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Module 2 Work and Heat

The document discusses different types of work and heat transfer in thermodynamic systems, defining work as energy transfer through a system's boundary via force exerted by the system, and heat as energy transfer due solely to temperature differences. It also covers concepts such as specific heat, latent heat, and the differences between work and heat transfer.

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Abinandh V
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81 views32 pages

Module 2 Work and Heat

The document discusses different types of work and heat transfer in thermodynamic systems, defining work as energy transfer through a system's boundary via force exerted by the system, and heat as energy transfer due solely to temperature differences. It also covers concepts such as specific heat, latent heat, and the differences between work and heat transfer.

Uploaded by

Abinandh V
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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MET 202 ENGINEERING

THERMODYNAMICS
MODULE 2- Work and Heat
Work and Heat
Work transfer
• In thermodynamics work transfer is occurring
between the system and the surrounding.
• Work is said to be done by a system if the sole
effect on things external to the system can be
reduced to the raising of a weight.
Work transfer
Work transfer
• The symbol W is used for work transfer.
• When work is done by a system, it is taken to be positive
and when work is done on the system, it is taken to be
negative.
• Unit of work is Nm or Joule (J).
• The rate at which work is done is known as power. Unit is
J/s or watt.
pdV-work or Displacement work
pdV-work or Displacement work
pdV-work or Displacement work
Work transfer is a path function
PdV – Work in various quasi-static processes
PdV – Work in various quasi-static processes
PdV – Work in various quasi-static processes
Other types of work transfer
Free Expansion with zero work transfer
1. Given A mass of 2.4 kg of air at 150 kPa and 12oC c is contained in a gas-
tight, friction less piston cylinder device. The air is now compressed to a
final pressure of 600 kPa. During the process, heat is transferred from the
air such that the temperature inside the cylinder remains constant.
Calculate the work input during this process.
2. A Piston cylinder device operates 1 kg of fluid at 20 atm. Pressure. The
initial volume is 0.04m3. The fluid is allowed to expand reversibly following
a process pV1.45 =C so that the volume becomes double. The fluid is then
cooled at constant pressure until the piston comes back to the original
position. Keeping the piston unaltered, heat is added reversibly to restore
it to the initial pressure. Calculate the work done in the cycle.
3. An engine cylinder has a piston of area 0.12m2 and contains gas at
a pressure of 1.5MPa. The gas expands according to a process
which is represented by a straight line on the pressure volume
diagram. The final pressure is 0.15MPa. Calculate the work done by
the gas on the piston if the stroke is 0.30m.
Heat transfer
• Heat is defined as the form of energy that is
transferred across a boundary by virtue of a
temperature difference.
• The transfer of heat between two bodies in direct
contact is called conduction.
• The transfer of heat between a wall and a fluid
system in motion is called convection
• The transfer of heat between two bodies
separated by empty space or gases through
electromagnetic waves is called radiation.
Heat transfer
• The direction of heat transfer is from the high
temperature system to the low temperature
system.
• Heat flow into a system is taken to be positive
and heat flow out of the system is taken to be
negative.
• The symbol Q is used for heat transfer.
• Heat is not a property of a system.
• Heat is a form of energy in transit
• It is a boundary phenomenon
Heat transfer
• A process in which no heat crosses the boundary
of the system is called an adiabatic process.
• A wall which is impermeable to the flow of heat is
an adiabatic wall whereas a wall which permits
the flow of heat is called diathermic wall
• The unit of heat is Joule (J) in SI units.
• The rate of heat transfer is given in Watts(W) or
kiloWatts (kW)
Heat transfer – A path function
• Heat transfer is a path function.
• The amount of heat transferred when a
system changes from state 1 to state 2
depends on the intermediate states through
which the system passes, i.e., its path.
• dQ is an inexact differential
2

 dQ = Q
2

1
1− 2 or1Q2  dQ  Q
1
2 − Q1
Heat transfer – A path function
Specific Heat
• The specific heat of a substance is defined as
the amount of heat required to raise a unit
mass of the substance through a unit rise in
temperature. The symbol c will be used for
specific heat. c = Q J / kgK
mT

– Q is the heat transfer (J)


– m is the mass of substance (kg)
– ΔT is the rise in temperature (K)
Specific Heat
• For solids and liquids , the specific heat does
not depend on the process.
• For gases, if the process is constant pressure it
is cp and if the process is constant volume it is
cv.
• Heat capacity is the product of mass and
specific heat (mc). The capital letter C, Cp, or
Cv is used for heat capacity.
Latent Heat
• The amount of heat transfer required to cause a phase
change in unit mass of a substance at a constant
pressure and temperature.
• The latent heat of fusion is the amount of heat
transferred to melt unit mass of solid into liquid or to
freeze unit mass of liquid into solid.
• The latent heat of vaporization is the amount of heat
required to vaporize unit mass of liquid into vapour or
to condense unit mass of vapour into liquid.
• The latent heat of sublimation is the amount of heat
transferred to convert unit mass of solid to vapour or
vice versa.
Heat and work- comparison
• Heat transfer is the energy interaction due to
temperature difference only. All other energy
interactions may be termed as work transfer.
• Heat and work are not properties of a system.
They can not be stored by the system. Both heat
and work are energy in transit.
• Both heat transfer and work transfer are
boundary phenomena. Both are observed at the
boundaries of the system.
• Heat and work are path functions and inexact
differentials.

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