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Science Department: Topic 7.1 - Discrete Energy & Radioactivity Topic 7.2 - Nuclear Reactions 12 Grade (Physics SL)

The document contains a physics assignment on nuclear reactions and radioactivity for 12th grade students. It includes 6 multipart questions testing students' understanding of: 1) Radioactive decay processes including half-life calculations. 2) Evidence for atomic energy levels and quantization of energy. 3) Nuclear reactions including binding energy and mass-energy calculations. 4) Models of the hydrogen atom including the Bohr model and photon emissions. 5) Graphical representations of radioactive decay and activity over time.

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54 views8 pages

Science Department: Topic 7.1 - Discrete Energy & Radioactivity Topic 7.2 - Nuclear Reactions 12 Grade (Physics SL)

The document contains a physics assignment on nuclear reactions and radioactivity for 12th grade students. It includes 6 multipart questions testing students' understanding of: 1) Radioactive decay processes including half-life calculations. 2) Evidence for atomic energy levels and quantization of energy. 3) Nuclear reactions including binding energy and mass-energy calculations. 4) Models of the hydrogen atom including the Bohr model and photon emissions. 5) Graphical representations of radioactive decay and activity over time.

Uploaded by

anan
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Science Department

Topic 7.1 – Discrete Energy & Radioactivity


Topic 7.2 – Nuclear Reactions
12 Grade (Physics SL)
th

Teacher: Anan Barghouthy 27/11/2021

Name: _______________________

Part I: Choose the correct answer for each of the following

1. A nuclide X has a half-life of 10 s. On decay the stable nuclide Y is formed.


Initially a sample contains only atoms of X. After what time will 87.5% of the
atoms in the sample have decayed into nuclide Y.
A. 9.0 s
B. 30 s
C. 70 s
D. 80 s

2. Which of the following provides evidence for the existence of atomic energy
levels?
A. Alpha-particle scattering
B. Continuous emission spectra
C. Discrete energies of gamma radiation
D. Line absorption spectra

3. Radioactive element P has a half-life of 30 days and element Q has a half-life of


20 days. Initially a radioactive source contains equal numbers of each element.
number of atoms of P
What is the ratio after 60 days have elapsed?
number of atoms of Q
1 2 3
A. 2 B. 3 C. 2 D. 2

4. A detector, placed close to a radioactive source, detects an activity of 260 Bq.


The average background activity at this location is 20 Bq. The radioactive
nuclide has a half-life of 9 hours.
What activity is detected after 36 hours?
A. 35 Bq
B. 16 Bq
C. 20 Bq
D. 15 Bq

1
Part II: Answer each of the following questions:

1. The sketch graph below shows the variation with mass number (nucleon
number) A of the binding energy per nucleon E of nuclei.

A
One possible nuclear reaction that occurs when uranium-235 is bombarded by
a neutron to form xenon-142 and strontium-90 is represented as

235 1 142 90
92 U  0 n  54 Xe 38 Sr  4 01 n .

(a) (i) Identify the type of nuclear reaction represented above. [1]

(ii) Data for the binding energies of xenon-142 and strontium-90 are given
below.

isotope binding energy / MeV


xenon-142 1189
strontium-90 784.8

The total energy released during the reaction is 187.9 MeV.


Determine the binding energy per nucleon of uranium-235. [3]

2
(iii) On the sketch graph above, identify with their symbols the approximate
positions of the uranium (U), the xenon (Xe) and the strontium (Sr)
nuclei.
[2]

(iv) State why binding energy of the neutrons formed in the reaction is not
quoted. [1]

2. This question is about models of the hydrogen atom.


(a) Outline how the Bohr model of the hydrogen atom accounts for the spectrum
of hydrogen. [3]

(b) The diagram below shows some of the energy levels of the hydrogen atom.

E /eV

– 0 .8 5 0 n=4
– 1 .5 1 n=3

– 3 .4 0 n=2

–13. 6 n=1
(i) Outline, by reference to the diagram, what is meant by the term quantization
of energy. [1]

3
(ii) Deduce that for the transition from the level n = 2 to the level n = 1, the
wavelength of the photon emitted is 1.22×10-7 m. [2]

(iii) Suggest why the lines in the spectrum of atomic hydrogen become closer
together as the wavelength of the emitted photons decreases. [2]

3. One isotope of potassium is potassium-42 19 K . Nuclei of this isotope undergo


42

radioactive decay with a half-life of 12.5 hours to form nuclei of calcium.


(a) Complete the nuclear reaction equation for this decay process.
[2]
42
19 K  20 Ca 

4
(b) The graph below shows the variation with time of the number N of potassium-
42 nuclei in a particular sample.

N 0

1
2 N0

0
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70
t / h o u rs

The isotope of calcium formed in this decay is stable.


On the graph above, draw a line to show the variation with time t of the
number of calcium nuclei in the sample.
[1]

(c) Use the graph in (b), or otherwise, to determine the time at which the ratio

numberof calcium nucleiin sample


numberof potassium- 42 nucleiin sample

is equal to 7.0. [2]

5
6
4. This question is about nuclear energy and radioactive decay.
A neutron collides with a nucleus of uranium-235 and the following reaction
takes place.
235 1 96 138 1
92 U  0 n  37 Rd  55 Cs  2 0 n
Using the data below, calculate the energy, in MeV, that is released in the
reaction. [4]
235
mass of 92 U = 235.0439 u
96
Rb
mass of 37 = 95.9342 u
138
mass of 55 Cs = 137.9112 u
1
mass of 0 n = 1.0087 u

5. This question is about nuclear fission and nuclear fusion.


(a) Compare the processes of nuclear fission and nuclear fusion. [4]

(b) A nuclear fusion reaction that is being investigated for the production of
power is
2 3 4 1
1 H  1 H  2 He  0 n  (2.8  10 12 J)

where the energy liberated in each reaction is 2.8 ×10−12 J


Determine the rate, in kg s-1, of production of 42He required for a power output of
100 MW. [2]

7
6. A nucleus of the isotope xenon, Xe-131, is produced when a nucleus of the
radioactive isotope iodine I-13 decays.
The activity A of a freshly prepared sample of the iodine isotope is 6.4×10 5 Bq
and its half-life is 8.0 days.
Using the axes, draw a graph to illustrate the decay of this sample. [3]

A / Bq

6 .4 × 1 0 5

0
0 5 .0 10 15 20 25
tim e / d ay s

End of Questions

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