Ex. No.

- 1

Determine the amount of potassium permanganate

using stadard oxalic acid solution

Aim
To determine the molarity of KMnO4 solution and its amount present in the one

litre of solution by titrating it against M/10 standard solution of oxalic acid.

Theory
potassium permanganate acts as a powerful oxidising agent. oxalic acid acts
as a reducing agent, it can be titrated against potassium permanganate in the
acidic medium according to the following ionic equation:

4– 2+ 2–
In these equations, MnO is reduced to Mn and C2O4 is oxidised to
2–
CO2 . The oxidation number of carbon in C2O4 changes from +3 to +4.

Procedure
A. Preparation of M/10 standard solution of oxalic acid
Weigh the 3.15g of oxalic acid dissolved in water and made upto 250 ml
in the standard measuring flask.
Mass of oxalic acid = Molar Mass x Molarity x Volume of solution /
1000 Mass of oxalic acid = 126 x 0.1 x 250 /1000 = 3.15 g
(b) Titration of potassium permanganate solution against standard oxalic acid solution:

1. Rinse the burette with the potassium permanganate solution and fill the burette
with potassium permanganate solution.
2. Fix the burette in the burette stand and place the white tile below the burette in
order to find the end point correctly.
3. Pipette out 20ml of 0.1M standard oxalic acid solution in a conical flask.
4. Add a test tube full of sulphuric acid in order to prevent oxidation of manganese
to form manganese dioxide.
5. Heat the mixture upto 60oC before titrating with potassium permanganate.
6. Note down the initial reading in the burette before starting the titration.
7. The hot solution is titrated against potassium permanganate solution and
simultaneously swirl the solution in the flask gently.
8. Initially the purple colour of KMnO4 is discharged with oxalic acid. The appearance
of permanent pink colour reveals the end point.
9. Repeat the titration until concordant values are obtained.
10. Note down the upper meniscus on the burette readings. Record the reading in the
observation table given below in order to calculate the molarity of KMnO 4 given.

Result
(i) Molarity of KMnO4 solution is _______M
(ii) The amount of KMnO4 in one litre of solution = __ g / Litre
B. Titration
Standard Oxalic acid Vs Potassium Permanganate
Burette solution : Potassium Permanganate Solution

Pipette Solution : 20 ml of Standard Oxalic Solution (0.1 M)

Additional solution : One Test tube of ( 10 ml) dilute sulphuric acid solution

Heating : Heat the oxalic acid solution upto 600 C.

Endpoint : Appearance of Pink color

Repeat the titration to get concordant value.

Titration : Standard Oxalic acid Vs Potassium Permanganate

Concordant Value = ___ ml

Calculations:

The strength of the unknown solution in terms of molarity may be

determined by the following equation.
a1M1V1 = a2M2V2 ------- 1
For oxalic acid vs potassium permanganate titration:
a1 = 2, (the number of electrons lost per formula unit of oxalic acid in a
balanced equation of half cell reaction)
a2 = 5, (the number of electrons gained per formula unit of potassium
permanganate in the balanced equation of half cell reaction)
M1 and M2 are the molarities of oxalic acid and potassium permanganate
solutions used in the titration.
V1 and V2 are the volumes of oxalic acid and potassium permanganate solutions.
On putting the value of a1 and a2 in equation 1

M2 = 2 x 0.1x 20 / 5x __ = _____ M

Hence, The amount of KMnO4 present in one litre of solution = =

Molarity × Molar mass
The amount of KMnO4 = ------ x 158
The amount of KMnO4 = ------ g
Ex. No. - 2

Determine the amount of potassium permanganate

using stadard Ferrous Ammonium sulphate solution

Aim
To determine the molarity of KMnO4 solution and its amount present in the one

litre of solution by titrating it against M/20 standard solution of Mohr’s salt.

Theory
potassium permanganate acts as a powerful oxidising agent. Mohr’s salt (Ferrous
Ammonium salt) acts as a reducing agent, it can be titrated against potassium
permanganate in the acidic medium according to the following ionic equation

The oxidation number of iron in Mohr’s salt is +2. Iron is oxidised during
the reaction and its oxidation number changes from +2 to +3.

Procedure
A. Preparation of 0.05 M, standard solution of ferrous ammonium
–1
sulphate (Molar mass of FeSO4 (NH4)2SO4 . 6H2O = 392 g mol )
Weigh 4.9000 g of ferrous ammonium sulphate and transfer it into a 250 mL
measuring flask through a funnel. (ii) Transfer the solid sticking to the
funnel with the help of distilled water into the flask and add dilute H 2SO4
and make the solution upto the mark in 250 ml flask.
Mass of Mohr’s Salt = Molar Mass x Molarity x Volume of solution /
1000 Mass of Mohr’s Salt = 392 x 0.05 x 250 /1000 = 4.9 g
B. Titration
Standard Mohr’s salt Vs Potassium Permanganate
Burette solution : Potassium Permanganate Solution

Pipette Solution : 20 ml of Standard Mohr’s salt (0.05 M)

Additional solution : One Test tube of ( 10 ml) dilute sulphuric acid solution

Endpoint : Appearance of Pink color

Repeat the titration to get concordant value.

Concordant Value = ___ ml

Calculations:

The strength of the unknown solution in terms of molarity may be

determined by the following equation.
a1M1V1 = a2M2V2 ------- 1
For oxalic acid vs potassium permanganate titration:
a1 = 1, (the number of electrons lost per formula unit of ferrous
ammonium sulphate in a balanced equation of half cell reaction)
a2 = 5, (the number of electrons gained per formula unit of potassium
permanganate in the balanced equation of half cell reaction)
M1 and M2 are the molarities of oxalic acid and potassium permanganate
solutions used in the titration.
V1 and V2 are the volumes of oxalic acid and potassium permanganate solutions.
On putting the value of a1 and a2 in equation 1

1 M 1V 1 = 5 M 2V 1
M2 = 1/5M1V1/ V2

M2 = 1 x 0.05x 20 / 5x __ = _____ M

Hence, The amount of KMnO4 present in one litre of solution = =

Molarity × Molar mass
The amount of KMnO4 = ------ x 158
The amount of KMnO4 = ------ g

Result
(iii) Molarity of KMnO4 solution is _______M
(iv) The amount of KMnO4 in one litre of solution = __ g
Ex. No. 3
Salt Analysis - 1
Aim:
To analyse for the presence of cation and anion in the given simple salt.
Materials Required:
Test tubes, test tube holder, test tube stand, Watch glass, glass rod, filter papers,
reagents
S. No EXPERIMENT OBSERVATION INFERENCE
I. PRELIMINARY TESTS
1. Note the colour of the salt. White Indicates the absence of Cu 2+ ,
Co2+ , Fe2+ , Ni2+ , Mn2+ etc
2. Check solubility of the salt in Soluble The salt solution (original
water. solution- O.S) is prepared in
water.
3. Mix a little of the salt with few No Smell of vinegar Indicates the Absences
drops of dil. H2SO4 on a watch ofacetate ion.
glass with the help of a glass rod
and note the odour of the
mixture.
II. IDENTIFICATION OF ANIONS
1. Dilute H2SO4 test: To a little of the No characteristic reaction Absence of CO3 2- and S 2-
salt, dil. H2SO4 is added and
heated (if there is no reaction in
the cold)
2. Conc.H2SO4 Test: To a little of the No characteristic reaction. Absence of Cl-, Br-, I-, CH3COO-
salt, conc.H2SO4 is added and and NO - ions.
3 -
heated (if there is no reaction in
cold).
Test for Sulphate: To a little of the Presence of sulphate ion, SO4 2-
3. salt solution, add dil. HCl followed White precipitate is formed.
by BaCl2 solution.

4. Test for phosphate: To a little of No yellow ppt Absence of phosphate ion

the salt solution add conc.HNO3,
boil, cool and add ammonium
molybdate (solid or solution) and
warm.
III. CONFIRMATORY TEST FOR ANIONS
Confirmatory Test for Sulphate
ion
a) To a little of the salt solution add a) White ppt is formed Presence of sulphate confirmed.
acetic acid followed by lead
acetate solution.
b) To the above precipitate, add b) The precipitate dissolves. Presence of sulphate confirmed.
excess of ammonium acetate
solution.
IV. IDENTIFICATION OF CATIONS
1. Test for zero group: To a little of a) Colourless gas with a pungent Indicates presence of NH4+
the salt, add NaOH and heat the smell of NH3 is evolved. It gives
mixture. dense white fumes when a glass
rod dipped in conc. HCl is held
at the mouth of the test tube.

2. Test for group I: To the salt No white ppt Absence of group I cation
solution, add dil. HCl.

3. Test for group II: To the salt No ppt Absence of group II cations.
solution, add dil. HCl followed by
H2S water.

4. Test for group III: To the salt No ppt Absence of group III cations
solution, add excess solid NH4Cl,
dissolve it, then add NH4OH
solution.
5. Test for group IV: To the salt No ppt Absence of group IV cations.
solution, add excess solid NH4Cl,
dissolve it, then add NH4OH
solution followed by H2S water.
6. Test for group V: To the salt No ppt Absence of group V cations.
solution, add excess solid NH4Cl,
dissolve it, then add NH4OH
solution followed by (NH4)2CO3
solution.
7. Test for group VI: To the salt No ppt Absences of group VIcation –
solution, add excess solid NH4Cl, Mg2+
dissolve it, then add NH4OH
solution followed by (NH4)3PO4 or
Na2HPO4 solution.
V CONFIRMATORY TESTS FOR CATIONS

1. To the salt solution, add 2-3 An orange – brown ppt Presence of NH4+ confirmed.
drops of NaOH followed by isformed.
Nessler’s reagent.

Results :
1. The given salt is Ammonium sulphate [ (NH4)2 SO4]
2. The given Salt contain
a. Anion - Sulphate (SO42-)
b. Cation - Ammonium ( NH4+)
 Ex. No. 4 Salt Analysis - 2
Aim:
To analyse for the presence of cation and anion in the given simple salt.
Materials Required:
Test tubes, test tube holder, test tube stand, Watch glass, glass rod, filter papers,
reagents
S. No EXPERIMENT OBSERVATION INFERENCE
I. PRELIMINARY TESTS
1. Note the colour of the salt. White Indicates the absence of Cu 2+ ,
Co2+ , Fe2+ , Ni2+ , Mn2+ etc
2. Check solubility of the salt in Soluble The salt solution (original
water. solution- O.S) is prepared in
water.
3. Mix a little of the salt with few No Smell of vinegar Indicates the Absences of acetate
drops of dil. H2SO4 on a watch ion.
glass with the help of a glass rod
and note the odour of the
mixture.
II. IDENTIFICATION OF ANIONS
1. Dilute H2SO4 test: To a little of the No characteristic reaction Absence of CO3 2- and S 2-
salt, dil. H2SO4 is added and
heated (if there is no reaction in
the cold)
2. Conc.H2SO4 Test: To a little of the No characteristic reaction. Absence of Cl-, Br-, I-, CH3COO-
salt, conc.H2SO4 is added and and NO - ions.
3 -
heated (if there is no reaction in
cold).
Test for Sulphate: To a little of the Presence of sulphate ion, SO4 2-
3. salt solution, add dil. HCl followed White precipitate is formed.
by BaCl2 solution.

4. Test for phosphate: To a little of No yellow ppt Absence of phosphate ion

the salt solution add conc.HNO3,
boil, cool and add ammonium
molybdate (solid or solution) and
warm.
III. CONFIRMATORY TEST FOR ANIONS
Confirmatory Test for Sulphate
ion
a) To a little of the salt solution add c) White ppt is formed Presence of sulphate confirmed.
acetic acid followed by lead
acetate solution.
b) To the above precipitate, add d) The precipitate dissolves. Presence of sulphate confirmed.
excess of ammonium acetate
solution.
IV. IDENTIFICATION OF CATIONS
1. Test for zero group: To a little of No pungent smell of
the salt, add NaOH and heat the ammonia. Absence of zero group.
mixture.

2. Test for group I: To the salt No white ppt Absence of group I cation
solution, add dil. HCl.

3. Test for group II: To the salt No ppt Absence of group II cations.
solution, add dil. HCl followed by
H2S water.

4. Test for group III: To the salt No ppt Absence of group III cations
solution, add excess solid NH4Cl,
dissolve it, then add NH4OH
solution.
5. Test for group IV: To the salt No ppt Absence of group IV cations.
solution, add excess solid NH4Cl,
dissolve it, then add NH4OH
solution followed by H2S water.
6. Test for group V: To the salt No ppt Absence of group V cations.
solution, add excess solid NH4Cl,
dissolve it, then add NH4OH
solution followed by (NH4)2CO3
solution.
7. Test for group VI: To the salt White ppt is formed Indicates presence of group VI
solution, add excess solid NH4Cl, cation – Mg2+
dissolve it, then add NH4OH
solution followed by (NH4)3PO4 or
Na2HPO4 solution.
V CONFIRMATORY TESTS FOR CATIONS

1. To the salt solution, add A green or bluish-green colour Presence of Mg2+ confirmed.
Magneson reagent. isobtained.

Results :
1. The given salt is Magnesium sulphate [ MgSO4]
2. The given Salt contain
a. Anion - Sulphate (SO42-)
b. Cation - Magnesium ( Mg2+)
Ex. No. 5
Salt Analysis - 3
Aim:
To analyse for the presence of cation and anion in the given simple salt.
Materials Required:
Test tubes, test tube holder, test tube stand, Watch glass, glass rod, filter papers,
reagents
S. No EXPERIMENT OBSERVATION INFERENCE
I. PRELIMINARY TESTS
1. Note the colour of the salt. White Indicates the absence of Cu 2+ ,
Co2+ , Fe2+ , Ni2+ , Mn2+ etc
2. Check solubility of the salt in Soluble The salt solution (original
water. solution- O.S) is prepared in
water.
3. Mix a little of the salt with few No Smell of vinegar Indicates the Absences of acetate
drops of dil. H2SO4 on a watch ion.
glass with the help of a glass rod
and note the odour of the
mixture.
II. IDENTIFICATION OF ANIONS
1. Dilute H2SO4 test: To a little of the No characteristic reaction Absence of CO3 2- and S 2-
salt, dil. H2SO4 is added and
heated (if there is no reaction in
the cold)
2. Conc.H2SO4 Test: To a little of the No characteristic reaction. Absence of Cl-, Br-, I-, CH3COO-
salt, conc.H2SO4 is added and and NO - ions.
3 -
heated (if there is no reaction in
cold).
Test for Sulphate: To a little of the Presence of sulphate ion, SO4 2-
3. salt solution, add dil. HCl followed White precipitate is formed.
by BaCl2 solution.

4. Test for phosphate: To a little of No yellow ppt Absence of phosphate ion

the salt solution add conc.HNO3,
boil, cool and add ammonium
molybdate (solid or solution) and
warm.
III. CONFIRMATORY TEST FOR ANIONS
Confirmatory Test for Sulphate
ion
a) To a little of the salt solution add e) White ppt is formed Presence of sulphate confirmed.
acetic acid followed by lead
acetate solution.
b) To the above precipitate, add f) The precipitate dissolves. Presence of sulphate confirmed.
excess of ammonium acetate
solution.
IV. IDENTIFICATION OF CATIONS
1. Test for zero group: To a little of No pungent smell of
the salt, add NaOH and heat the ammonia. Absence of zero group.
mixture.
2. Test for group I: To the salt No white ppt Absence of group I cation
solution, add dil. HCl.
3. Test for group II: To the salt No ppt Absence of group II cations.
solution, add dil. HCl followed by
H2S water.

4. Test for group III: To the salt A white gelatinous precipitateis Indicates presence of Al3+
solution, add excess solid NH4Cl, formed.
dissolve it, then add NH4OH
solution.
5. Test for group IV: To the salt No ppt Absence of group IV cations.
solution, add excess solid NH4Cl,
dissolve it, then add NH4OH
solution followed by H2S water.
6. Test for group V: To the salt No ppt Absence of group V cations.
solution, add excess solid NH4Cl,
dissolve it, then add NH4OH
solution followed by (NH4)2CO3
solution.
7. Test for group VI: To the salt No ppt Absence of group VI cations.
solution, add excess solid NH4Cl,
dissolve it, then add NH4OH
solution followed by (NH4)3PO4 or
Na2HPO4 solution.
V CONFIRMATORY TESTS FOR CATIONS

1. To the salt solution, add NaOH A white ppt is formed Presence of Al3+ confirmed.
solution in drops. whichdissolves in excess of
NaOH.
2. LAKE TEST: To the salt solution, A blue ppt floating on Presence of Al3+ confirmed.
add blue litmus followed by clearliquid.
NH4OH solution.
3. ASH TEST: The gelatinous white Blue tinted ash is obtained. Presence of Al3+ confirmed.
ppt of group III is dissolved in a
small volume of conc. HNO3 and
boiled with a few drops of cobalt
nitrate solution. A folded filter
paper soaked in this solution is
burntinto ashes.

Results :
3. The given salt is Aluminium sulphate [ Al2(SO4)3]
4. The given Salt contain
a. Anion - Sulphate (SO42-)
b. Cation - Aluminium ( Al3+)
Ex. No. 6
Salt Analysis - 4
Aim:
To analyse for the presence of cation and anion in the given simple salt.
Materials Required:
Test tubes, test tube holder, test tube stand, Watch glass, glass rod, filter papers,
reagents
S. No EXPERIMENT OBSERVATION INFERENCE
I. PRELIMINARY TESTS
1. Note the colour of the salt. White Indicates the absence of Cu 2+ ,
Co2+ , Fe2+ , Ni2+ , Mn2+ etc
2. Check solubility of the salt in Soluble The salt solution (original
water. solution- O.S) is prepared in
water.
3. Mix a little of the salt with few No Smell of vinegar Indicates the Absences of acetate
drops of dil. H2SO4 on a watch ion.
glass with the help of a glass rod
and note the odour of the
mixture.
II. IDENTIFICATION OF ANIONS
1. Dilute H2SO4 test: To a little of the No characteristic reaction Absence of CO3 2- and S 2-
salt, dil. H2SO4 is added and
heated (if there is no reaction in
the cold)
2. Conc.H2SO4 Test: To a little of the A colouless pungent smelling gas Presence of chloride ion, Cl-,
3 -
salt, conc.H2SO4 is added and is evolved which turns into dense
heated (if there is no reaction in white fumes when a glassrod
cold). dipped in ammonium hydroxide
is held at the mouth of the test
tube.
Test for Sulphate: To a little of the Absence of sulphate ion, SO4 2-
3. salt solution, add dil. HCl followed No precipitate
by BaCl2 solution.
4. Test for phosphate: To a little of No yellow ppt Absence of phosphate ion
the salt solution add conc.HNO3,
boil, cool and add ammonium
molybdate (solid or solution) and
warm.
III. CONFIRMATORY TEST FOR ANIONS
Confirmatory Test for Chloride
ion
a) To a little of the salt solution add a) White ppt is formed which Presence of chloride confirmed.
dil. HNO3 followed by AgNO3 dissolves in excess of
solution. ammonium hydroxide.
b) Chromyl Chloride Test: b) A yellow coloured solution is Presence of chloride confirmed.
To a little of the salt add equal formed which gives a yellow ppt
quantity of solid potassium with acetic acid and lead
dichromate and Conc. H2SO4. Heat acetate solution.
 the contents gently and pass the
red vapours obtained through a
dilute solution of NaOH.
IV. IDENTIFICATION OF CATIONS
1. Test for zero group: To a little of No pungent smell of
the salt, add NaOH and heat the ammonia. Absence of zero group.
mixture.
2. Test for group I: To the salt No white ppt Absence of group I cation
solution, add dil. HCl.
3. Test for group II: To the salt No ppt Absence of group II cations.
solution, add dil. HCl followed by
H2S water.
4. Test for group III: To the salt A white gelatinous precipitateis Indicates presence of Al3+
solution, add excess solid NH4Cl, formed.
dissolve it, then add NH4OH
solution.
5. Test for group IV: To the salt No ppt Absence of group IV cations.
solution, add excess solid NH4Cl,
dissolve it, then add NH4OH
solution followed by H2S water.
6. Test for group V: To the salt No ppt Absence of group V cations.
solution, add excess solid NH4Cl,
dissolve it, then add NH4OH
solution followed by (NH4)2CO3
solution.
7. Test for group VI: To the salt No ppt Absence of group VI cations.
solution, add excess solid NH4Cl,
dissolve it, then add NH4OH
solution followed by (NH4)3PO4 or
Na2HPO4 solution.
V CONFIRMATORY TESTS FOR CATIONS
1. To the salt solution, add NaOH A white ppt is formed Presence of Al3+ confirmed.
solution in drops. whichdissolves in excess of
NaOH.
2. LAKE TEST: To the salt solution, A blue ppt floating on Presence of Al3+ confirmed.
add blue litmus followed by clearliquid.
NH4OH solution.
3. ASH TEST: The gelatinous white Blue tinted ash is obtained. Presence of Al3+ confirmed.
ppt of group III is dissolved in a
small volume of conc. HNO3 and
boiled with a few drops of cobalt
nitrate solution. A folded filter
paper soaked in this solution is
burntinto ashes.
Results :
1. The given salt is Aluminium chloride [ AlCl3]
2. The given Salt contain
a. Anion - Chloride (Cl-)
b. Cation - Aluminium ( Al3+)
 Ex. No. 7 Salt Analysis - 5
Aim:
To analyse for the presence of cation and anion in the given simple salt.
Materials Required:
Test tubes, test tube holder, test tube stand, Watch glass, glass rod, filter papers,
reagents
S. No EXPERIMENT OBSERVATION INFERENCE
I. PRELIMINARY TESTS
1. Note the colour of the salt. White Indicates the absence of Cu 2+ ,
Co2+ , Fe2+ , Ni2+ , Mn2+ etc
2. Check solubility of the salt in Soluble The salt solution (original
water. solution- O.S) is prepared in
water.
3. Mix a little of the salt with few No Smell of vinegar Indicates the Absences of acetate
drops of dil. H2SO4 on a watch ion.
glass with the help of a glass rod
and note the odour of the
mixture.
II. IDENTIFICATION OF ANIONS
1. Dilute H2SO4 test: To a little of the No characteristic reaction Absence of CO3 2- and S 2-
salt, dil. H2SO4 is added and
heated (if there is no reaction in
the cold)
2. Conc.H2SO4 Test: To a little of the A colouless pungent smelling gas Presence of chloride ion, Cl-,
3 -
salt, conc.H2SO4 is added and is evolved which turns into dense
heated (if there is no reaction in white fumes when a glassrod
cold). dipped in ammonium hydroxide
is held at the mouth of the test
tube.
Test for Sulphate: To a little of the Absence of sulphate ion, SO4 2-
3. salt solution, add dil. HCl followed No precipitate
by BaCl2 solution.
4. Test for phosphate: To a little of No yellow ppt Absence of phosphate ion
the salt solution add conc.HNO3,
boil, cool and add ammonium
molybdate (solid or solution) and
warm.
III. CONFIRMATORY TEST FOR ANIONS
Confirmatory Test for Chloride
ion
a) To a little of the salt solution add c) White ppt is formed which Presence of chloride confirmed.
dil. HNO3 followed by AgNO3 dissolves in excess of
solution. ammonium hydroxide.
b) Chromyl Chloride Test: d) A yellow coloured solution is Presence of chloride confirmed.
To a little of the salt add equal formed which gives a yellow ppt
quantity of solid potassium with acetic acid and lead
 dichromate and Conc. H2SO4. Heat acetate solution.
the contents gently and pass the
red vapours obtained through a
dilute solution of NaOH.
IV. IDENTIFICATION OF CATIONS
1. Test for zero group: To a little of No pungent smell of
the salt, add NaOH and heat the ammonia. Absence of zero group.
mixture.
2. Test for group I: To the salt No white ppt Absence of group I cation
solution, add dil. HCl.
3. Test for group II: To the salt No ppt Absence of group II cations.
solution, add dil. HCl followed by
H2S water.
4. Test for group III: To the salt No ppt Absence of group III cations.
solution, add excess solid NH4Cl,
dissolve it, then add NH4OH
solution.
5. Test for group IV: To the salt No ppt Absence of group IV cations.
solution, add excess solid NH4Cl,
dissolve it, then add NH4OH
solution followed by H2S water.
6. Test for group V: To the salt A white ppt is formed Indicates presence of group V
solution, add excess solid NH4Cl, cations – Ba2+, Sr2+ or Ca2+
dissolve it, then add NH4OH
solution followed by (NH4)2CO3
solution.
7. Test for group VI: To the salt No ppt Absence of group VI cations.
solution, add excess solid NH4Cl,
dissolve it, then add NH4OH
solution followed by (NH4)3PO4 or
Na2HPO4 solution.
V CONFIRMATORY TESTS FOR CATIONS
1. Test for Barium: Yellow ppt is formed. Presence of Ba2+ confirmed.
To the first part, add potassium
chromate solution.

Flame Test: Pale green colour imparted Presence of Ba2+ confirmed.

Little of the salt is mixed with tothe flame.
conc. HCl on a watch glass.
The mixture is then shown to the
non- luminous flame using
a glass rod.
Results :
1. The given salt is Barium chloride [ BaCl2]
2. The given Salt contain
a. Anion - Chloride (Cl-)
b. Cation - Barium ( Ba2+)
 Ex. No. 8 Salt Analysis - 6
Aim:
To analyse for the presence of cation and anion in the given simple salt.
Materials Required:
Test tubes, test tube holder, test tube stand, Watch glass, glass rod, filter papers,
reagents
S. No EXPERIMENT OBSERVATION INFERENCE
I. PRELIMINARY TESTS
1. Note the colour of the salt. White Indicates the absence of Cu 2+ ,
Co2+ , Fe2+ , Ni2+ , Mn2+ etc
2. Check solubility of the salt in Soluble The salt solution (original
water. solution- O.S) is prepared in
water.
3. Mix a little of the salt with few No Smell of vinegar Indicates the Absences of acetate
drops of dil. H2SO4 on a watch ion.
glass with the help of a glass rod
and note the odour of the
mixture.
II. IDENTIFICATION OF ANIONS
1. Dilute H2SO4 test: To a little of the No characteristic reaction Absence of CO3 2- and S 2-
salt, dil. H2SO4 is added and
heated (if there is no reaction in
the cold)
2. Conc.H2SO4 Test: To a little of the A colouless pungent smelling gas Presence of chloride ion, Cl-,
3 -
salt, conc.H2SO4 is added and is evolved which turns into dense
heated (if there is no reaction in white fumes when a glassrod
cold). dipped in ammonium hydroxide
is held at the mouth of the test
tube.
Test for Sulphate: To a little of the Absence of sulphate ion, SO4 2-
3. salt solution, add dil. HCl followed No precipitate
by BaCl2 solution.
4. Test for phosphate: To a little of No yellow ppt Absence of phosphate ion
the salt solution add conc.HNO3,
boil, cool and add ammonium
molybdate (solid or solution) and
warm.
III. CONFIRMATORY TEST FOR ANIONS
Confirmatory Test for Chloride
ion
a) To a little of the salt solution add e) White ppt is formed which Presence of chloride confirmed.
dil. HNO3 followed by AgNO3 dissolves in excess of
solution. ammonium hydroxide.
b) Chromyl Chloride Test: f) A yellow coloured solution is Presence of chloride confirmed.
To a little of the salt add equal formed which gives a yellow ppt
quantity of solid potassium with acetic acid and lead
dichromate and Conc. H2SO4. Heat acetate solution.
 the contents gently and pass the
red vapours obtained through a
dilute solution of NaOH.
IV. IDENTIFICATION OF CATIONS
1. Test for zero group: To a little of No pungent smell of
the salt, add NaOH and heat the ammonia. Absence of zero group.
mixture.
2. Test for group I: To the salt No white ppt Absence of group I cation
solution, add dil. HCl.
3. Test for group II: To the salt No ppt Absence of group II cations.
solution, add dil. HCl followed by
H2S water.
4. Test for group III: To the salt No ppt Absence of group III cations.
solution, add excess solid NH4Cl,
dissolve it, then add NH4OH
solution.
5. Test for group IV: To the salt No ppt Absence of group IV cations.
solution, add excess solid NH4Cl,
dissolve it, then add NH4OH
solution followed by H2S water.
6. Test for group V: To the salt white/dirty white ppt Presence of Zn2+ ions
solution, add excess solid NH4Cl,
dissolve it, then add NH4OH
solution followed by (NH4)2CO3
solution.
7. Test for group VI: To the salt No ppt Absence of group VI cations.
solution, add excess solid NH4Cl,
dissolve it, then add NH4OH
solution followed by (NH4)3PO4 or
Na2HPO4 solution.
V CONFIRMATORY TESTS FOR CATIONS
1. To the salt solution, add NaOH A white ppt is formed which Presence of Zn2+ confirmed.
drop by drop. dissolves in excess of NaOH.

2. To the salt solution, add A white or bluish-white ppt Presence of Zn2+ confirmed.
potassium ferrocyanide isformed.
solution.
Results :
1. The given salt is Zinc chloride [ ZnCl2]
2. The given Salt contain
a. Anion - Chloride (Cl-)
b. Cation - Zinc ( Zn2+)
Ex. No. 9
Salt Analysis - 7
Aim:
To analyse for the presence of cation and anion in the given simple salt.
Materials Required:
Test tubes, test tube holder, test tube stand, Watch glass, glass rod, filter papers,
reagents
S. No EXPERIMENT OBSERVATION INFERENCE
I. PRELIMINARY TESTS
1. Note the colour of the salt. White Indicates the absence of Cu 2+ ,
Co2+ , Fe2+ , Ni2+ , Mn2+ etc
2. Check solubility of the salt in Soluble The salt solution (original
water. solution- O.S) is prepared in
water.
3. Mix a little of the salt with few No Smell of vinegar Indicates the Absences of acetate
drops of dil. H2SO4 on a watch ion.
glass with the help of a glass rod
and note the odour of the
mixture.
II. IDENTIFICATION OF ANIONS
1. Dilute H2SO4 test: To a little of the No characteristic reaction Absence of CO3 2- and S 2-
salt, dil. H2SO4 is added and
heated (if there is no reaction in
the cold)
2. Conc.H2SO4 Test: To a little of the Light brown gas is evolved that Presence of nitrate ion, NO3-
3 -
salt, conc.H2SO4 is added and turns dense brown when a
heated (if there is no reaction in paper ball is added.
cold).
Test for Sulphate: To a little of the Absence of sulphate ion
3. salt solution, add dil. HCl followed No precipitate
by BaCl2 solution.

4. Test for phosphate: To a little of No yellow ppt Absence of phosphate ion

the salt solution add conc.HNO3,
boil, cool and add ammonium
molybdate (solid or solution) and
warm.
III. CONFIRMATORY TEST FOR ANIONS
Confirmatory Test for Nitrate ion
a) BROWN RING TEST a) A brown ring is formed at the Presence of nitrate confirmed.
To the salt solution add equal junction of the two liquids
amount of freshly prepared
saturated ferrous sulphate
solution, mix and allow to stand.
Then add slowly 1-2 mL of Conc.
H2SO4 carefully down the side of
the test tube.
b) To a little of the salt solution, add b) Blue colouration Presence of nitrate confirmed.
 diphenylamine reagent.

IV. IDENTIFICATION OF CATIONS

1. Test for zero group: To a little of No pungent smell of
the salt, add NaOH and heat the ammonia. Absence of zero group.
mixture.

2. Test for group I: To the salt No white ppt Absence of group I cation
solution, add dil. HCl.

3. Test for group II: To the salt No ppt Absence of group II cations.
solution, add dil. HCl followed by
H2S water.

4. Test for group III: To the salt No ppt Absence of group III cations
solution, add excess solid NH4Cl,
dissolve it, then add NH4OH
solution.
5. Test for group IV: To the salt No ppt Absence of group IV cations.
solution, add excess solid NH4Cl,
dissolve it, then add NH4OH
solution followed by H2S water.
6. Test for group V: To the salt No ppt Absence of group V cations.
solution, add excess solid NH4Cl,
dissolve it, then add NH4OH
solution followed by (NH4)2CO3
solution.
7. Test for group VI: To the salt White ppt is formed Indicates presence of group VI
solution, add excess solid NH4Cl, cation – Mg2+
dissolve it, then add NH4OH
solution followed by (NH4)3PO4 or
Na2HPO4 solution.
V CONFIRMATORY TESTS FOR CATIONS

1. To the salt solution, add A green or bluish-green colour Presence of Mg2+ confirmed.
Magneson reagent. isobtained.

Results :
1. The given salt is Magnesium Nitrate [ Mg(NO3)2]
2. The given Salt contain
a. Anion - Nitrate (NO3-)
b. Cation - Magnesium ( Mg2+)
 Ex. No. 10 Salt Analysis - 8
Aim:
To analyse for the presence of cation and anion in the given simple salt.
Materials Required:
Test tubes, test tube holder, test tube stand, Watch glass, glass rod, filter papers,
reagents
S. No EXPERIMENT OBSERVATION INFERENCE
I. PRELIMINARY TESTS
1. Note the colour of the salt. White Indicates the absence of Cu 2+ ,
Co2+ , Fe2+ , Ni2+ , Mn2+ etc
2. Check solubility of the salt in Soluble The salt solution (original
water. solution- O.S) is prepared in
water.
3. Mix a little of the salt with few Smell of vinegar Indicates the presence of acetate
drops of dil. H2SO4 on a watch ion.
glass with the help of a glass rod
and note the odour of the
mixture.
II. IDENTIFICATION OF ANIONS
1. Dilute H2SO4 test: To a little of the No characteristic reaction Absence of CO3 2- and S 2-
salt, dil. H2SO4 is added and
heated (if there is no reaction in
the cold)
2. Conc.H2SO4 Test: To a little of the a) Colourless gas with a smell of Indicates the presence of
salt, conc.H2SO4 is added and vinegar evolved. acetate ion -
3 -
heated (if there is no reaction in
cold).
Test for Sulphate: To a little of the Absence of sulphate ion
3. salt solution, add dil. HCl followed No precipitate
by BaCl2 solution.

4. Test for phosphate: To a little of No yellow ppt Absence of phosphate ion

the salt solution add conc.HNO3,
boil, cool and add ammonium
molybdate (solid or solution) and
warm.
III. CONFIRMATORY TEST FOR ANIONS
Confirmatory Test for Acetate ion
a) To a little of the salt solution add a) Reddish brown colour Presence of acetate confirmed.
neutral FeCl3 solution, dilute it, appears with FeCl3 and reddish-
and heat it to boiling point. brown precipitate on boiling.
b) Heat a pinch of salt with few b) Pleasant fruity smell Presence of acetate confirmed.
drops of Conc. H2SO4 and a little
ethyl alcohol.
IV. IDENTIFICATION OF CATIONS
1. Test for zero group: To a little of No pungent smell of
the salt, add NaOH and heat the ammonia. Absence of zero group.
mixture.

2. Test for group I: To the salt A white ppt is formed Indicates presence of group I
solution, add dil. HCl. cation – Pb2+

3. Test for group II: To the salt No ppt Absence of group II cations.
solution, add dil. HCl followed by
H2S water.

4. Test for group III: To the salt No ppt Absence of group III cations
solution, add excess solid NH4Cl,
dissolve it, then add NH4OH
solution.
5. Test for group IV: To the salt No ppt Absence of group IV cations.
solution, add excess solid NH4Cl,
dissolve it, then add NH4OH
solution followed by H2S water.
6. Test for group V: To the salt No ppt Absence of group V cations.
solution, add excess solid NH4Cl,
dissolve it, then add NH4OH
solution followed by (NH4)2CO3
solution.
7. Test for group VI: To the salt No ppt Absence of group VI cations.
solution, add excess solid NH4Cl,
dissolve it, then add NH4OH
solution followed by (NH4)3PO4 or
Na2HPO4 solution.
V CONFIRMATORY TESTS FOR CATIONS

1. To the salt solution, add A yellow ppt is formed. Presence of Pb2+confirmed.

potassium chromate solution.

2. To the salt solution, add few A yellow ppt is formed. Presence of Pb2+confirmed.
drops of potassium iodide
solution.

Results :
1. The given salt is Lead Acetate [ Pb(CH3COOH)2]
2. The given Salt contain
a. Anion - Acetate (CH3COO-)
b. Cation - Lead ( Pb2+)
 Salt Analysis - 9
Ex. No. 11
Aim:
To analyse for the presence of cation and anion in the given simple salt.
Materials Required:
Test tubes, test tube holder, test tube stand, Watch glass, glass rod, filter papers,
reagents
S. No EXPERIMENT OBSERVATION INFERENCE
I. PRELIMINARY TESTS
1. Note the colour of the salt. White Indicates the absence of Cu 2+ ,
Co2+ , Fe2+ , Ni2+ , Mn2+ etc
2. Check solubility of the salt in Soluble The salt solution (original
water. solution- O.S) is prepared in
water.
3. Mix a little of the salt with few No Smell of vinegar Indicates the Absences of acetate
drops of dil. H2SO4 on a watch ion.
glass with the help of a glass rod
and note the odour of the
mixture.
II. IDENTIFICATION OF ANIONS
1. Dilute H2SO4 test: To a little of the No characteristic reaction Absence of CO3 2- and S 2-
salt, dil. H2SO4 is added and
heated (if there is no reaction in
the cold)
2. Conc.H2SO4 Test: To a little of the Light brown gas is evolved that Presence of nitrate ion, NO3-
3 -
salt, conc.H2SO4 is added and turns dense brown when a
heated (if there is no reaction in paper ball is added.
cold).
Test for Sulphate: To a little of the Absence of sulphate ion
3. salt solution, add dil. HCl followed No precipitate
by BaCl2 solution.
4. Test for phosphate: To a little of No yellow ppt Absence of phosphate ion
the salt solution add conc.HNO3,
boil, cool and add ammonium
molybdate (solid or solution) and
warm.
III. CONFIRMATORY TEST FOR ANIONS
Confirmatory Test for Nitrate ion
a) BROWN RING TEST A brown ring is formed at the Presence of nitrate confirmed.
To the salt solution add equal junction of the two liquids
amount of freshly prepared
saturated ferrous sulphate
solution, mix and allow to stand.
Then add slowly 1-2 mL of Conc.
H2SO4 carefully down the side of
the test tube.
b) To a little of the salt solution, add Blue colouration Presence of nitrate confirmed.
diphenylamine reagent.
IV. IDENTIFICATION OF CATIONS
1. Test for zero group: To a little of No pungent smell of
the salt, add NaOH and heat the ammonia. Absence of zero group.
mixture.

2. Test for group I: To the salt No ppt Absence of group I cations.

solution, add dil. HCl.
3. Test for group II: To the salt No ppt Absence of group II cations.
solution, add dil. HCl followed by
H2S water.

4. Test for group III: To the salt No ppt Absence of group III cations
solution, add excess solid NH4Cl,
dissolve it, then add NH4OH
solution.
5. Test for group IV: To the salt No ppt Absence of group IV cations.
solution, add excess solid NH4Cl,
dissolve it, then add NH4OH
solution followed by H2S water.
6. Test for group V: To the salt A white ppt is formed Indicates presence of group V
solution, add excess solid NH4Cl, cations – Ba2+, Sr2+ or Ca2+
dissolve it, then add NH4OH
solution followed by (NH4)2CO3
solution.
7. Test for group VI: To the salt No White ppt Absence of group VI cations.
solution, add excess solid NH4Cl,
dissolve it, then add NH4OH
solution followed by (NH4)3PO4 or
Na2HPO4 solution.
V CONFIRMATORY TESTS FOR CATIONS

1. Test for Calcium: White crystalline ppt insoluble Presence of Ca2+ confirmed.
To the third part, add NH4OHand inacetic acid.
ammonium oxalate solution.
Flame Test:
Little of the salt is mixed with Brick red colour imparted to Presence of Ca2+ confirmed.
conc. HCl on a watch glass. theflame.
The mixture is then shown to the
non- luminous flame usinga glass
rod.
To a little of the salt solution, A white ppt is formed. Presence of Ca2+ confirmed.
add solid NH4Cl and potassium
ferrocyanide solution.

Results :
1. The given salt is Calcium Nitrate [ Ca(NO3)2]
2. The given Salt contain
a. Anion - Nitrate (NO3-)
b. Cation - Calcium ( Ca2+)
Ex. No. 12
Salt Analysis - 10
Aim:
To analyse for the presence of cation and anion in the given simple salt.
Materials Required:
Test tubes, test tube holder, test tube stand, Watch glass, glass rod, filter papers,
reagents
S. No EXPERIMENT OBSERVATION INFERENCE
I. PRELIMINARY TESTS
1. Note the colour of the salt. White Indicates the absence of Cu 2+ ,
Co2+ , Fe2+ , Ni2+ , Mn2+ etc
2. Check solubility of the salt in Soluble The salt solution (original
water. solution- O.S) is prepared in
water.
3. Mix a little of the salt with few No Smell of vinegar Indicates the Absences of acetate
drops of dil. H2SO4 on a watch ion.
glass with the help of a glass rod
and note the odour of the
mixture.
II. IDENTIFICATION OF ANIONS
1. Dilute H2SO4 test: To a little of the No characteristic reaction Absence of CO3 2- and S 2-
salt, dil. H2SO4 is added and
heated (if there is no reaction in
the cold)
2. Conc.H2SO4 Test: To a little of the Light brown gas is evolved that Presence of nitrate ion, NO3-
3 -
salt, conc.H2SO4 is added and turns dense brown when a
heated (if there is no reaction in paper ball is added.
cold).
Test for Sulphate: To a little of the Absence of sulphate ion
3. salt solution, add dil. HCl followed No precipitate
by BaCl2 solution.

4. Test for phosphate: To a little of No yellow ppt Absence of phosphate ion

the salt solution add conc.HNO3,
boil, cool and add ammonium
molybdate (solid or solution) and
warm.
III. CONFIRMATORY TEST FOR ANIONS
Confirmatory Test for Nitrate ion
a) BROWN RING TEST A brown ring is formed at the Presence of nitrate confirmed.
To the salt solution add equal junction of the two liquids
amount of freshly prepared
saturated ferrous sulphate
solution, mix and allow to stand.
Then add slowly 1-2 mL of Conc.
H2SO4 carefully down the side of
the test tube.
b) To a little of the salt solution, add Blue colouration Presence of nitrate confirmed.
 diphenylamine reagent.

IV. IDENTIFICATION OF CATIONS

1. Test for zero group: To a little of No pungent smell of
the salt, add NaOH and heat the ammonia. Absence of zero group.
mixture.
2. Test for group I: To the salt No ppt Absence of group I cations.
solution, add dil. HCl.
3. Test for group II: To the salt No ppt Absence of group II cations.
solution, add dil. HCl followed by
H2S water.

4. Test for group III: To the salt No ppt Absence of group III cations
solution, add excess solid NH4Cl,
dissolve it, then add NH4OH
solution.
5. Test for group IV: To the salt No ppt Absence of group IV cations.
solution, add excess solid NH4Cl,
dissolve it, then add NH4OH
solution followed by H2S water.
6. Test for group V: To the salt A white ppt is formed Indicates presence of group V
solution, add excess solid NH4Cl, cations – Ba2+, Sr2+ or Ca2+
dissolve it, then add NH4OH
solution followed by (NH4)2CO3
solution.
7. Test for group VI: To the salt No White ppt Absence of group VI cations.
solution, add excess solid NH4Cl,
dissolve it, then add NH4OH
solution followed by (NH4)3PO4 or
Na2HPO4 solution.
V CONFIRMATORY TESTS FOR CATIONS

2. Test for Strontium: White ppt is formed. Presence of Sr2+ confirmed.

To the second part, add
saturated (NH4)2SO4 solutionand
boil.
Flame Test: Crimson red colour imparted Presence of Sr2+ confirmed.
Little of the salt is mixed with tothe flame.
conc. HCl on a watch glass.
The mixture is then shown to
the non- luminous flame usinga
glass rod.

Results :
1. The given salt is Strontium Nitrate [ Sr(NO3)2]
2. The given Salt contain
a. Anion - Nitrate (NO3-)
b. Cation - Strontium ( Sr2+)
Ex. No. 13
Preparation of Ferrous Ammonium Sulphate

Aim
To prepare Mohr’s salt: ferrous ammonium sulphate from ferrous sulfate and
ammonium sulfate in the presence of acid.

Theory
The formula for ferrous ammonium sulfate is FeSO4.(NH4)2SO4.6H2O. It is
prepared by dissolving equimolar mixture of hydrated ferrous sulfate
and ammonium sulfate in water containing a little sulfuric acid. The solution is
subjected to crystallization, ferrous ammonium sulfate separates out from the
solution.

The chemical reaction is given below.

FeSO4 + (NH4)2SO4 + 6H2O → FeSO4.(NH4)2SO4.6H2O (Mohr’s salt)

The addition of sulfuric acid in this experiment prevents the hydrolysis of this salt.
Ferrous ammonium sulfate is a pale green crystalline compound which does not
effloresce like ferrous sulfate. It is less readily oxidised than FeSO 4 and therefore,
a better volumetric reagent in preference to ferrous sulfate.

Mohr’s salt is also called as double salt which contain more than one simple salt.
It undergoes complete dissociation in aqueous solutions. Mohr’s salt dissociates
into Fe2+, NH4+, SO42- ions and give their individual chemical test.

Mohr’s salt is light green transparent octahedral crystals. It is soluble in water

giving acidic solution which turns blue litmus paper red and gives effervescence
with sodium bicarbonate evolving carbon dioxide.

Materials Required
1. Conical flask
2. Tripod stand
3. Burner
4. Funnel
5. Watch glass
6. Glass rod
7. Filter paper
8. Wire gauze
9. China dish
 10. Ferrous sulfate
11. Ammonium sulfate
12. Dilute sulphuric acid

Procedure
1. Weigh 7 g of ferrous sulfate and 3.5 g of ammonium sulfate separately.
2. Mix ferrous sulfate and ammonium sulfate in water in a beaker containing dilute
sulphuric acid.
3. Gently warm the solution in order to get a clear solution.
4. Filter the solution in order to remove suspended impurities and concentrate the clear
filtrate by heating it china dish over a sand bath till the crystallization point is
reached.
5. Stir the solution occasionally during heating.
6. Keep the solution undisturbed for slow cooling. After some time crystal of ferrous
ammonium sulfate will get separated from the solution.
7. Separate the crystals by decantation from the mother liquor and wash the crystals
with cold water.
8. Dry the crystals between the folds of filter paper or by spreading on a porous plate.

Result:
The yield of ferrous ammonium sulfate or Mohr’s salt is _______ gm.
Ex. NO. 14
Ex.No. 15