6–8]: A typical intelligent temperature transducer is capable of
measuring and controlling temperature. They can use fieldbus protocols to read measured values,
set alarm limits, adjust the probes, and read firmware version. For this, appropriate ports are used
to set alarm limits, time delays, e-mail addresses, probe description, refresh of www pages, select
type of www pages, and set storing interval to history and automatic IP address assignment from
a server. In case of alarm creation, warning e-mail message is sent to addresses defined by the user.
Another example of an intelligent temperature transducer is the Ethernet interface-capable
temperature sensor. A typical device can sense display and communicate temperature, baro-
metric pressure, relative humidity, dew point temperature, absolute humidity, specific humidity,
mixing ratio, and specific enthalpy. Its communication modes are as follows:
• Modbus protocol enables to read measured values, set alarm limits, adjust the probe, and
read firmware version.
• www pages: User-selectable design of www pages enabling to display curves of measure-
ment history. User can design the look of www pages and select values to display.
• E-mail: In case of alarm creation, warning e-mail message is sent to addresses defined by
the user.

Example 9.3
Intelligent flowmeters [9–13]: There a many intelligent flowmeters commercially available. They
are based on different principles for different applications. Some of the intelligent flowmeters
are coriolis mass flowmeters, electromagnetic flowmeters, ultrasonic flowmeters, variable area,
vortex flowmeters, water flowmeters, oil flowmeters, metal rotameters, steam flowmeters, gas
flowmeters, air flowmeters, mass flowmeters, and so on.
As an example, a typical intelligent vortex flowmeter contains four-piece piezoelectric sen-
sors, two of which are used to detect the flow of fluid and the other two for detecting vibration
signal of pipe. It can provide temperature and pressure compensation. The meter parameters
and meter range can be changed by manual buttons. It provides 4–20 mA current signal out-
put/pulse signal and communicates with HART communication protocol, PROFIBUS and AQ4
Foundation Fieldbus. Liquid crystal displays can exhibit the instantaneous flow and accumu-
lated flow of measured medium simultaneously.
Another example is the intelligent electromagnetic flowmeter used for high-viscosity uni-
form medium such as detecting paper pulp, mud, cement slurry, and mortar. It has compensa-
tion capability for fluid density, viscosity, temperature, and pressure change. It has double flow
direction measurement and double direction quantum accumulating function.

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 9-8 Instrumentation and Measurement Concepts

Example 9.4
Intelligent pressure transmitters [14,15]: A typical intelligent pressure transmitter has onboard
diagnostics, time-tracking functions, install date, calibration date, time in service, stress moni-
toring, point value, body temperature meter, as well as general reading functions. All diagnos-
tics automatically run when the transmitter is powered and the information can be fed directly
AQ5 into the plant’s digital control system (DCS) and asset management. The information remains
in the transmitter for use in troubleshooting, in which it can measure absolute pressure, differ-
ential pressure, gage pressure, flange mount, and temperature.
Many other intelligent instruments have similar structure, software support, and function-
alities. In some cases, intelligent instruments use artificial intelligence to learn from the past
operations and external data.

References
1. IEEE Standard for a Smart Transducer Interface for Sensors and Actuators—Network Capable
Application Processor (NCAP) Information Model, IEEE 1451.1 Standard, The Institute of Electrical
and Electronics Engineers, Inc., New York.
2. Wall, R.W. and Huska, A., Design platform for plug-and-play IEEE 1451 traffic signal, 31st
Annual Conference of the IEEE Industrial Electronics Society, Montreal, Quebec, Canada,
pp. 6–10, 2005.
3. Patra, J.C., Kot, A.C., and Panda, G., An intelligent pressure sensor using neural networks, IEEE
Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement, 49(4), 829–835, 2000.
4. Ang, W.T., Khosla, P.K., and Riviere, C.N., An intelligent hand-held microsurgical instrument for
improved accuracy, Proceedings of the 23rd Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering
in Medicine and Biology Society, Istanbul, Turkey, Vol. 4, pp. 3450–3453, 2001.
5. Hunter, I.W., Lafontaine, S.R., Brenan, C.J.H., and Jones, L.A., Medical robots and micro machines,
Proceedings of the 6th International Symposium on Micro Machine and Human Science (MHS’95),
Nagoya, Japan, pp. 25–30, 1995.
AQ6 6. Jingwei, Y. et al., The portable temperature and humidity monitor based on intelligent sensor,
1st International Conference on Information Science and Engineering (ICISE 2009), pp. 5245–
5247, 2009.
7. Xu, J., You, B., and Li, Q., Implementation of an IEEE 1451 smart quartz tuning fork tempera-
ture transducer for real-time distributed measurement and control system, 6th World Congress on
Intelligent Control and Automation, Dalian, China, pp. 6, 2006.
8. Zhaochun, L., Yuzhu, C., and Jin, H., Design of smart temperature sensor based on IEEE1451.2 stan-
dard, International Forum on Information Technology and Applications (IFITA), Chengdu, China,
pp. 312–314, 2009.
9. Yi, Y. and Huifeng, W., An improved intelligent calibration method for vortex flowmeter, American
Control Conference, New York, pp. 2927–2931, 2007.
10. Yong-hui, H., Intelligent turbine flowmeter based on CAN bus, Instrument Techniques and Sensor,
12, 69–70, 2007.
11. Liao, J. and Liu, Y., Distributed flowmeter data acquisition system based on WirelessHART net-
works, International Conference on Apperceiving Computing and Intelligence Analysis (ICACIA
2009), Chengdu, China, pp. 383–386, 2009.
12. Yuhui, W., A new-type high-speed data sampling circuit based on FPGA and its application in
flowmeter, 2nd International Asia Conference on Informatics in Control, Automation and Robotics,
Wuhan, China, Vol. 2, pp. 454–457, 2010.
13. Marshall, R., Facts at your fingertips: Flowmeter selection, Chemical Engineering, 113(12), 23, 2006.

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 Intelligent Sensors and Instruments 9-9

14. Hao, J., Li, Q., and Yang, L., Intelligent pressure transmitter based on HART protocol, Instrument
Techniques and Sensor, 2, 16–22, 2007.
15. Li, Y.-L., Design of tyre pressure intelligence monitoring system based on wireless transmission
technology, Instrument Techniques and Sensor, 11, 40–47, 2007.

Bibliography
Bhuyan, M., Intelligent Instrumentation: Principles and Applications, CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, 2011.
Bruey, D., SNMP: Simple Network Management Protocol, Rane Corporation, RaneNote 161, written
December 2005, http://www.rane.com/note161.html, accessed on January 28, 2012.
Casucci, A.T., Intelligent Components and Instruments for Control Applications, 2000, IFAC, Pergamon
Press, Great Britain, U.K., 2001.
Case, J., Fedor, M., Schoffstall, M., and Davin, J., RFC1157—Simple Network Management Protocol AQ7
(SNMP), May 1990.
Huddleston, C., Intelligent Sensor Design Using the Microchip dsPIC, Newness, Oxford, U.K., 2007.
Manufacturers of Plug-and-Play (TEDS) Smart Sensors (IEEE 1451), http://www.sensorsportal.com/
HTML/SENSORS/TEDS_SensManuf.htm, accessed on March 24, 2012.
Meijer, G. C., Smart Sensors Handbook, Wiley, Chichester, U.K., 2008.
Randy, F., Understanding Smart Sensors, 2nd edn., Artech House, Boston, MA, 2000.
Sony Bravia i-Manual online, http://esupport.sony.com/docs/imanual/NA/EN/1a/ipsensor_uc_1a.html,
accessed on March 20, 2012.

Partial List of Manufacturers/Suppliers

Cetacea Sound, Inc., 2950 Airways Blvd., Memphis, TN 38116, Phone: 901-363-3856, 800-489-1759 (toll
free), Fax: 901-367-1420, www.cetacea.com
Endevco Corp., 30700 Rancho Viejo Rd., San Juan Capistrano, CA 92675-1748, Phone: 800-982-6732,
Fax: 949-661-7231, www.endevco.com
Enga Tech, 607 Fairway Woods Dr., Chester, VA 23836, Phone: 888-492-5886 (toll free), Fax: 804-530-
9223, www.engatechvision.com
Esensors, Inc., 4240 Ridge Lea Rd Ste 37, Amherst, NY 14226, Phone: 716-837-8719, Fax: 716-837-8740,
www.eesensors.com
Fife Corp., P.O. Box 26508, Oklahoma City, OK 73126, Phone: 405-755-1600, 800-639-3433 (toll free),
Fax: 405-755-8425, fife.maxcessintl.com
Honeywell Sensing and Control, 1985 Douglas Dr. North, MN10-192B, Golden Valley, MN 55422, Phone:
763-954-4818, 800-446-6555 (toll free), sensing.honeywell.com/index.cfm/ci_id/15…
Kistler North America, 75 John Glenn Dr., Amherst, NY 14228-2119, Phone: 716-691-5100, 888-KISTLER,
888-547-8537 (toll free), Fax: 716-691-5226, www.kistler.com
MAGPOWR, 222 W. Memorial Rd., Oklahoma City, OK 73114, Phone: 405-755-1600, 800-MAGPOWR
(toll free), Fax: 405-755-8425, magpowr.maxcessintl.com
Microstrain, Inc., 459 Hurricane Lane, Suite 102, Williston, VT 05495, Phone: 802-862-6629, 800-449-
3878 (toll free), Fax: 802-863-4093, www.microstrain.com
Monitor Technologies, LLC, 44W320 Keslinger Rd., Elburn, IL 60119, Phone: 630-365-9403, 800-601-
5924 (toll free), Fax: 630-365-5646, www.monitortech.com
National Instruments Corp. 11500 N. Mopac Expwy., Austin, TX 78759-3504, Phone: 512-794-0100, 888-
280-7645 (toll free), Fax: 512-683-8411, www.ni.com
PCB Piezotronics, Inc., 3425 Walden Ave., Depew, NY 14043-2417, Phone: 716-684-0001, 800-828-8840
(toll free), Fax: 716-684-0987, www.pcb.com
PICS, Inc., 81 Lancaster Ave., Suite 202, Malvern, PA 19355, Phone: 610-644-7701, Fax: 610-644-9297,
www.picscontrols.com

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 9-10 Instrumentation and Measurement Concepts

Sensor Platforms, Inc., 1550 Airport Blvd Ste 220, Santa Rosa, CA 95403, Fax: 707-581-7361, www.­
sensorplatforms.com
Sensors Unlimited, Inc., 3490 Route 1 Bldg 12, Princeton, NJ 08540, Phone: 609-520-0610, Fax: 609-520-
1663, www.sensorsinc.com
Sony Manufacturing Systems America, Inc., 20381 Hermana Cir., Lake Forest, CA 92630, Phone: 949-
770-8400, Fax: 949-770-8408, www.sonypt.com
Steven Engineering, 230 Ryan Way, South San Francisco, CA 94080, Phone: 888-790-0022 (toll free),
Fax: 800-314-0716, 800-314-0716 (toll free), stevenengineering.rtrk.com/?scid=1975164…
Technica-Tool, Inc., 553 Industrial Dr., Hartland, WI 53029, Phone: 262-367-8665, Fax: 262-367-0208,
www.techna-tool.com
Turck, Inc., 3000 Campus Dr., Plymouth, MN 55441-2619, Phone: 763-553-7300, 800-554-4989 (toll
free), Fax: 763-553-0708, www.turck.com
Unisys Corp., 20 Research Dr., Hampton, VA 23666, Phone: 757-865-0637, www.unisys.com/unisys/
Valin Corp., 555 E. California Ave., Sunnyvale, CA 94086, Phone: 408-370-7444, 800-922-6646 (toll free),
Fax: 408-370-1356, www.automationcontrols.com

Author Queries
[AQ1] Please check if edit to sentence starting “Before installing intelligent …” is okay.
[AQ2] Please provide the expansion of the acronym “UDP,” if appropriate.
[AQ3] Please check if edit to sentence starting “Positioning error is …” is okay.
[AQ4] Please provide the expansion of the acronym “HART,” if appropriate.
[AQ5] Please check if edit to sentence starting “The information remains …” is okay.
[AQ6] Please provide conference location for Ref. [6].
[AQ7] Please provide further details for Case et al. 1990.

K12208_C009.indd
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