10 PYTHAGORAS THEOREM

Syllabus Area
Area based proof and simple applications of
Pythagoras Theorem and its converse.
Theorem 1 (Pvthagoras Theorem): In a right angled triangle, the
eaual to the sum of the squares on the other two sides.
square on the hypotenuse is
A AABC in which B = 90°.
Glven:

AC = AB2+ BC2
To
prove:
Construction : Produce BA to D such that AD = BC = a.
Draw DE 1 BD such that DE AB
j01n AE
= = c.
ond CE

D
Proof.

ter Reason
Statement
and AADE, we have
1. In AABC By construction
BC = ADD
nal AB D E
By construction
Each = 90°
B =D
SAS
AABC AEDA CPCT
AC =AE = b
LACB = ZEAD
CPCT )
2. In AABC,
LABC+ LACB + BAC = 180° Sum of the of AABC
- 90+ DAE + ZBAC =180 From (i) LACB = DAE
DAE + ZBAC = 90°.. (ii
3. Now, BAC + 2CAE + DAE =180 Sum of the of 2 a straight angle
90° 2CAE = 180° From (i)
2CAE = 90°

|4. BC
Now, ABC+
||DEE
ADE =90°+90° =180°
Cointerior are supplementary
CBDEis a trapezium.
5. Now, area of trapezium CBDE = area of
AABC + area of AACE + area of AADE
BC+DE) x BD
BCx AB+ AC x AE AD x DE
( a +ca +c) =
ac +bb + ac

(a + c2 =
2ac +b2
a+ c2 + 2ac =
2ac + 6
a+ c2 = b2
BC+ AB? =AC?
|Hence, AB?+ BC2 =
ACZ

Pythagoras Theorem 119

 the square of one sid.
Theorem 2 (Converse of Pythagoras Theorem): In a triangle, if
to the sum of the squares of the other tuwo sides, then the triangle is righe S eQ

Given A AABC in which AB? + BC? = AC? D ght-angled

ZB = 900.
To prove
Construction: Draw a ADEF in which
DE AB, EF BC and E
= = = 90°.
C
Proof.
Reason
Statement
1. In ADEF, we have E = 90°
By Pythagoras Theorem
DE2+ EF2 = DF2
AB2+ BC2 =DF2 DE =AB and EF = BC
AC2 = DF2 AB2+ BC =AC (Given)
AC = DF
2. In AABC and ADEF, we have
AB = DE By construction
By construction
BC EF
AC DF Proved above
AABC =ADEF By SSS-congruence
B = ZE C.p.c.t.
B = 90° ZE 90°
Hence, B = 90°

sOLVED EXAMPLES

Example 1. In a AABC, obtuse angled at B, if AD

is perpendicular to CB produced, prove
that:
AC =AB2 + BC2 +2BC x BD
In AADB, D = 90°. B G
Solution:
.:. AD? + DB2 =AB2 i) By Pythagoras Theorem]
In AADC, 2D = 90°.
AC2 = AD2 + DC? By Pythagoras Theorem]
= AD2+ (DB + BC)2
= AD2DB2 + BC2 + 2DB x BC
= AB2+ BC2 + 2BCx BD [Using ()]
Hence, AC =AB2 + BC2+ 2BCx BD.
Example 2. In an acute-angled AABC in which 2B is
acute and AD L BC, prove that:
AC2 =AB2 + BC2 2BC x BD.
Solution In AADB, ZADB = 90°.
AD2 BD? =AB? ..i) [By Pythagoras Theorem]
B

In AADC, ZADC = 90°.

120 sX
Foundation Mathematics for Class
 AC2 =AD2 + DC2 By Pythagoras Theorem]
= AD2 +(BC BD)2
-

- AD2 +(BC2 + BD2- 2BC x BD)

= (AD? + BD) + BC - 2BCx BD

= AB+ BC 2BCx BD Using (]

Hence, AC? = AB2 + BC2 2BC x BD,

Example 3.
I n AABC, if AD is the median, then
prove that

AB?+AC= 2AD2 +BC2

Draw AE L BC. Then, ZAED = 90°
S o l u t i o n :

ZADE <90°
LADB is an obtuse angle.
B
Thus, ZADB is obtuse and 2ADE is acute.
Now, AABD is obtuse-angled at D and AE L BD produced.
AB =AD + BD +2BD x DE ..)
Also, AADC is acute-angled at D and AE I DC.
AC = AD + DC - 2DC x DE
= AD +BD2 2BD x DE .i) : DC =BD
Adding (i) and (1i), we get
AB+ AC2 =2AD2+2BD2

2AD +2BC
2AD?+BC
Hence, AB+ AC = 2AD? BC
2

Example 4. In the given figure, ZB = 90°. D

A
and E are any points on AB and BC
respectively. Prove that
AE+ CD2 =AC? + DE2
Solution In AABE, ZB = 90°
AE2 =AB? + BE2 ..i)
In ADBC, ZB = 90°.
CD2 = BD? + BC2 . .(ii)
Adding (i) and (ii), we get:
AE+CD2 =(AB? + BC2) + (BE2 + BD2)
= AC2+ DE2 By Pythagoras Theorem)
Hence, AE2 + CD2 = AC? + DE?.
Example 5. Apoint O in the interior of a rectangle
ABCD is joined with each of the vertices
A, B, C and D.
Prove that: O42 + Oc? =OB2 + OD2. E F
0lution
Through O, draw EOF || AB.
Then, ABFE is a
rectangle.
Pythagoras Theoremn 121
8 -
8
 p

xe-a8
S a m p l e &
-
In a rhombus ABCD proue that
AR BCCD+AD =AC+ BD
Soudion
Let ABCD be a rhombus, whose
diagonals AC and BD întersect at
0 We know that the diagonals of a
rhombus bisect each other at right
angles
AOB =
BOC =
2COD =
ZAOD =
90°
and A0 = OC, BO = OD
From right AAOB, we have:
AB =0AOB

- 4AB =AC+ BD
Similarly, 4BC =AC BD?
4CD = AC BD
4AD =AC BD
4(AB BC CD+ AD) =4(AC BD)
AB BC CD+AD AC +BD
=

Example 9. In AABC, right-angled at C, ifP and

a

b e the mid-points of CA and CB

respectively. prove that:
44Q= 44C+ Bc?
) 4BP = 4BC+ Ac?
ii) 4L4Q + BP) = 5AB
Solution From right AACQ, we have
AQ= AC+QC3

ACBC -ACBC
4AQ
4AC BC =

i) From
right APCB, we have:
BP2 BC+ PC3

BCAC -BCAC
4Bp 4Bc?+ AC.
ythagoras Theorem 123
 Gii) Adding i) and (ii) we get:

4(AQ+ BP) = 5(AC + BC )

=
5AB. AC? + BC2 =
AB
Hence, 4(AQ? + BP2) = 5AB2

Example 10. In an equilateral ABC, if AD LBC, prove

that, 3AB2 = 4AD2
Solution: In AADB and AADC, we have
AB AC, ZB = 2C = 60 and
LADB = LADC = 90°.

AADB =AADC.
So, BD = DC.
From right AADB, we have
AB2 AD2 + BD2
BD-BC
= AD+ BC2
4AB2 = 4AD2 + BC2
4AB = 4AD? + AB2 : BC = AB]
3AB2 = 4AD2.

Example 11. In A ABC, 2A = 90° and AD L BC.

Prove that: AD2 = BD x DC.

Solution: From right AADB, we have

AB2 AD2 + BD2 ...6)
From right AADC, we have
AC2 = AD? + DC2 ...(i) B
From right ABAC, we have
BC2 = AB? + AC? ...ii)
Adding (i) and (ii), we get

AB2+AC2 2AD2 + BD2 + DOc2

=

BC2 = 2AD2 + BD2 + DC2 [Using (ii))

(BD +DC)2 = 2AD2 + BD2 + DC2
BD2 + DC2 + 2 BD x DC = 2AD2 + BD2 + DC2
= AD? = BD x DC

EXERCISE 10
1. In AABC, 2C = 90°.

IfBC =
a, AC =b and AB =
c, find
i) c when a = 8 cm and b =6 cm.
(ii) a when c 25 cm and b =7 cm
13 and a = 5 cm
(iii) b when c = cm

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Foundation Mathematics for Class
124
 ofthe
t sides of triangles are given. Determine which of them
Length

ight angled triangle determine the hypotences is a right angled triangle.

2

4 cm, 3 cm
( ) 5 cm,
15 cm, 13 cm
(i) 10
cm,

(il) 80 cm,

gular ffield is 40 m long and 30 m broad. Find the length

rectangular

3. A
of its diagonal.

goes 15 m due west and then 8 m due north. How far

man
4. A the starting point?
is he from
Bc2 E
Hint. AC
=
AB +
C

15 m

B
17 m long of a building 15 m above
reaches the window
5. A ladder
the ground. Find the distance of the foot of the ladder from the
building.
CB be the building and B be the
Hint. Let AB be the ladder,
window.

Then, AB = 17 cm, BC = 15 m, find AC.]

of the ladder is 5 from the foot

long rests against a vertical wall. If the foot
m
6. A ladder 13 m
of the wall, find the distance of the other end of the ladder from the ground.

D
7. A ladder 15 m window which is 9 m above
long reaches a
15
m

the ground on one side of the street. Keeping

its foot at
other side of 15 m
the same point, the ladder is turned to the
to reach a window 12 m high. Find the
width
the street
of the street.

1 3c m

8 ln the given figure, ABCD is a quadrilateral in

Which BC = 3 cm, AD = 13 cm, DC = 12 cm and D 3 Cm
ABD = BCD = 90°. Calculate the length of AB, 12 cm

9. In the 10 cm,
given figure, ZPSR = 90°, PQ =

6 PR. cm and RQ = 9 cm, calculate the length

2ss
Pythagoras Theorem 125
 Bcm-.
Bcm.
17 and
10. In a rhombus PQRS, side PQ cm
=

diagonal PR 16 cm.
=

Calculate the area of the rhombus.

Hint. The diagonals of a rhombus bisect each
other at right angles. 17 cm
1
Area of a rhombus = x (product of diagonals).]
5 cm
11. From the given figure, find the area of trapezium
ABCD. 5cm
Hint. Area of trapezium =x(sum of parallel
2
sides) x (distance between them).] -----

12. The sides of a right triangle containing the right angle are (5x) cm and (3x - 1) cm. If the

area of the triangle be 60 cm, calculate the length of the sides of the triangle.

13. Find the altitude of an equilateral triangle of side 5 V3 cm.

14. In a rhombus ABCD, prove that AC2 + BD2 = 4AB2

15. In AABC, B = 90° and D is the mid-point of BC. Prove that

i) AC = AD2 + 3CD?
ii) BC2 = 4(AD2 - AB)

16. Two poles of height 9 m and 14 m stand vertically on a plane ground. If the distance between
their feet is 12 m, find the distance between their tops.

17. In AABC, if AB = AC and D is a point on BC.

Prove that AB2 AD? = BD x CD.
Hint. Draw AE 1 BC. Then AAEB =AAEC.
BE =EC.
Now, AB2 =AE + BE and AD2 = AE2 + DE?
AB AD? = BE2 - DE?
=
(BE +DE) (BE -DE)
= (CE + DE) x BD
= CD x BD = BD x CD]
-

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126 Foundation Mathematics for Class