Computer Networks

Chan Yeob Yeun

Lecture 1
Dr. Chan Yeob Yeun
❖Education
▪Royal Holloway, University of London
▪Ph.D. in Information Security
▪Royal Holloway, University of London
▪MSc. in Information Security

❖Professional Careers
▪Associate Professor at Khalifa University (2016 – Present)
▪Assistant Professor at Khalifa University (2008 - 2016)
▪Visiting Professor at KAU, S. Korea (2008 – 2013)
▪Invited Professor at KAIST, S. Korea (2007 - 2008)
▪Vice President, LG Electronics, MC R&D, S. Korea (2005 - 2007)
▪Leader of Wireless Security, Toshiba Telecommunication Research LAB, UK (2000-
2004)
▪Visiting Professor, National Taiwan University of Science and Technology (2007)
▪Industrial Supervisor at University of London and University of Bristol (2001-2004)
▪Industrial Security Mentor at Mobile Virtual Centre of Excellence (2001-2004)

P2
OSI vs. TCP/IP

OSI
TCP/IP
MODEL

APPLICATION
7 APPLICATION

Worldwide Web: http

PRESENTATION Remote Login: telnet, rlogin
6 Remote Commands: rexec, rsh
File Transfers: ftp, rcp, tftp, UUCP
E-mail: SMTP, POP3, IMAP
SESSION Remote File Systems: NIS/NFS, RPC
5

TRANSPORT
TRANSPORT
4 Tranmission Control Protocol (TCP)
User Datagram Protocol (UDP)
INTERNETWORKING
NETWORK
3 Internet Protocol (IP)
Internet Control Message Protocol (ICMP)
NETWORK INTERFACE
DATA LINK
&
2
HARDWARE
CONNECTIONS
PHYSICAL
LAN: Ethernet, Token Ring, FDDI, ATM...
1
WAN: SLIP/PPP, X.25, Frame Relay...

P3
Chapter 1
Introduction
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Computer
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James Kurose, Keith Ross
material. Pearson
Thanks and enjoy! JFK/KWR
November 2016
All material copyright 1996-2016
J.F Kurose and K.W. Ross, All Rights Reserved

Introduction 1-4
Chapter 1: introduction
our goal: overview:
❖ get “feel” and ❖ what’s the Internet?
terminology ❖ what’s a protocol?
❖ network edge; hosts, access net,
❖ more depth, detail
physical media
later in course ❖ network core: packet/circuit
❖ approach: switching, Internet structure
▪ use Internet as ❖ performance: loss, delay,
throughput
example
❖ security
❖ protocol layers, service models
❖ history

Introduction 1-5
Chapter 1: roadmap
1.1 what is the Internet?
1.2 network edge
▪ end systems, access networks, links
1.3 network core
▪ packet switching, circuit switching, network structure
1.4 delay, loss, throughput in networks
1.5 protocol layers, service models
1.6 networks under attack: security
1.7 history

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=c7N5UDZX7TQ
Introduction 1-6
What’s the Internet: “nuts and bolts” view
❖ millions of connected
PC mobile network
server computing devices:
wireless ▪ hosts = end systems global ISP
laptop
smartphone ▪ running network apps
home
❖ communication links network
regional ISP
wireless ▪ fiber, copper, radio,
links satellite
wired
links ▪ transmission rate:
bandwidth

❖ Packetswitches: forward
router packets (chunks of data) institutional
network
▪ routers and switches
Introduction 1-7
Internet of things

Web-enabled toaster +
weather forecaster

IP picture frame
http://www.ceiva.com/

Tweet-a-watt:
monitor energy use

Slingbox: watch,
control cable TV remotely
Internet
refrigerator Internet phones
Introduction 1-8
What’s the Internet: “nuts and bolts” view
mobile network
❖ Internet: “network of networks”
▪ Interconnected ISPs
global ISP
❖ protocols control sending,
receiving of msgs
▪ e.g., TCP, IP, HTTP, Skype, 802.11 home
network
❖ Internet standards regional ISP
▪ RFC: Request for comments
▪ IETF: Internet Engineering Task
Force

institutional
network

Introduction 1-9
What’s the Internet: a service view
mobile network
❖ Infrastructure that provides
services to applications: global ISP

▪ Web, VoIP, email, games, e-

commerce, social nets, … home
❖ provides programming network
regional ISP
interface to apps
▪ hooks that allow sending
and receiving app programs
to “connect” to Internet
▪ provides service options,
analogous to postal service
institutional
network

Introduction 1-10
What’s a protocol?
human protocols: network protocols:
❖ “what’s the time?” ❖ machines rather than
❖ “I have a question” humans
❖ introductions ❖ all communication activity
in Internet governed by
protocols
… specific msgs sent
… specific actions taken
when msgs received, or protocols define format, order
other events
of msgs sent and received
among network entities,
and actions taken on msg
transmission, receipt
Introduction 1-11
What’s a protocol?
a human protocol and a computer network protocol:

Hi TCP connection
request
Hi TCP connection
response
Got the
time? Get http://www.awl.com/kurose-ross
2:00
<file>
time

Q: other human protocols?

Introduction 1-12
Chapter 1: roadmap
1.1 what is the Internet?
1.2 network edge
▪ end systems, access networks, links
1.3 network core
▪ packet switching, circuit switching, network structure
1.4 delay, loss, throughput in networks
1.5 protocol layers, service models
1.6 networks under attack: security
1.7 history

Introduction 1-13
A closer look at network structure:
❖ network edge: mobile network

▪ hosts: clients and servers

global ISP
▪ servers often in data
centers
home
❖ access networks, physical network
regional ISP
media: wired, wireless
communication links

❖ network core:
▪ interconnected routers
▪ network of networks institutional
network

Introduction 1-14
Access networks and physical media

Q: How to connect end

systems to edge router?
❖ residential access nets
❖ institutional access
networks (school,
company)
❖ mobile access networks
keep in mind:
❖ bandwidth (bits per second)
of access network?
❖ shared or dedicated?

Introduction 1-15
Access net: digital subscriber line (DSL)
central office telephone
network

DSL splitter
modem DSLAM

ISP
voice, data transmitted
at different frequencies over DSL access
dedicated line to central office multiplexer

❖ use existing telephone line to central office DSLAM

▪ data over DSL phone line goes to Internet
▪ voice over DSL phone line goes to telephone net
❖ < 2.5 Mbps upstream transmission rate (typically < 1 Mbps)
❖ < 24 Mbps downstream transmission rate (typically < 10 Mbps)
Introduction 1-16
Access net: cable network
cable headend

cable splitter
modem

C
O
V V V V V V N
I I I I I I D D T
D D D D D D A A R
E E E E E E T T O
O O O O O O A A L

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
Channels

frequency division multiplexing: different channels transmitted

in different frequency bands
Introduction 1-17
Access net: cable network
cable headend

cable splitter cable modem

modem CMTS termination system

data, TV transmitted at different

frequencies over shared cable ISP
distribution network

❖ HFC: hybrid fiber coax

▪ asymmetric: up to 30Mbps downstream transmission rate, 2
Mbps upstream transmission rate
❖ network of cable, fiber attaches homes to ISP router
▪ homes share access network to cable headend
▪ unlike DSL, which has dedicated access to central office
Introduction 1-18
 Access net: home network
wireless
devices

to/from headend or
central office
often combined
in single box

cable or DSL modem

wireless access router, firewall, NAT

point (54 Mbps)
wired Ethernet (100 Mbps)

Introduction 1-19
Enterprise access networks (Ethernet)

institutional link to
ISP (Internet)
institutional router

Ethernet institutional mail,

switch web servers

❖ typically used in companies, universities, etc

❖ 10 Mbps, 100Mbps, 1Gbps, 10Gbps transmission rates
❖ today, end systems typically connect into Ethernet switch

Introduction 1-20
Wireless access networks
❖ shared wireless access network connects end system to router
▪ via base station aka “access point”

wireless LANs: wide-area wireless access

▪ within building (100 ft) ▪ provided by telco (cellular)
▪ 802.11b/g (WiFi): 11, 54 Mbps operator, 10’s km
transmission rate ▪ between 1 and 10 Mbps
▪ 3G, 4G: LTE

to Internet

to Internet

Introduction 1-21
Host: sends packets of data
host sending function:
❖ takes application message
❖ breaks into smaller two packets,
chunks, known as packets, L bits each
of length L bits
❖ transmits packet into
access network at 2 1
transmission rate R R: link transmission rate
▪ link transmission rate, host
aka link capacity, aka
link bandwidth

packet time needed to L (bits)

transmission = transmit L-bit =
delay packet into link R (bits/sec)
1-22
Physical media
❖ bit: propagates between
transmitter/receiver pairs
❖ physical link: what lies twisted pair (TP)
between transmitter & ❖ two insulated copper
receiver wires
❖ guided media: ▪ Category 5: 100 Mbps, 1
Gpbs Ethernet
▪ signals propagate in solid ▪ Category 6: 10Gbps
media: copper, fiber, coax
❖ unguided media:
▪ signals propagate freely,
e.g., radio

Introduction 1-23
Physical media: coax, fiber
coaxial cable: fiber optic cable:
❖ two concentric copper ❖ glass fiber carrying light
conductors pulses, each pulse a bit
❖ bidirectional ❖ high-speed operation:
❖ broadband: ▪ high-speed point-to-point
▪ multiple channels on cable transmission (e.g., 10’s-100’s
Gpbs transmission rate)
▪ HFC
❖ low error rate:
▪ repeaters spaced far apart
▪ immune to electromagnetic
noise

Introduction 1-24
Physical media: radio
❖ signal carried in radio link types:
electromagnetic spectrum ❖ terrestrial microwave
❖ no physical “wire” ▪ e.g. up to 45 Mbps channels
❖ bidirectional ❖ LAN (e.g., WiFi)
❖ propagation environment ▪ 11Mbps, 54 Mbps
effects: ❖ wide-area (e.g., cellular)
▪ reflection ▪ 3G cellular: ~ few Mbps
▪ obstruction by objects ❖ satellite
▪ interference ▪ Kbps to 45Mbps channel (or
multiple smaller channels)
▪ 270 msec end-end delay
▪ geosynchronous versus low
altitude

Introduction 1-25