Electric Charge Electric Charge — is carried by the electrons and proton within an atom. Electrons carry negative charge, while protons carry positive charge. The SI unit of electric charge is Coulomb. One electron or proton has a charge of 1.6 x 10? Coulomb. 16 < 46x10" Coulemy (Contin! 23) Note: Copper is used as a universal reference conductor. 1 cubic meterg of copper hag 8.5 x 10free electrons. ; 85x41 lnc or ) v=tm? a 1m tm tm Free Electrons - are electrons which are not attached to a specific atom and its free to move. It is sometime called as conduction electrons. why voltage t wl oleae hi "Ors capped . Example: Salve the qumber af irae electrons in a copper condvetor having a diameter o length of 10 m. Re yr sradiys Jag ———) \- Fell) eR A oder 0m—————+ (hie (~) Mss oy SSK ) dx" electrons | % decramak placesTRY TO SOLVE THIS! The number of free electron in a given copper bus bar is known to be 4.18 x 10 electrons. If the bus bar has a cross section of 0.5 inch by 0.6 inch, how long is the bus bar? ANSWER: 10 inches N= Pate Be = (0-56(0-066)(Lergth) length = Din” 0.5in) (Orin) led =[Ip indus ly Answers , Ayote “(aisnt? snl = 4.518 ni A[Electric Current Electric Current Gate) it or electron flow in a given material. Th unit of current is Coulomb per second ‘or commonly called Ampere. 1 = current flow, in a Q = total charge moving, inGoulombs t = time occurrence, i Note: trrstink #29 Charge of an electron: / 1 electron = 1.6 x 10? Goulombs Example: Ifa current of 2 A flows through a point in a wire for 30 seconds, how many coulombs pass through the point in the wire? ® Q=Tt = (oy see An sare Stalwork ) TRY TO SOLVE THIS! A current of 4 A is flowing in a wire. How many electrons are flowing per second through the wire? ANSWER: 2.5 x 10" electrons/secondElectron Drift Velocity Electron Drift Velocity— the drift velocity of the conduction electrons is very small since the number of free electrons in a conductor is very large. 1 = current flowing, in amperes (A) V = drift velocity of the electrons (m/s) A= cross-sectional area of the conductor (m?) n lectron density (8.5x10?%electrons/m*) e = charge per electron (1.6 x 10°'°C) Example: A copper wire having a cross-sectional area of 1 mm? is carrying a current of 15 A, If the density of the free electrons in the wire is 1x 10° e/m®, what is the drift velocity of the electrons? ouift velocity | co ( | ete) ents In1gh) Leo ea mee A copper wire with a uniform cross section of 5 mm? is carrying a current of 10 A. If the density of conduction electrons is 8 x 1028 e/m3, what is the drift velocity of these conducting electrons? ANSWER: 0.156 mm/s —Electromotive Force or EMF Electromotive Force (EMF or voltage)- the energy provided by a cell or battery or a generator per coulomb of charge passing through it. The SI unit of emf is joule per coulomb or commonly called volt. V = emf or voltage, in volts (V) W = energy, in joules (J) Q = charge, in coulombs (C) Example: What quantity ot arag must be delivered by a battery with a potential difference of 100 V to do 500.3 of work? ye Q=QW ~ 00S = 5 cu loov 2 f) TRY TO SOLVI IS! An energy equal to 136 J is expended in moving 8.5 x 10" electrons from one point to another in an electric circuit. What potential difference does this create between the two points? ANSWER: 100 volts Se noeElectric Energy and Power Electric Energy and Power Electric energy is a form of energy used to run or operate various electrical devices. Standard unit of electrical energy is Joule. The other common units otitis and fregawath re fiduebfoh Abode mar Hime (see , tia, ee) ier wit OF Few Electric power is thé rateOf consuming the electric energy. Standard unit of electrical power is Watt. We Pe ewe Fb font (1) Wolkae (¥) W=electric energy; Joules (J) P= electric power; Watts (W) | = current; ‘Amperes (A) V=emforvoltage; Volts (V) t= time; seconds (s) Example: A radio receiver draws 0.9 A at 110 V. If the set is used 3 hours per day, how much energy does it consume in 10 days? w-@ AP a 5s ) pate Gan4 TRY TO SOLVE THIS! An electric heater takes 1.2 kWh in 30 min at 120 volts. What is the current input to the heater? ANSWER: 20 amperes