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Chapter 6 SamplingDistribtions

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33 views18 pages

Chapter 6 SamplingDistribtions

Uploaded by

Diep Anh Phan
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Chapter 6

Sampling Distributions

1
Introduction

Generally, we are interested in population


parameters.
When the census is impossible, we draw a sample
from the population, then construct sample statistics,
that have close relationship to the population
parameters.

2
Introduction

Samples are random, so the sample statistic is a


random variable.
As such it has a sampling distribution.

3
8.1 Sampling Distribution of the Mean

Example 1: A die is thrown infinitely many times. Let


X represent the number of spots showing on any
throw. The probability distribution of X is

x 1 2 3 4 5 6
p(x) 1/6 1/6 1/6 1/6 1/6 1/6

E(X) = 1(1/6) +2(1/6) + 3(1/6)+………………….=


4 3.5

V(X) = (1-3.5)2(1/6) + (2-3.5)2(1/6) +….……. …= 2.92


Suppose we want to estimate m from the mean
of a sample of size n = 2.
What is the distribution of x ?

5
Throwing a die twice – sample mean

These are And these


all the are the
possible means
pairs of each
of values forpair
the 2 throws
Sample Mean Sample Mean Sample Mean
1 1,1 1 13 3,1 2 25 5,1 3
2 1,2 1.5 14 3,2 2.5 26 5,2 3.5
3 1,3 2 15 3,3 3 27 5,3 4
4 1,4 2.5 16 3,4 3.5 28 5,4 4.5
5 1,5 3 17 3,5 4 29 5,5 5
6 1,6 3.5 18 3,6 4.5 30 5,6 5.5
7 2,1 1.5 19 4,1 2.5 31 6,1 3.5
8 2,2 2 20 4,2 3 32 6,2 4
9 2,3 2.5 21 4,3 3.5 33 6,3 4.5
10 2,4 3 22 4,4 4 34 6,4 5
11 2,5 3.5 23 4,5 4.5 35 6,5 5.5
12 2,6 4 24 4,6 5 36 6,6 6
6
The distribution of x when n = 2

Calculating the relative frequency of each value


of x we have the following results

1 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0 4.5 5.0 5.5 6.0
Frequency 1 2 3 4 5 6 5 4 3 2 1

Relative freq 1/36 2/36 3/36 4/36 5/36 6/36 5/36 4/36 3/36 2/36 1/36

(1+1)/2 = 1 (1+2)/2 = 1.5 (1+3)/2 = 2 Notice there are 36 possible


(2+1)/2 = 1.5 (2+2)/2 = 2 pairs of values:
(3+1)/2 = 2 1,1 1,2 ….. 1,6
2,1 2,2 ….. 2,6
………………..
6,1 6,2 ….. 6,6
7
n=5 n = 10 n = 25
m x = 3.5 m x = 3.5 m x = 3.5
 2x  2x  2x
 = .5833 ( = )
2
x  x = .2917 ( = )
2
 = .1167 ( = )
2
x
5 10 25

As the sample size changes, the mean of the


sample mean does not change!
n=5 n = 10 n = 25
m x = 3.5 m x = 3.5 m x = 3.5
 2x  2x  2x
 = .5833 ( = )
2
x  x = .2917 ( = )
2
 = .1167 ( = )
2
x
5 10 25

As the sample size increases, the


variance of the sample mean decreases!
Demonstration: Why is the variance of the
sample mean is smaller than the population
variance?

Mean = 1.5 Mean = 2. Mean = 2.5

Population 1 1.5 2 2.5 3

Compare
Let usthe range
take of the population
samples
to the range
of two of the sample mean.
observations.

10
The Central Limit Theorem
If a random sample is drawn from any population, the
sampling distribution of the sample mean is:
– Normal if the parent population is normal,
– Approximately normal if the parent population is
not normal, provided the sample size is
sufficiently large. The larger the sample size, the
more closely the sampling distribution of x will
resemble a normal distribution.

11
The mean of X is equal to the mean of the parent
population
μx = μx
The variance of X is equal to the parent population
variance divided by ‘n’.

2
σ
σ =
2
x
x
n
12
n Sampling Distribution
1 Population distribution

30
30

50

70

90

120

Census
n Sampling Distribution
1 Normal
Pop distribution

3
0
Example 2: The amount of soda pop in each bottle is
normally distributed with a mean of 32.2 ounces and
a standard deviation of .3 ounces.
Find the probability that a bottle bought by a
customer will contain more than 32 ounces.

0.7486
P(x  32)

x = 32 m = 32.2

x − μ 32 − 32.2
P(x  32) = P(  ) = P(z  −.67) = 0.7486
σx .3

16
Find the probability that a carton of four bottles will
have a mean of more than 32 ounces of soda per
bottle.
x − m 32 − 32.2
P( x  32) = P(  )
x .3 4
= P( z  −1.33) = 0.9082

P(x  32)

x = 32 m x = 32.2
17
Example 3: The average weekly income of B.B.A
graduates one year after graduation is $600. Suppose
the distribution of weekly income has a standard
deviation of $100.
What is the probability that 35 randomly selected
graduates have an average weekly income of less than
$550?

x − μ 550 − 600
P(x  550) = P(  )
σx 100 35
= P(z  −2.97) = 0.0015
18

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