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Transformer XII Physics Investigatory Project 12

Vishesh Srivastava submitted a physics project on investigating the relationship between the input and output voltage and number of coil turns in a self-made transformer. He expresses gratitude to his teachers and lab assistant for their guidance and support in completing the project. The document includes the circuit diagram, procedure, theory, and results of Vishesh's experiment on step-up and step-down transformers.

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224 views14 pages

Transformer XII Physics Investigatory Project 12

Vishesh Srivastava submitted a physics project on investigating the relationship between the input and output voltage and number of coil turns in a self-made transformer. He expresses gratitude to his teachers and lab assistant for their guidance and support in completing the project. The document includes the circuit diagram, procedure, theory, and results of Vishesh's experiment on step-up and step-down transformers.

Uploaded by

sriamman xerox
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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SUBMITTED BY: Vishesh Srivastava

SUBMITTED TO: Mr. Aditya Srivastava


I Vishesh Srivastava of Class 12th Section A Shree Devi Ahilya
Shishu Vihar, Indore (M.P) Would Like to express my Sincere
Gratitude to our Respected Principal Mrs. Ranjana Naik and Vice
Principal Mrs. Aparna Vyas for Encouragement and help from
Time to Time during my Tenure as a Student of Class 12th Section
A.

I also express my Sincere Gratitude towards My Physics Teacher


Mr. Aditya Srivastava for helping me in completing the Project
by useful Ideas and Guidelines. I thank him for encouraging me
throughout and helping in all possible ways.

I would also like to express my hearty gratitude to the lab


assistant Mrs. Sonal Neema for their support in completion of
the project.

I also thank my parents and friends for their vital support and
also for Encouragement and Motivation given to me for the
completion of the project.

Date of Submission: Vishesh Srivastava


This is to certify that Vishesh Srivastava of class 12th Section A
has Worked on the Physics Project entitled “To investigate the
relation between the ratio of (i) Input and output voltage,
(ii)Number of turnings in the secondary coil and primary coil of
a self made transformer”. He has put on his sincere efforts to
collect the reading materials and has devoted sufficient periods
of Practical laboratory work to complete this project. This
project may be considered as Practical fulfilment of All India
Senior School Certificate Exam (AISSCE) 2016-2017 conducted by
CBSE.

Teachers’ signature Principal’s Signature

External Examiner’s Signature


AIM
To investigate the relation between the ratio of –
Input and output voltage.
Number of turnings in the secondary coil and primary coil of a self made
Transformer
INTRODUCTION
The transformer is a device used for converting a low alternating voltage
to a high alternating voltage or vice-versa.
A Transformer based on the Principle of mutual induction according to
this principle, the amount of magnetic flux linked with a coil changing,
an e.m.f is induced in the neighboring coil.
A transformer is an electrical device which is used for changing the A.C.
voltages. A transformer is most widely used device in both low and high
current circuit. As such transformers are built in an amazing strength of
sizes. In electronic, measurement and control circuits, transformer size
may be so small that it weight only a few tens of grams where as in
high voltage power circuits, it may weight hundred of tones.
Types of Transformer
Step up Transformer:A transformer which increases the voltages.

Step down Transformers: A transformer which decreases the A.C.


voltages.
Theory and mathematical derivations

When an altering e.m.f. is supplied to the primary coil p1p2, an alternating


current starts falling in it. The altering current in the primary produces a
changing magnetic flux, which induces altering voltage in the primary as well
as in the secondary. In a good-transformer, whole of the magnetic flux linked
with primary is also linked with the secondary, and then the induced
e.m.f. induced in each turn of the secondary is equal to that induced in each
turn of the primary. Thus if Ep and Es be the instantaneous values of the
e.m.f.’s induced in the primary and the secondary and Np and Ns are the no.
of turns of the primary secondary coils of the transformer and dф / dt = rate
of change of flux in each turnoff the coil at this instant, we have
Ep = -Np dф/dt _______________ (1)
and
Es = -Ns dф/dt _______________ (2)
Since the above relations are true at every instant, so by dividing 2 by 1, we
get
Es / Ep = - Ns / Np (3)

As Ep is the instantaneous value of back e.m.f induced in the primary coil p1,
so the instantaneous current in primary coil is
due to the difference (E – Ep ) in the instantaneous values of the applied and
back e.m.f. further if Rp is the resistance o, p1p2 coilthen the instantaneous
current Ip in the primary coil is given by

Ip = E – Ep / Rp E – Ep = Ip Rp

Thus back e.m.f = input e.m.f Hence equation 3 can be written as Es / Ep = Es


/E
o output e.m.f / input e.m.f
o Ns / Np = K
Where K is constant, called turn on transformation ratio.

****
Simple Circuit Diagram
Circuit diagram
For Step up Transformer:

Working:
In a step-down transformer, There are many turns on the secondary
winding than in the primary winding in the step-up transformers. Thus,
the voltage supplied in the secondary
transformer is greater than the one supplied across the primary
winding. Because of the principle of conservation of energy, the
transformer converts low voltage, high-current to high voltage-
that are designed to operate megawatts of power. Apart from the
power plants, step-up transformers can also be used for local
and smaller applications such as x-ray machine which requires about
50,000 volts to work. Even a micro-wave oven requires a small step-up
transformer to operate.
For Step Down Transformer:

Working:

In a step-down transformer is one who secondary fewer windings are the


than the primary windings. In other words,
transformer’s secondary voltage is less than the primary
voltage. So, the transformer is designed to convert high-voltage, low-current
power into a low-voltage, high current power and it is mainly used in
domestic consumption.A common case of step-down application is in
thebells.Normally,door bells use 16 volts,but most case of door household power
circuits carry 110-120 volts.Therefore,the doorbell’s step-down transformer
receives the 110 volts and reduces it voltage before supplying it to the doorbell to
lower.Step-down transformers are mostly used to convert the 220 volts
electricity to the 110 volts required in most domestic equipment.
Apparatus required to make our own transformer:
 Iron Rod
 Copper Wire
 Hot Wire Ammeter
 Hot Wire Voltmeter

PROCEDURE:

 Take thick iron rod and cover it with a thick paper and wind a
large number of turns of thin Cu wire on thick paper (say 60). This
constitutes primary coil of the transformer.

 Cover the primary coil with a sheet of paper and wound relatively
smaller number of turns (say 20) of thick copper wire on it. This
constitutes the secondary coil. It is a step down transformer.

 Connect p1, p2 to A.C main and measure the input voltage and
current using A.C voltmeter and ammeter respectively.

 Similarly, measure the output voltage and current through s1and s2.

 Now connect s1and s2to A.C main and again measure voltage and
current through primary and secondary coil of step up transformer.

 Repeat all steps for other self made transformers by changing


number of turns in primary and secondary coil.
Uses of transformers

◦ In voltage regulator for T.V.,refrigerator,computer, air conditioner, etc.

◦ A step down transformer is used for welding purpose.

◦ A step down transformer is used for obtaining large current.

◦ A step up transformer is used for the production of X-Rays and NEON


advertisement

◦ Transformers are used in voltage regulators stabilized and power


supplies.

◦ Transformers are used in the transmissions of a.c.over long distances:

◦ Small transformers are used in Radio sets, telephones, loud speakers


and electric bells etc.
Bibliography

 www.google.com
 www.wikipedia.org
 Physics NCERT
 Pradeep’s Physics

****

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