Intro to Philo Reviewer

Legends: Morality
gray highlights – the main topic -the sense of good and bad.
underlines – keywords
Freedom and Obligation
[(parenthesis)] – side comments
-are two indispensable conditions for
morality to occur.

Freedom Freedom of Prudence and Choices

-the capacity to do whatever one wants -freedom is something that is exercised
without hindrance and limitation. through our choices.
-genuine freedom is one that is always -when a person exercises his/her freedom,
coupled with responsibility. she becomes real.
Absolute Freedom -find enough courage to make decisions for
-no form of hindrance or impediment would him/herself.
prevent you from doing what you want. E. G. of Prudent Choice: You
Positive Freedom choose to move-on and focus on
-the absence of coercion or interference. your studies after your break-up.
-the kind of freedom that requires active Choices and Consequences
effort from the person who is said to be free.
-the effort exhausted in the control or -freedom is related to our capacity to
mastery of themselves. choose.
-freedom, therefore, means
E. G: The students are encouraged to exercising our capacity to make
vote for the rightful candidate in the decisions, choose our life, and direct
SSG election. the course of our lives through our
Negative Freedom own steering.
-the freedom from any block, coercion, or - “to take care of my capacity to
interference. make choices”.
-interference means something that is Freedom of Choice
intentionally imposed on the person
(sinasadya). -the exercise of freedom is a social
-a person is negatively free to the degree to act.
which no human being interferes with his -the assertion of one’s preference
activity: to the extent that he enjoys with a view to the consequences this
unimpeded and uncoerced choice. has on oneself and on others.

E.G: You were allowed by your co- Responsibility:

teacher to copy your needed file -response and ability
from her flash drive but instead, you -ability to respond.
copy all the files without her -respond to a need or to a call for help,
knowing. understanding, love, or forgiveness.
Intro to Philo Reviewer

Intersubjectivity Empathy – the ability to share emotions.

-a philosophical concept that explores the Sympathy – understanding and recognizing
mutual recognition of each other as persons. one’s feelings.
[the following were under the definition of
intersubjectivity]
Human Person and the Society
Inner life or Interiority:
-having an inner life allows the person to Society
give him/herself to others. -an organized group of people with a
-this allows the individual to receive others common territory and culture whose
in his/her life and relate with them. members interact frequently.
-family is the basic unit of society.
Object
-we are treating other people with Material Reproduction
disrespect. -the utilization and distributions of society’s
-some people treat others as mere object resources for the physical survival and
because they only look at others as their welfare of all individual members.
bodies like machines.
Symbolic Reproduction
Subject -refers to the transmission and renewal of
-we treat them with outmost respect. cultural knowledge, the establishment of
-we recognize the fact that other people are solidarity and cooperation and the formation
also a creation of God that was created to of identities of persons through
‘his’ likeness. socialization.
-human person are expected to treat others
as fellow subjects and not as objects in
2 Realms of the Society:
service of another subject.
1. Social System – goal is to achieve
Dialogue
common good may include peace
-happens through speech or the use within the community, clean and safe
of words, expressions, and body environment, efficient public service,
language. etc.
2. Lifeworld – represents culture which
Genuine Dialogue indicates the flow of relationship
-occurs when persons are willing to between society and human
share themselves with one another individuals.
person. DIFFERENT FORMS OF SOCIETY
-the awareness of each other’s
presence as a true person defined by Hunting and Gathering Society
the acceptance of each other’s -earliest and simplest form of society.
uniqueness and differences. -spend most of their time searching for
food, this, they are considered as
nomadic, no permanent territory.
Intro to Philo Reviewer

communication are results from advances

of science and technology in the late 18th
Pastoral Society century.
-domestication of animals served as a
source for food supply.
-has larger population and remains in one Post-Industrial Society
place. -establishment of societies based on
-produces surplus food and resources knowledge, information, and the sale of
which they trade with other societies. services.
-engage in other activities such as -virtual society arises where people
handicrafts. organize themselves through
communication technology and internet.
-composed of members with higher
Horticultural Society educational attainment, better training,
-small-scale cultivation of plants, fruits, and specialized roles.
and vegetables, and the domestication of
animals.
-semi-nomadic, they travel to another HOW SOCIETY INFLUENCE OUR
place when there is shortage of the DEVELOPMENT
resources in one area.
1. Norms – a set of traits and behavior
that is considered acceptable.
Agrarian/Agricultural Society 2. Laws – more formal and stringent
-largescale and long-term cultivation of norms that establish and define.
crops & domestication of animals. 3. Folkways – less formal norms that
-improved technology and usage of tools arise from tradition and do not result
to aid in farming. in punishment when violated.
4. Social System – organized patterned
set of relationships among
Feudal Society individuals
-based on the ownership of land. 5. Social Role – action and behaviors
-members are organized based on status
expected of a certain individual
which consists of higher class/ruler or the
6. Social Groups/Classes – individuals
feudal lords (people who own a land),
vassal/follower (granted a right to manage who share similar backgrounds or
a land), and peasants (workers who perform similar roles.
cultivate the land and tend the animals in 7. Social Institutions – certain groups
exchange of military protection). that perform vital functions in
-hierarchy system. society which include the family,
-arose during medieval times in western school, government, and religion.
part of Europe. 8. Social Values – actions or ideals that
are considered vital in maintaining
an orderly society.
Industrial Society
-use of specialized machinery in the
production of goods and services.
-innovations in transportation and
Intro to Philo Reviewer

How Human Relations is Established in a The good has three kinds:

Society Through Interactions
1. Noble Good – pursued for its own
 Personal Relations sake; it is good in itself.
-based on mutual regard for each 2. Useful Good – considered good if it
other as persons. serves to an end; its goodness is
 Transactional Relations found only from what it can provide,
-based on the regard for each other 3. Pleasurable Good – provides some
as means of attaining one’s goal. form of pleasure, though it does not
-usually treat other people as objects. have to be physical.
PHENOMENOLOGICAL NOTION OF
DEATH ACCORDING TRO MARTIN
Death and the Meaning of Life HEIDEGGER (1889-1976)
[wala sa file, nasa ppt]
Death
Death is not to be outstripped – hindi
-the end of bodily functions which signals
naaalis sa isang tao.
the end of person’s life.
-separation of the body and the spirit. Death is non-relational – kapag namatay
-death is the end of life and uncertain and no ka, ikaw lang, hindi mo masasama ibang tao
definite or exact time it will happen. sa kamatayan.
Death is one’s property – this one is like
THE HUMAN PERSON AS A BEING the first one. Ang kamatayan ay pagmamay-
UNTO DEATH ari mo na hindi mo kayang alisin sa
pagkatao mo.
Two Types of Existence:
Death is indefinite – hindi mahuhulaan
 Inauthentic Existence – a form of
nang tama ang kamatayan ng isang tao.
running away from the face of death,
Pwede kang mamatay kahit saan, kahit
from the reality of tone’s fortitude,
kailan, at kahit ano pang ginagawa mo.
from one’s fallenness.
 Authentic Existence – a life of Death is certain – ang kamatayan ng isang
achieving meaningful visions before tao ay sigurado.
death takes them.
REALIZING POSITIVE LIFE GOALS
We experience both happiness and
suffering. The two are not really meant to be
opposites, for they can also enrich one
another.Happiness is a state of being, not
just and emotional experience or a chosen
mental attitude. We consider the sources of
happiness as something that is good for us.