SBA VEU SEI C UN Ox sion and Practice _ x BNC ser Sra: PT gr ities ea RL ane NeeAS/A LEVEL MATHEMATICS Introduction Pure Mathematics AS Level - 1 of 3 ALevel - 1 of 6 REVISION and PRACTICE WORKBOOK This workbook is designed to be used as a revision tool as you prepare for your examination. It consists of # revision notes © formulae * examples for you to complete * practice questions There should be plenty of room in the example and answer boxes for your answers. There are hints in the right hand column of some problems which you can cover up if you wish to complete the problems unaided. There are suggested solutions in the answers section at the back of the book Do not think you can work through this book in one attempt. It will be far more useful to attempt one section at atime and ensure you have all the rules and methods secure before attempting the next section You should use this workbook in conjunction with past module papers and consult with your Mathematics tutor to revise effectively P.Thorns Alpha WorkbooksPublished by Alpha Workbooks. ‘www alphaworkbooks.co.uk enquiries@alphaworkbooks.co.uk This workbook is not covered by the CLA for the photocopying of parts of books. No part of this workbook may be copied without the written permission of the publisher. Contents ALGEBRA and FUNCTIONS Factorising expressions: Quadratic expressions: Factorising quadratic expressions...... Algebraic fractions... Completing the square: Completing the square and transformations: Solving quadratic equation: Using completing the square: Using the quadratic formula: Seviiuaqauaey 10 voll Solving other quadratic equations:........12 Quadratic equations in disguise: 13 Solving problems using quadratic equations: z ‘The discriminant of a quadratic...... Sketching quadratic curves: Rearranging formut: Simultaneous equations: Inequalities... Quadratic inequalities: Mixed questions 1 Text, design and layout © Philip Thorns 2018 All rights reserved ISBN: 978 | 903406 82 3 COORDINATE GEOMETRY “The gradient of a straight line: The equation of a straight line: Drawing a line, given its equation: ‘Sketching straight line graphs: Finding the equation of a li Intersection of two line: Graphs:, Direct proportior Inverse proportion: Sketching polynomials: “Transformations of graphs: Intersection of straight lines and curves Mixed questions 2...... DIFFERENTIATION Finding the gradient function: Differentiation from first principles.... Differentiating using standard results: Rates of change: Tangents and normal: INTEGRATION Standard results:. Mixed questions 3. Mixed questions 4.......0nnmnnnnnn4® Answers...ALGEBRA and FUNCTIONS Indices: Index (plural: indices) means power ‘TP means 7 raised to the power 3 or 7 x 7x 7 Rules of indices: Fx vedudxdxdesos DDIM 7 ae fea el Note “= 1 and a’+a’=a’-"=a" so a So and *and so 8” Some numbers you should recognise as powers: 4=27 andso 4%=2, Look out for: Square numbers: 4, 9, 16, 25, 36, 49, 64, 81, 100, 121, 144, 169, 196,225 Cube numbers: 8, 27, 64, 125 Powers of 2: 4, 8, 16, 32, 64, 128, 256,.... Powers of 10: 100, 1000, .... 1. Fill in the missing powers (in the shaded areas): (a) 16=2 =4 andtherefore 16 =2 and 16 = () 9 .7=3) and 27 -=3 (©) 64= 8 =4 =(27)?=2 and 8=64 and 4=64 and2=64 (d@) 3 and 3=81 and 9=81 2. Complete the following: @2e- 1 = wate (© 125% = (@) 16% = (© 16% = (16%) '=( = (N32) = @ 48 = @bys=( 5-25? =@sty = o G)*- w ($)* =3. Simplify V3 x 4 x 4. Simplify OF= () ave = Surds: Any number which cannot be expressed as a fraction is called IRRATIONAL. Irrational numbers in the forms of roots are called surds. Examples are V3, 4/6, V10 Some numbers are expressed as a rational (one which can be written as a fraction) plus a surd, They are often left “in surd form”, because this is the exact value of the number. Calculators will only give an approximate value for the number depending on how many figures appear on the readout. So2+ V3 is the exact value, whilst your calculator might say this number is 3.732050808 You should know: V9xV4=3x2=6 and ¥36=6 so V9x V4=V36 NaxVb=Vab Also V9xV9=3x3=9 2. V3xV3=3 and V2xV2=2 etc. ‘Note: V3 + V2 cannot be added to give a single root. Simplifying large surds. Look for factors that are square numbers under the root sign. e.g. V600 a Look out for 4, 9, 16, 25, 36, 49, 64, 81, 100 and multiples of these. Numbers involving a rational and a surd can be combined rather like algebraic brackets. eg. (3+2V7)+(11-4V7) = 14-207 (S+3V5 (6-72) =(5 x 6)-(5 x 7¥2)+ 35 x 6)-(3V5 x 7V2) =30-35/2 + 18V/5-21V10 which cannot be simplified any further. Simplify: Expand the brackets and collect 5, 3(2+52)-2(5-32)= together the rational and surd parts. 6. Beware! {2.and {3 cannot be combined hy addition (or 6. (S~ V3)+3(2~ V2)= subtraction) fo make one surd. Your answer will have one rational and 2 surds init V6x100 = V6 x Vi00 = 10V6 V3K16 = V3 x V16 = 43 7. (3-2N5 (24 V5)= 7, Multiply out the brackets and remember 3 x J5=5 8. (3+ V2¥= 8. Write down the two brackets first (Gow are less likely 0 make a nistate). 9. (43 +2¥5\2vi -3¥5)= 9. Multiply ou the brackets and! collect the rational and surd terms Remember J3x V5 = VISlpia Warkboks @ vB @ 360 @ V8 10. Express the following in the form av/b , where a and b are integers. () VI8 (© V5 (©) V2 (9 27 (h) 15 0.44 Rationalising a denominator: i ae 2 These fractions have irrational denominators. +, 3p, $e. pe cine To make the denominator rational you need to remember: ‘© Multiplying the top and bottom of the fraction by the same value results in an equivalent fraction. © vaxJa= (eg. Vax V4 =2x2=4 so V4xV4=4 and ¥3x 3 =3 etc) ‘* When you have two brackets that give the difference of two squares the answer is rational. For example (1 + J2)(1 ~ v2)=1?-(y3))=1-2 =-1 Example: Rationale the denominator forthe folowing: Ot. Hh 5 OR KS a afi ©) La 7 aint _ 3 Multiply top and bottom of he faction by V3. then V5 x 3 =3 and the fraction Ld has a rational value for the denominator. =f Multiply top and botiom ofthe fraction by 3 then V5 x V3 = 3 and the i fraction has a rational value for the denominator. Divide top and bottom by 3 to. simplify Multiply top and bottom ofthe faction by 1~ V3. then the fraction has a rational vale forthe denominator Oe Multiply top and botiom of the fraction by 1 -V/2 then the fraction has a rational value forthe denominator. S442 Rationalise the denominator for the following: TT. Multiply: ip ‘and bottom of the fraction by 2 Here you are oe ae “rationalising the denominator” E Inother words the sur are removed 23 from the denominator, making the 13. Ws i fraction easier to deal with. ‘Similar idea for 12, 13 an H. San seit Villy manerator and denominator eh aa aa by 3 + 7. Thi wil give ‘the ddference of two squaresin the (+(2/7) +7) +7 denominator and wil make r=} rational, Since tie op and bottom of the fraction are maiplied By the re i ee ee eens 9-7 2 73 con be tied vp more eal 3 ‘Since the denominator is 4+ J3, you 15, Rationalise the denominator 22S ‘multiply numerator and denominator anv3 yin 16. Simplify this expression by rationalising the denominator The denominator is 5 + 2.0 the 4 multiplier is J5 -2 5426 Terms: A term is a collection of numbers, leters, functions and brackets all multiplied together. Terms can be combined using + and ~ signs to produce an expression. Eg. 4x?~Sar+3x~-6 Collecting like terms: ‘ike ferms’ have exactly the same combination of letters c.g, x terms or x'y terms. Like terms can be added or subtracted, e.g. 3x? + Sxy—4x— 6x7 + Quy - 6x-4=— 3x7 + Txy—10x-4 Multiplying out brackets: Remove the brackets and simplify the following: 17. $ (3-7) 17, Malti each term inthe bracket bys 18. - (2-3) 18, Careful: ~ (2-3) means 19, -2(6r+ UL) ales 20, Multiply each term in the first 20, (2e+7\3x-5) ‘racket by each term inthe second ‘racket in your head. 2. (4-4) 2x5) ae 21. Carol with the minuses. 22. (2¢-3)? 22, Always write our as two brackets ‘nd continue as before. 23. (x? 3x44 )(2x?~Sx41) 23. Just more terms! Be systematic: x ries all the terms in ‘he second bracket, then ~3x times all the terms etc. Be careful with the minus Remember to collet together like 24, (x+2)(x-5)(x-1) terms 24. Multiply out two brackets firs. Then multiply the result by the remaining bracket Ident An identity is another identical way of writing an expression. It is true for all values of the variable(s). The coefficient of each term will be equal. Example: Consider x? 6x +5 xta)y+b 242ax+a°+b is true forallx an equation and is only equating coefficients ofx: -6=2a = a=-3 (ici aaumehale equating constant terms: S=a+b > 5=94b => x?-Gr+$=(4-3)7-4 25. Find Aand Bif 2x+1=A(x+1)+B(x 2) Complete: = Multiply out the right hand side, equating coefficients of x: = equating constant terms: = Solve the two equations to find A and B. 26. Findaandbif Qe? + 8x4 Suara) eb pana he righthand side aid equate couffcients.Factorising expressions: Look ateach term and see what factors (letters or numbers) are common to each term. Write down these factors and then brackets. Inside the brackets, write down the terms that when multiplied by the factors outside give the equivalent expression. 27. Pactorise: (a) I2ryt4x (b) 8x-12 (c)24ab?- 15.47 (6 abc+8be (©) 9p7q?-6pq° (2? 28. Factorise: (a) 6x+9 (b) 12x-9 ©) 5x (d) 2x? + Br Sometimes the terms of an expression will have a common factor(s) that are brackets. Just treat the bracket like a letter/symbol and take it out as a factor. eg. 6(r+1)y+4(x+1)z rather than multiply out and then try to factorise, you can think of it as Gay +4az which factorises to 2a ( 3y +22) So 6(x+1)y+4 (x41 )2=2(x41)(3y+22) Allso note that when dealing with brackets (x~3)=~(3-x) and (3-x)=—(x~3)) and so on with other brackets. You are taking -| out as a factor. 29. Factorise: (@) x (x-1)+5(x-1) (b) 3(44+2)(x-1)-(x-3 (x#2) (©) 2x%x+1)+8x(x-1)(x41) (d) (x+4)(1-x)-x(x-1 (x43) Notice how tis much easier to take out brackets than it ‘would be 10 multiply out the brackets and then try 10 factorise the resulting quadratic or cubic. Quadratic expressions: These are expressions of the form ax?+bx+e (Note: not an equation to be solved.) Factorising quadratic expressions: ‘You may wish to do this in order to solve an equation or to help you draw a graph, Type |___ No constant term. Example. Factorise x? + Sx Take out an x as a factor. ae See what to multiply it by to make it x2 + Sx=x (145) equal o the original expression Type? Noxterm, Her be the difference of two squares and will factorise easily, or it will be a sum and you will not be able to i ecorae it Here the xs mutiply to give x?, the +2 : and the~2 multiply 0 give the~ 4 Example. Factorise x? - 4 i : ndthe-2 val 2 the +2 rimes and the ~2 times x ac x? — 4=(x+2)(x-2) gived. Type 3 All terms included. Not all quadratic expressions factorise but if you need to do it in an exam - it will! (Note: Solving a quadratic ‘equation is different - you can use the quadratic formula if it does not factorise.) Example. Factorise Here the x s multiply to give s?, the +3 ‘and the +4 multiply to give the +12 Tx +12 and ‘the +3 rimes x and the +4 times x aud to x24 Trt 12=(x+3 044) en ae30, Factorise x? ~ 3x. 31. Factorise 2x? - 6x 32. Factorise x 33, Factorise x 34. Factorise x? + 7x +12 35. Factorise x*~ 10x + 16 36. Factorise 3 3x and x give 3x7 and wry pairs of factors ‘af 8 10 see which will give + 2x when ‘multiplied out and added. 37. Factorise 6x? — 4x ~2 ‘Seand 2x OR 6x ands give 6x” Try pairs of factors of -2 10 see which will give ~ x when multiplied ont andl cacded. 38. Factor 39, Factorise 12x*+4x—S 40. Factorise 9; 41. Factorise 4x? - 121 Algebraic fractions: The same rules apply as with numbers. += + and ‘cancelling down’ algebraic factions These techniques will often help to simplify expressions or make them easier to work with. If you multiply or divide the numerator and denominator of a fraction by the same value, then you obtain an equivalent fraction. When dividing top and bottom by the same value, itis often called cancelling down. ‘Number Algebra 243 Fo MEP aN doom, When acing yo ma hike al the op anal the atom by ovina $ tau cael you woud get 42 43 2x the sand? dasa cancel. Whon canceling you must ‘hink vide lhe top an al te baton by Be careful when there are + or in the fractions and you think about cancelling. PAA E*2 iin atthe top by2 ate bt by 2.(The (Owvidiog st tp by 2 ad the aaa etnot cnet fats pti umber fr) enon by2 or factorise ‘The answers coreetas 2x+4 2 xe+2)_ '2x42)_ x42 Se te Sometimes you can cancel brackets 6x+3_ 2x47) : 2rel2eeT a ete ee) 3 = Ty (rovememeconemmoercane | 2% ae egy * ate! 42) 7 9” ae 42) 1 factorise cancel 25+14_39_ 9 30:2 90 30) acrrse common denominator ines tp and toto ofthe ist faction by 6-3) 3x-15+2_ 3x-13 tidy up x3) This cannot be made simpler, as there are no factors common fo oth the numerator and the denominator.Simplify these: 3x49 The top and the boriom both factors The bottom isthe difference of two squares ie. (« + 3)(8~3). Then cancel ‘Obtain the same denominator by 43. = multiplying top and bottom of I" fraction by (e+ 1) and multiplying top and! bottom of the 2 fraction by (x ~ 2) ae Factorise the fp and the Boton, a4, Then cance. &—30 Fa~2) Get rid of te Faction win the Fraction 45, 2 by multiplying the top and bottom by 2. r-4 Careful you may want to factorise the boom fist. ae Test to take Pou oxo actor The gg eee denominator first, then factorise the top 40 ~6x-4 and bottom, Then cancel The x + 4 5 maliplied by he top only (asx +4=“4), Factorise the x*~ 16. Waliply top and boron of ration By x43 OR use 2 forthe denominator and then rae for + ‘Mulply top and Bato of Fcton By £43 OR themumerator 24 +by the denominator, Then rule for # top and Bottom of he I fraction by 4 ‘and x op and bottom of the second Sraction by 3 to obtain a common ‘denominator. >the top and bottom ofthe P Fraction by +1 to obtain a common denominator. sara) aD top and bottom of the I" fraction by 4 (¢~ 1) and x top and bottom of the second fraction by 3 (x + 4) 10 obtain a ‘common denominator. 2is the same as *. «top and bottom of this fraction by x? (0 obtain a common denominator. Write the x as a fraction. Then x the top and bottom of the 1" fraction to obtain a common ‘denominator. ™ (op and botiom ofthe Fraction and X top and bottom ofthe second fraction 10 obtain a common denominator. This time just 3 fractions. Make the 1 then obtain a common denominator for all three fractions Just being a bit awkward. Sill use the same ideasa eaisag BES Atoerediin Completing the square: Example: Complete the square for x? + 8-5 x plus half the coefficient of x in the 2 2 racket - squared - minus half the ee lee coefficient of & squared (~ 16) - then =(014)?-21 ul inthe constant term. Tidy up. 58. Complete the square for x? ~4x +3 Cares half the coefficient of x is ~2. Example: Complete the square for 2x? + 6x +1 2x? Gxt =A x71 Bet) First take out 2 asa factor. = (x3 Complete the square on the rest. aY(xtg Tidy up. =Axt+h) Multiply by the 2. 59. Complete the square for 3x*- 12 +5 60. Complete the square for 2x? + 10x-$ 61, Factorise and complete the square for the following quadratic expressions: (a) x7 +6x-7 (b) 2x? + 4-3 Consider: x?~ 4x +5 =(x-2)?-44+5=(x-2)741 The bracket squared is always positive or zero, whatever the value of x, and therefore has a minimum value of zero. In this example you are adding 1. So the whole expression x*- 4x +5 is always positive whatever the value of x and has a minimum value of 1. Graphically the curve y= x? - 4x + 5 is above the x axis. Completing the square and transformations: y=(«+p)?+q isa translation of y =x? by the vector [7] q TF you have completed the square to obwin Kx #p) +g ‘The vertex will be at |?” 4q (The y=? graph will be stretched in the » direction by a factor k and then translated by the above vector.) Line of symmetry of y=(x~-3)? +1 is 62. Complete the square and hence sketch the curve for As before Yext— Txt 10 Label the vertex (the minimum poind. (This can also be found by differentiation.) Note: The constant in the original ‘| quadratic gives the intercept on the ¥ ais. (Where x= 0) 63. Complete the square and hence find the coordinates of the turning, point for the curve y= -x?- 6x + 10 First take the ~ I out as a factor: Complete the square on the remaining factor and then mutiply by the ~ 1Loti Bork soeeks Solving quadratic equations: ‘ These are equations where the highest power of x is 2. E.g.x? + 8x~5 ax*+ bx +o =0 Itis bestto rearrange into the form wxiere2, xt=3r (Type 2 can be an exception.) “Type Ino constant term. Example: Solve x?+8r=0 x(xt8 eitherx=0 or x+8=0 x=00r-8 Factorise left hand side. (Take x out casa factor) Two factors multiply to give 0 therefore ‘one must be 0. (You ean miss out this line if you want.) Note: could be solved by using the quadratic formula, ‘Type 2-nox term. Example Solve x? - 6=0 2726 x = V6 or — V6 For this ope only Rearrange fo give x" = Then square root to give two answers. (Again the quadratic formula could be used) ‘Type 3- all terms. ‘Rearrange to give = 0. Important - do not divide by x as this removes one of the solutions. Example: Sowve xt43red Fe x? 43x-4=0 ‘completing the square’ if it does not (-1)G+4)~0 fcr, or ara foci cither x-1=0 or x+4= om foto muti to give 0 thrfore ae ete: Hence find the two values of x. 64, Solve 2x? 65. Solve 4x*— 66. Solve x*=7x~10 67. Solve 2x?-x-6=0 68. Solve x?=x 69. Solve x?+3=5 solve it by completing the square, or by using the quadratic formula. Using completing the square: If the quadratic equation does not factorise (or you cannot find the factors) but it has real solutions, you can 70. Solve the equation x*— 10x + 5=0 by completing the square. Give your answer in surd form. Complete the square on the left hand side. Bracket squared on the left hand side ‘number on the right. Square root both sides. The right hand ‘ide will then be and the root can be written in the form ao ‘Ada 5 10 both sides so thr you obtain —Give your answer in surd form. 71. Solve the equation 2x? + 12x-7=0 by completing the square. First divide throughout by 2. Then proceed as above. Complete the square on the left hand side, Bracket squared on the left hand side ‘number om the right, Square rout bath sides. Rationatise the denominator. Obiain x=. Using the quadratic formula: If rearranged into the form ax? + bx + ¢=0-a quadratic equation can be solved using: ‘Naf: Tis forma derived by fit completing the square a {ir bee Oand then earanging the ado gives. You ‘auld yo btn the Formula yourself a algae pat. ‘72. Solve x? -2x Complete: Ta surd form the ‘ceo using the formula (or by completing the square) Rearrange to give = 0. Careful with minus signs: Substitute into formula, The exact answers. Simplify. Nore: V2 =V4x6=V5 V6 =2V6 73. Solve 2x? =4~3x giving your answer in surd form. Rearrange to give = 0. Write out a,b, ¢ (you don’t need this ‘but you are less likely 10 make a mistake). Substirute into the formula. Tidy up to give the exact answers (Wo calewlatr!) 74, Solve 2x?—3x-6=0 giving your answer to 2 decimal places. 75. Solve 12r— 2 decimal places. =3x? giving your answer to Solving other quadratic equations: 76. Find both solutions of the equation x + Complete: = 15 0 or The question says there are two solutions 30 you must obtain a quadratic. ‘Multiply both sides by-x. Rearrange the quatdratic to give ~ 0, Solve. (This does factorise but you could use the quadratic formula.)77. Solve giving your answer to 3 significant figures. “Here you could rearrange to give = 0 cand then subtract the fractions. ‘Multiply both sie by (2x ~ 1) amd (= 1). This gets rid ofthe fractions. Multiply out the brackets. Rearrange the quadratic to give = 0, Solve using the quadratic formula. Look i up and learn it if you do not know it 78. Solve =2 giving your answer to 3 significant ‘Ada the fractions figures. Multiply both sides by the common ‘denominator to obtain a quadratic nx. Rearrange to give = 0) and solve using the quadratic formula 79. Solve Multiply both sides by (x + 2)? Multiply out the brackets. Carefl- best to write down nwo brackets and multiply them out. Rearrange to give = cand solve. 80. If fe) ==5 and g(x) =). find the values of x for which f(x) = g(x) giving your answer to 2 d.p. Pur the algebraic fractions equal to each ‘other and solve as before. Quadratic equations in disguise: You need to be able to recognise and solve equations which are quadratic eg. x*—13x?+36=0 which can be considered as (x?)?- 13 (x?) x? 5x? + 6 =0 which can be considered as (ct . Example 1: Solve | x*-13x7+36=0 (2-13 (x?) +3 Lett =x? -13t + 36 (t-4)@-9) in some function of x +36 =0 i.e, a quadratic in x? 6=0 ie. a quadratic in x? Rewrite as a quadratic in x" Let 1 =x? and write as a quadratic int Solve fort Replace t with x" andl solve the 600 equations.“4 Example 2: Solve x? -Sy' +6=0 7 ' 1 tevrite as a quadratic in x? ()'—sGi)es=o fenrtew aqua Late a} vost + 670 = 2 ondwrite as a quadratic (edt ayeo tert 3 and agua t=2or3 Solve far t =2 or Replace twith x3 and solve the ve x=8 or x=27 equations ie. 8 or 27 81. Solve x* Rewrite as « quadratic in x? Ler x and write asa quadratic int Solve fort Replace t with «* and solve the two equations | 82. Solve 12y+20=0 Hence find the solutions of (x? +1)?- 12(x?+1)+20=0 Solve the quadratic in y, Replace y with x? + Lond solve the ‘vo equations. You should obtain 4 ‘answers for x. 83.Solve x? - 7x? -8=0 “As with the example above. 4 Rewrite ax a quadratic in x? Leti™ x) and write as a quadratic int Solve for Replace twith x and salve the two ‘equations. 84.Solve 2x=7Vx -3 This isa quadratic in x =x Rearrange to = 0 Rewrite at a quadratic in x Let 1=.x? and write as a quadratic in 1. Solve for Replace swith x? and solve the nwo equations. Solving problems using quadratic equations: and the area of the path. 85. A square lawn of side x metres, has a path | metre wide at one end as shown. Show that ifthe area of the path is equal to one tenth the area of the lawn then x? ~ 10x =0. Hence find x, the area of the lawn Just write down formulas given in words, then equate or substitute and rearrange to give a quadratic to solve.15 86. The sides of a right angled triangle are x, 3(s+1) and 3x+4 By forming a quadratic equation and solving it, find the side lengths. ‘The discriminant of a quadratic: A sketch should help. Use Puthagoras. ~b Vo a 7 '4 you can see that there are no solutions if 5? ~ 4ac < 0 (i.e. You obtain a negative square root.) b? ~ 4ac is called the DISCRIMINANT of the quadratic. ‘You can ‘see’ where there are solutions (roots) by considering the graph of y= ax? + bx +¢ (Putting y= 0 and either factorising or using the formula, gives you where the curve cuts/touches the x axis.) Using the formula x= b?-4ac>0 \ cf a> “Two real distinct aoe (different) roots. b?-dac=0 a>0 + . ‘Two real equal roots a<0 (a double root). 6? 4ac<0 a>0 * [No real roots. ‘a<0 87. Without working out the solutions, find out whether the following equations have either two distinct solutions, or two equal solutions, or no real solutions. (a) 2x?+x-8=0 (b) x?-4x+4=0 (©) 3x?-5x+2=0 @) x? 4+3x4+5=0 kif 2x? +kx+8=0 has two real equal roots, Use For real equal roots 6? ~ 4 this with a= 2, b= kande Rearrange to give k?~ Hence two possible answers fork.16 fig tte Sketching quadratic curves: To sketch a quadratic curve yy= ax? + bre © You know +x? is \/ shaped and—.x? is shaped. © You can use completing the square (or differentiation - covered later) to find the position of the vertex. To find where it cuts the y avis you put.x = 0 into the equation. To find where it cuts the x axis (if it does) you put y= 0 into the equation and solve the resulting quadratic ‘equation. If no real solutions (6° ~ 4ac < 0) then the curve is wholly above, or wholly below the x axis. ee veces axe ) or Prine wre curve cu This me factors minimum point ( (err for the a Ned wale thee ora abceh “Sand he “ast ned be ‘ppensimae prone rhatve cock tthe and th nee. Sheth curve. Libel where the cure cuts Doth es on te ea 90. Sketch the curve y 91. Sketch the curve y= Rearranging forinulas: This is changing the subject of a formula. You need to: clear fractions; remove brackets; collect terms together (and take the subject out as a factor if in more than one term) ; divide. 7 92, Make a the subject ofthe formula == ut + 1 Multiply all terms by 2. Subtract 2ut Divide by 1? 93. Make m the subject of the formula n = mtd Multiply by m + 2, Expand bracket Collect terms with m in on one side the rest on the ater Take the m out as a factor Divide to give m.rhbewss 7 ‘94, Make x the subject of the formula aJr +b= Vx +e Collect terms with-«in on one side the rest on the other Take Je out as a factor. Divide by the bracket Square both sides. 95. Complete the square on x? ~ 4x + 10 and hence make x the subject of the equation y=x?—4x +10 Complete the square. Write the equation with completed square form on the right hand side. Proceed as with solving quar equation asng completing the Siiract 6 rom both sides Square 001 both ides Dow’ forget thet ato bth sides Simultaneous equations: Fboth equations are linear, there are three possible methods: + drawing graphs of both equations and finding the point of intersection (nor covered here — only do this if asked!) * elimination * substitution, Elimination, 96.Solve 2x+3y=6 x-2y=-l. Multiply (i) by 210 give the same umber of x. Subtract. (Careful~~ makes +) Divide and find y. Substitute in () 0° Gi) 10 find 97. Solve 2x-2y=10 98.Solve 3x-4y= 4x—Sy 14 7 ‘Substitution. 99. Solve 3x-y 4r+3y Rearrange (to give Subst in (i) spond bracket, Collec tke terms. Find Substitute back imo (ii) 10 find y18 ithu Bon Atenas 100. Solve 3x—2y axty TOI. Solve x—3 2x5) One linear, one not - solve by substitution method. 102. Solve 3p+q=7 Oo eee ey Using linear equation find q = Substitute into (i. Multiply out. Careful - you may wish 10 multiply out the (Fas o%0 backers (= Collect wgether like terms. Solve the quadratic. (I factorises. 19 is prime so 19p in one bracket and p in the other and then find the ‘constant terms.) This gives nwo values for p. Find the corresponding values of 103. Solve 2y=x+5 xtty?=25 Inequalities: Manipulate as with equatior s, except when multiplying or dividing by a negative number, when you need to change the inequality sign around. (Or make sure that you do not have to multiply, or divide, by a negative number by careful manipulation. Note: 4> x is the same as x<4 tc.) 104. Solve 2+ y=2 yexttx-2 105. Solve 2x-3<5x+2 0m one side, numbers on ather. Collect together. Divide by -3 10 get x. Don’ forget to ‘change the inequality sign. Quadratic inequalities: Tosolve x°-x-6<0 Sketch y=(x-3)(x#2) We can see y is negative for values of x between - 2 and 3. So(x-3)(x+2)<0 for ~2-2} 9 (4ie<3} Rebs [RS ice AND eedAlpita Harkbooks Similarly (x-3)(x+2)2 0 for xS—2 or x23 Using set notation the solution is written Interva notation: Yow ey ate err 1 pe ear om bate mci The interval [2 5) is equivalent to 22 {xix<-2}U(xi2>3} x “he fs racket OR the second bracket vet ld te, and so on. 106. Find the set of values of x for which x? +3x+220 — Need to sketch the graph of yer eBay? First find where itcuts the x axis, ive, when y=0. Factorive. Find Sketch y =x? + 3x2, What values of x make the coordinates > 0. 107. For what values of k does the equation x?+(k+1)x+k+4=0 have real roots? Use the discriminant. b? ~ ac 2 0 Multiply out Tidy up. Sketch the curve y = k* ~ 2k~ 15 You need to factorise ro see where it cuts the k ais. What values of k make the y coordinates 2 0. 108. Find the largest and smallest value of p for which _p?- 2p <3 109. Find the set of values of x for which 7x—x?>1020 Mixed question 110. (a) Express V8 inthe form avb where a and b are integers. (b) Find xif x°=8 (©) Express 8° ‘asa fraction (d) Write 8 as a power of 2 111. (i) Simplify (2443 )(2-3) Gi) Express 3275 in the form a+ 63 where a and b are integers 112. Express 63 in the form avb where a and b are integers. 113. Simplify 114, (a) Write the following as powers of 3 (i) V3. (ii) 27° (b) Hence solve the equation 27°x3*"'=J3 the form a+bV7 where a and b are rational 115. Express Ja numbers. ha If 2° =4y2 find x, 117. Express p in terms of g if 3” = 277°! 118. Expandsly srtibeodthe 2 119. Given =2" and y=4" find, in terms of m andn, 1éxy as a power of 2 120. Simplify 4x?-(6-x?) 121. Simplify 6x°y + 3y?-2y(x?-x3 +y) 122. Expand (x? +5x-3)(3x?-2) 123. Expand (x-3)? 124. Factorise 10x’ — 5x* + 20x 125. Factorise y?-9 126, Factorise 2x? — 32x 127. Factorise x? + 6x+8 128. Factorise x? -2x-15 129. Factorise Sx? +x-18 130, Factorise Sx?-9x-18 131. Factorise (x-2)?-5(x-2)(x-1) 132. Simplify these fractions: oF oF @ & 133. Simplify these fractions: 42 Omit © Fas (©) Fae134, Work out: @it? ) rte Mate " ©) () aH > 135. Write x? + 6x + 8 in completed square form. Hence solve the equation x* + 6x +8 =0 136. Complete the square for 3x°- 24x + 24 137, Solve x?~5x=0 138, Solve x°-5=0 x-12=0 140. Solve x?=7—2x by completing the square. Give the exact answers. 141. Solve x? -2x~ =0 giving the roots in surd form.142. Solve (2x- 5)? = 2x giving solutions in simplified surd form. 143. Factorise and complete the square on x*+x~6 Sketch the curve of y=. Label the intercepts with the axes and the vertex clearly. 144, Write 2x? + 12x+16 inthe form a(x+b)?+c 145. Solve the inequality 3x- 2x? <0 146. Find both solutions of the equation x +3 = 12 A4 147, Find the values ofp and q for which we 6xtp=(x-qg) +4 148. Solve the pair of equations yoxe4 y=Sx?=20 Comment on your solution 149. By substituting t= x? find the values of x for which x —5x?+6=0 150. Find the range(s) of values of x that satisfy the inequality x? > 2x +8 + 151. Rearrange yey to find x in terms of yCOORDINATE GEOMETRY 25 When given coordinates itis usually helpful to sketch a grid with the approximate position of the points. From your sketch you will be able to find: # The gradient of lines between two given points. ‘+ The midpoint of a line between two given points. ‘The midpoint of a line joining (x; ,y1 )and (x2 ,y2) is * The distance between two given points by using Pythagoras’ Theorem. ‘The distance between (x) , yi )and (x2, 2 ) is ‘The gradient of a straight line: nF FOr ‘The gradient of a line m, through (.x1 ys ) and Gea, y2 ) ist Parallel lines have the same gradient. Iftwo perpendicular lines have gradients my and m then, (ote the positions of vs xsand yet They mus ot be mixed up!) mm=—1 oF m, the spot for va Sot te Ton cm esse hoo sk wa he en of ese rte cgay tiene eckson ‘keane pais of 152, For a line joining the points (~1,5) and (3,1) ‘Complete: Gradient of line = Gradient of a perpendicular line = Midpoint of lin Length of line A sketch helps. answer these, Use the formulas or sketch (0 Leave in surd form. Remember: ‘The equation of a straight line: 153, Find the distance between the points (1 ,-1) and (5, —10) giving your answer to 1 decimal place. [emer | seeetto ec hierasnueae Another commonly used form is | ax+ by+c=0 ‘Straight line equations given in other forms can be rearranged into these forms. 154, Write Sx+y=3 inthe form y= mete 155. Write 3y— 6x + =0 inthe form y=mxte 156, Write yk +5 inthe form ax+by+e=0 3 3 157, Write y= > -F in the form ax + by+e=06 Drawing a line, given its equation: ‘There are several standard forms for the equation of a straight line (i) x=a Aline parallel to the y axis cg. x=3 passes through (3,-2),(3,0),(3,7). in fact all the points with x coordinate 3. ae Gi) y=b A ine paralle to the x axis eg. y= | passes through (8,~1),(0,-1),(—4 in fact all the points with y coordinate ~ 1. (ii) y= me A line through the origin with gradient m. cg. y=-2e (iv) y= mete A line with gradient m and y intercept c. eg. ya3e-l devaettng, (v) ax+by+e=0 To draw this, cither rearrange into y= mx + ¢ or substitute in x = 0 Z and y = 0 to find the points of \ intersection with the axes. 1 - eg. 3x-4y + 8=0 x=0 =>-4y+8=0 = y=2 y=0 = 3x48=0 > x=-4 yoked ‘Sketching straight line graphs: a] A sketch of a straight line graph needs to show the slope of the graph (+ve or -ve) and the intersection with the axes. You do not need to put scales on the axes. 158. Sketch the graph 2y~3x+6=0 Complete: Find where the graph cuts the axes. Reurrange to find the gractient. (Not needed but gives a check on your points.) ‘Sketch graph. (You do not need to put in sels for-u skerch but label intercepts an x and y axes.) Note: Always use a ruler for straight lines when drawing a sketch. 159. On the graph below sketch and label y=5, x=-2, y=x, y=xt3Finding the equation of a line: Given the gradient, m, and a point (x1, 1) y-yam(x-x) a 160. Find the equation of the line with gradient 3 that passes through the point (2, 5) Complete: y-5= ) ‘Multiply out the bracket an Aerie: Use y= Yow 2 (45) Thee Suh De sedondy=5 infinite Thonn som te ei Given two points (x1 , yi ) and (x2 , y2 ). Use m= 2M OR 4-4 and y-yi=m(x-n1) Note: The perpendicular bisector of a line: ‘is perpendicular to the line and therefore has gradient ( ~I/gradient of line). ‘© divides the line in half and therefore the midpoint of the line is on the perpendicular bisector. 161. Find the equation of the line through (-2,-3) and (1,5) A sketch showing the relative positions of the points will help. Use the equationis above to write down the equation ofthe line. Multiply ous brackets and collect like ‘terms and tidy up by multiplying by 3 oR ‘Multiply both sides by 3, multiply out brackets and collect lke terms. 162. Find the equation of the line through (2,~3) and parallel to the line x—2y+5=0 Find the gradien’ ofthe given Tine by rearranging into the form y = Use the formuta and tidy up. the point (5, —3 ) and is perpendicular to the the point (— line y=2e and (8,-2) 163. Find the equation of the line that passes through | 164. Find the equation of the line that passes through 1, ~2) and is perpendicular to the line that passes through the points (~ 1, 7)cn Intersection of two lines: Two non-parallel lines will intersect at a point. To find the point of intersection - solve the equations of the lines as simultaneous equations. At the point of intersection the coordinates satisfy (fit) both equations simultaneously 165. Find the intersection of the lines. y=3x—4 and 4y+2x=7 Substiate y= 3v~4 into second ‘equation. ‘Multiply out the bracket Collect tike terms. Finds. Substitute into y= 3x4 to fay Graphs: You should know the shape of certain curves. For each of the following sketch the curves marking in the important points and state any asymptotes, ‘Check these by using « graphics exteubalor ur computer,# orkbooks et proportion: is proportional to.x ¥y is directly proportional to x y varies as x These all mean the sume. Ifssis doubled 0 isy. varies directly as x Ie wsmupi by Ss. Youwrite ya x Then yaks kis called the constant of proportionality. A graph showing direct proportion, will be a st As one increases the other increases 29 t ine graph through the origin, with gradient k. If x can only be positive, for example a measured distance, then just the top right quadrant of the graph is valid, 166, The distance travelled by a car, d (metres), moving at constant speed, is directly proportional to the time taken, t (seconds). Given d= 15 when t=4, Find: (i) dwhent=12 (ii) twhend = 60 Complete: de a= k so d= a co) Write with the proportionality sig Write with the = and k Substitute for d and 110 find k Write the formula with this value for k (Use 1= 1210 find d (i) Use d = 60 10 fin 167. The distance travelled by a body under free fall, is modelled so that the distance travelled, s, is directly proportional to the time ‘squared. Ifthe distance travelled is 705.6 metres after 12 seconds, find the time taken to travel 122.5 metres. Write with the proportionality sign. (f0" is doubled so iss, etc) Write with the = and k Substitute for s and tt find k ‘and vrite the formula with this value fork. Use s = 122.5 10 find The graph of s against ? would look like this. woke 168. The time period ofa simple pendulum, is modelled so that the time period varies directly as the square root of the length of the pendulum, When the length of the pendulum is 1.5m, the time period is 2.45 seconds. Find the time period if the length of the pendulum is 2 metres, Give your answer to 3 significant figures. Write with the proportionality sign Use T for time period and lor the Iength ofthe pendulum. UfNlis doubled so is T, ete) Write with the = and k Subsite for T and Ito find & ‘and write the formula with this value fork. Use 1= 2 to find T The graph of T against would look ike ths.30 Ipeises Woedbee Inverse proportion: is inversely proportional tox [Here sone increases te other decreases ie eae If xis doubled y is halved. 1f.x is vied by five muliplied by five, You write po = i. or yy A graph showing inverse proportion will be a reciprocal graph. k is called the constant of proportionality. Ix ean only be positive, for example a measured distance, then just the top right quadrant of the graph is valid, 169. p is inversely proportional to q and p=2.5 when q=2 Find p when q= 25 Write with the proportionality sign. Write with the~ and k Substitute for p and 9 0 find k ‘and write the formala with this value fork ‘Use g = 25 10 find, constant temperature, varies inversely with the applied pressure, A sealed box contains 5 * 10° m' of air at pressure of 1.2 « 105 N/m’, The box is squashed until the volume of trapped pressure of the gas? 170. Boyle's law states that the volume of a given amount of gas, held at air is halved. If there is no change in temperature, what is the new Write with the proportionality sign. (Use V and P,) Write with the = and k Substitute for Vand P to find k ‘and write the formula with this value for k Use V =0.05 to find V. The graph of V against P would look like this gravitational acceleration 1000 km above the surface of the Earth reed T7L. The acceleration due to gravity of an object changes with altitude. | Write with the proportionality sign. The gravitational acceleration is inverscly proportional to the od on ¢ a, square of the distance from the centre of Earth. Modelling the Substinte fora ond do find k distance to the centre of the Earth as 6371 km and the gravitational | ‘nd write he forma with this value acceleration as 9.8 ms at the surface of the Earth, find the fork Use d= 1000 1 6371 to find a The graph of a against d? would look like this.fipha orkbeus Sketctning polynomials: Cubies: To find where a curve cuts/touches the xaxis puty=0 Given y=(x+1)(x-2)(x-3) Lety=0, O=(x+1)(x-2)(x-3) Three brackets multiply to give 0 so one must be 0. Either x+1=0 or x-2=0 or x-3=0 x=-1,2 03 The curve is y=x?—4x74+x+6 x+1)(x-2)(x-3) x) is dominant so the curve is like y= x? for large +ve and —ve values of x A sketch of the curve: ye (xt1)(4-2)(2-3) ys | t If there is a squared factor then the curve touches the x axis eg. y=(xt1)?(x-2) when y i xis dominant so the curve is like y= x? for large +ve and -ve values of x ye(rtl)(x-2) Quartics To find where a curve cuts/touches the xaxis put, Given y=(x+1)?(x-1)(«-2) Let y=0, O=(xt 1)? (x-1) (4-2) lll multiply to give 0 so one must be 0. Either x=0 or x+1=0 or x~2=0 or x-3=0 1 twice , | or 2 The curve is y=x*—x3—3x? +x+2 =(x+1)?(x-1)(x-2) x‘ is dominant so the curve is like y=.x* for large +ve and -ve values of x A sketch of the curve: yet iC 1)Ur-2) \ / : \ ! ‘There is a squared factor so the curve touches the x axis atx=—1 ‘You should know: © the basic shapes for y=x?, y =x, yx! and y= the position of graph for large positive values of x and large negative values ofx eg. If y=x'+2x?~Sx-6 then for large ‘ve values of x the x? term is dominant and so.the graph is similar to that for y=.x? for large x. If y=—x" + 2x*—5x~6 then for large +ve values of x the ~ x? term is dominant and so the graph is similar to that for y=—x° for large x. Similarly for a quartic. how to find where the curve cuts the y axis (where x = 0). how to find where the curve cuts the x avis (where y= 0) how to find the stationary points by differentiation - covered later.2 If there is a quadratic factor that does not factoris (b*- dac <0 ) then the curve will not further cut or touch the x axis. j , oF using the quadratic formula does not give real roots, Now =2=—te- bh . Nee re | ‘I / I ate Ke) ! [eS POUR GGFR pe CGE er re Cet Deer he 1D In this section we are interested in where the curve cuts/touches the axes. Do not find the stationary points in these questions. 172, Sketch these curves showing where the curves cut the axes: (@) ye(xt2) (4-1) (4-3) (b) (x 1)? (x43) 173. Sketch these curves showing where the curves cut the axes (@) yax?(x-2) (b) y=(2-x) (4-1) (x4) 174, Sketch these curves showing where the curves cut the axes: @y x-2)(xt1) x*1)Cx-1) (4-2) (4 +3)‘Transformations of graphs: ‘These graphs show: ‘Accurve with equation y= f(x + k) is a translation of y=F (3) by vector (2) 3 175. Here is the graph y= (2) where F(Qxy=(x-2 etl xt) On the same graph sketch y= f(x ~2) Label where the graph cuts the x axis Write down the algebraic equation of F(x—2) (Replace every x in F(x) by (x2) and simplify.) f@-2)= These graphs show: ‘A curve with equation y= f(@) +k 0 is a translation of y= f(x) by vector ( ’) 176. Here is the graph y= F(x) where f(@)=2" ‘On the same graph sketch y= f(x) +1 Write down the algebraic equation of F(x) + 1 f@ti= y= Re) ‘These graphs show: ‘A curve with equation y=a f(x) isa stretch of factor a parallel to the y axis. (Away from the x axis.) oe yoerndeeed) p= 2u- m+) Setch fcr? prallt tothe ani ‘Away fom the axM Liphu fi vrkbooi. 7 =e) 177. Flere is the graph y= F(x) where f@)=(x-2 xt lh xt3) On the same graph sketch y=2 f(x) Write down the algebraic equation of 2 (x) (Just multiply whole of f(x) by 2) 2f)> vote dk 8 , These graphs show. — u A curve with equation y= (ax) isa stretch of factor + parallel to the x axis. (Away from the y axis.) = (s-202r4 8) Sitch factor paralie tothexaxie ‘vay rm he vais 178. Here is the graph y= f(x) where FQ) = (x= 2) 2+ 143) ‘On the same graph sketch y= f (2x) Label where the graph cuts the x axis. Write down the algebraic equation of f (2x) (Replace every x in (x) by 2x) Fx) = Useful to know this particular case. These graphs show: ‘A curve with equation y= f(~) is a reflection of y= f(x) in the y axis. 179. Here is the graph y= F(x) where f(x)=(x-2)(x+3) (On the same graph sketch y= f(-x) Label where the graph cuts the x axis. Write down the algebraic equation of f(~ x) (Replace every x in f(x) by (~x) and simplify.) FExy=35 Useful to know this particular case. These graphs show: Accurve with equation y=— f(x) isa reflection of y= f(x) in the x axis. 180. Hereis the graph y= F(x) where f()=(2-2x*3) 7 vn) =x?tx-6 On the same graph sketch y=~ f(x) Label where the graph cuts the x axis. A : Write down the algebraic equation of ~ f (x) -f@= TBI, Hereisa sketch of y= F(a) i o ye) fs 5 nee Label the important points. ie where the curve cuts the axes. Label your graphs, On separate diagrams sketch the following: @ y=FGX) () y=FEX) (0) y=3F@) @) y= FR +3)36 ipa Pay ddank 182. (a) Fully describe a single geometrical translation, that maps the graph of y = 2" onto the graph of y= 2""' (b) Fully describe a single geometrical stretch, that maps the graph of y= 2* onto the graph of y= 183, The graph of y =x° - 3x +5 is translated by the vector { o) Find the equation of the translated graph, giving your answer in its simplest form. Intersection of straight lines and curves: To find the points of intersection, substitute for x ory from the straight line equation into the other equation and solve, —— (aight inex nd quadratic curves wil ‘Sight ins and ebies wil ‘Sigh ies and ices wi: 4 Inescet ice = wher they intersect thee | | + Inert tte ples - where they Interest - where ey intrest there wil willbe twa distin! os olution) when ‘nvereet there wl be ce dita rots ‘ealisine rots (slaions) when solving saving equations ido (olution) when solving equations 0 Find uations 0 fied + Touch where they tol thre wll be ory. ‘Touch where they touch there willbe ceyua cts when ving equations toad | | + teret once and ouch once there wll ual root when solving equations 6 Find ‘ey: Thine sa ange othe ave, betes rot (softens) when solving “rors. The ine is atangent to he curve 4+ Netet= there will be no lat when uations to finds or One daubleroat_— || «Not mest= hee wil be no real rote when solving equations to find xo (Gerth ite ouch) and another solving equations vo od oe. isin ot (where the ine eu). 1 Inerset oce = thre wil ne ln fctor 1nd qusdraticFctorthat does nat have ny real ots Except f= and wansformatons of +=" 184, Find the coordinates of the points of intersection of the curve yx? and the line y+x=5 Sketch hath curves. Rearrange the linear equation 10 give yin terms ofx Equene, Tid up. Solve the resulting equation by factorising, or using the quadratic ‘formula Find the corresponding values of v. Sketch. Label the points of intersection,37 liphu Barkhucks Vlixed questions 2 185. Find the equation of the line through the points (2,11) and (4,7) T86, Find the equation of the perpendicular bisector of the line joining the points (1,7) and(9,3) 187. The electrical resistance of a wire is inversely proportional to the square of the radius. Given that the resistance is 0.02 ohms when the radius is 0.1 cm, find the resistance when the radius is 0.3 cm. Give your answer to I significant figure. 188. Triangle ABC has vertices A(-1, 2), B(5,2)andC (4,9). Nis the foot of the perpendicular from B to AC. Find: (a) the equation of AC (b) the equation of BN. 189. Show that the line y= 2x~7 touches the curve y=x?-638 Lipit Han 190. 1f F@) (i) Find where the curve » =f (x) cuts the axes, (ii) By completing the square find the minimum point of y= f(x) (iii) Sketch y= F() {iv) On the same diagram sketch and label TFy-2 FQ) 191. The coordinates of A, B and C are (3, —1), (5,3) and (2, 2) respectively. Find the length AB, in the form aVb, and the mid-point of AB. Show that ACB is a right angle. 192. flx)=x(x-3)? (i) Sketch y= f(x) (ii) On the same diagram sketch y= f (3x).poia Verkhents a DIFFERENTIATION Finding the gradient function: For each ofthe following graphs the gradient changes smoothly as you move along the curve as shown: | If you work out the gradient at various points on the above graphs and plot them against x, you would obtain the following: Gaps ofthe Gren wee Te Soochow the tai cages \ Cramps tae / totem of ‘ Finding the gradient function is called differentiation. Differentiation from first principles: Consider the graph of y= f(x) and a general point on the curve (x, f(x) ) The gradient of the curve at this point ~ Gradient of AB for small h (you may have used dt) yeh If you make h small enough the gradient of AB will equal the gradient cas of the curve at A. This is called taking the limit as h tends to 0 z and is written lim (gradient of AB) fvt9)-t0 ‘The gradient of the curve y = f(x) is written 2 andso | = lim flx+h)~ ffx) h de ho Example: Differentiate x? from first principles. , S- fy Gene? usec mFy de aa th 7 ey t = lin given, = ieee x | wihtesy = lim 2h+h = lim 2ch+h? sea 0) eh ee ene = tim +h so = 2e Example: Differentiate 2x? + 5x-3 from first principles. | A skeih ofpan ofacurve Let f(x) = 2x? + 5x3 fle +h) ~ f(x) = 2(x +h)? + Se + h) — 3 - (2x? + Sx—3) 2x? + Ach + 2h? + Sx Sh—3—-2x?—Se+3 (etm. ester help you se” what you are ding, “The given funtion with +) = 4xh + 2h? + Sh are Me lim axh+2h+Sh = lim 4r+2h+5 (terse “ Gea be 73 mo =a40 193. Differentiate x* from first principles. 194. Differentiate | from first principles. Notation: Given y=x? you write a Given f(x)=x? you write f"(x)= 2x Given ‘differentiate x?* you write 4") =2 Or you could write ‘ Let y=x? then 2 =2x° Deke akan horton c= 2 0 wee hecrn Y=Me)+ a6) = L= Hq) +g'@) | Pitewmiteeadrem — [Noe Foryeke Gok a soit poss $5 we 195. Complete: (a) y St - (b) y=6x4 = P= © fa@=5 f(a) = @) y=3xr?+2e-4 => “= If you are asked to find the derivative of a function, or the derived function, or the gradient function, then just differentiate the function you are given. To find the gradient of a curve at a point - differentiate and then substitute the x coordinate of the point. 196. (a) Find the gradient function for y= 6x° This means differentiate! dy Ce ete: i ‘omplet £ (b) Find the gradient of the curve y= x 2x—S at the point (2,3) Complete: He Ferentate pl s Differemian When x=2, 0 He de Substinute. (Given in question.)4l 197. Find the point on the curve y =x’ — 4x where the gradient equals 8. Diferemin a find the gradient Complete: a ie fd the a Put equa 08 I Solve to find x Use y= x? ~ x co fnd_y coordinate ‘and write down the point where the ( >) gradient equals 8 Rates of change: # is the rate at which y changes as x changes. = 3 means y is changing 3 times as fast as x (iffx changes by 5, y will change by 15). The rate of change of p with change in z is “ or the rate of change of p with respect to z. i.e. differentiate p with respect toz. e.g. If p=2z?+5z~4 then £=62?+5 The rate of change of velocity with respect 10 time. ive ifferentiare v with respect 10 198. The velocity of a particle is given by v= 31°—2r Find the acceleration (the rate of change in velocity) when 1 199. The side length of a cube is increasing, Find the rate at which the volume is | Wrie hea The rate of change of ¥ changing with change in the side length. si ees ive. differentiate V with respect to side length. 4 [Raional means tain con be a postive, For any rational number, | y=kx°*, a knx"! ora megoive integer. ora frcton and ine rate sat works! Take care when you are sbracing | fom the power, Fractional and negative powers ore riehy. 51-6 notnd and 3-1 == whist 4 ete. ny constant mali a Te Fon af ie expression ore wnafeced by the aiferentation, DO NOT bring the 10 he ion. Here the remains unchanged § and iP = 3 and Example: Find the gradient function for —7_ we? ind use the power rule Ty 3 eon a ; Cas Remember: Vx = x? etc dk ee “Rewrite the fnction wsing a negative ee power. ‘Rewrite the function wing a negative fae pa oea tphes iarkbooks = Write as powers of Differentiate each term. Write as powers a's, Cube root ower 4 a ” Differentiae Write as powers of 2x Carefid~ Only put the tothe top as negative power ay oe Differemine dx a 38 Fiat write as ro separate Fractions 26, y= 22=3F ‘and simplify or divide muanerator and z denominator by x. Simplify. dy a2. ifferentiane de Laie Write the VX asa power of x. Then ‘muiply each term inthe bracket by it Differemiaue 208. f(x)=x(ax +2). = Write the Ax asa power of x Then map each term in the racket '@s bythe ae Differentiate. 209. The population. P, of a colony of birds on an island is modelled by | The rate of change of P with respect to the function P= 100Vé + 1000 where tis the time in years from the | vigerentiate P with respect to initial census of birds on the island. Find the rate at which the population is changing after 4 years. _ ‘Tangents and normals: et Normal You need to know: © How to differentiate. * How to find the equation of a straight line, © For perpendicular lines m= — Where m and ms are the 1 gradients of the two Hines —lonte HFovknend “a 210. Find the equation of the tangent and the normal to the curve y=2x?—Sx?+2x+5 atthe point (1,4) » jet: = Complete: 4 Whenx= 1 ade Gradient of tangent, m= +. Equation of tangent is Gradient of normal :. Equation of normal is Differentiate Find gradient of curve when x = 1 This equals the gradient of the tangent, ie.m Use (y— yy) = m (x —x) or y= mx * cto find the equation of the tangent (which isa straight line). Use my = =H Use (yy) = m &~x) or y= mx +c 1 find the equation of the normal which isa straight line). 211. Find the equation of the tangent to the curve 212. Find point where the curve y=x?—x—-6 has y=2x?—2x+5 atthe point where x=— 1 gradient equal to 8. Work out the equation of the normal at this point.44 INTEGRATION Standard results: nal fax'ax Si ie n+l Jide = kx+e n#-l Example: [2x %de Example: if 3dvo3x4¢ the value of the constant. Seger cern eeeceneegeeoseee ee eUee geese eeeeee Example: f7/@)+ g(dv= [rears [ade fox? 4 3e ar Given 2 integrate to find y. Find vif Given a point on the curve, substitute the x and y values of the point to find the constant. Write the solution with 213. J5x‘de 3x74 Ixdrar' +x? +0 Find yit £ = 2x3 and the curve passes through (1,2) ye f2x-3dr= relyeds del Jee 0-6 =3e+6 Bete soy Don’t forge the constant of integration. Tidy up. 24, [3x7-2444 dx Tntegrate each term 215, fax(x-2) dx Multiple ont then integrate each term: Jats, [5-2 ae Tntegrate each term. 217. | (x= 3x4 2de ‘Maliiply out then integrate each term. nie, | Sted First, divide top and bottom by x. Rewrite ax powers of. Then integrate ‘each term, 220. If =3x' +x find y Tntegrate 221. Find if tye + Rewrite ax powers of. Then integrate ‘each term,45 Mixed questions 3 222. Findthe gradient of y 7 where x=2 223, The equation of a curve is y=x?—x~- 12 Find: (a) the gradient where the curve cuts the y a (b) the gradient at each point where the curve cuts the x axis. 224, Find the coordinates of the points on the curve y=x"— 12x +9 where the gradient is 15. 225. Find 2 when y = 2x+3Vx-4 226. A curve has equation y= 2x? + 5x—4 Find: (a) the gradient of the tangent where x = 2 (b) the equation of this tangent (©) the gradient of the normal where x = 1 (@ the equation of this normal46 Spits Bas detoth 7227. Find the equation of the tangents to the curve y=x*— 5x +4 at the points where the curve crosses the x axis. Find the coordinates of the point where these tangents meet. 228. A curve has equation y=(x+4\x-1)(x—3) Find: (a) the equation of the tangent at (2,-6) (b) the coordinates of the point where this tangent meets the x axis (c) the equation of the normal at the point where x = 1 (d) the coordinates of the point where this normal and the tangent meet. 229. Find * for each of the following: 2x? - 5x (a) y=x'= 5x44 (b) pax (44x -5) ( y=WY @ y47 230. Integrate 3x° -4x-5 231. fxt+3r—4de 232. a 233. fe 2 (1-6)dr 234. fee dx 235. 1f 3x°+ 4x find y given that y=7 when x=1 236, f1-¥e dt 237. Integrate (3x +1)? 238, Find yif 4 =8x-+1 and the curve passes through ( 2, 5) 239, Find y if 4 = i and the curve passes through ( 1, ~ 4 ). Sketch the curve.48 Alpha We Mixed Questions 4 240. FG) =x" skeich the graph y=/) (a) On the same diagram sketch and label the curves y=/(x+3) and y=—f(x+3) (b) Write down expressions for fc +3) and — f(x +3) in terms of x. 241. Find the equation of the line through (~2 , 5) which is parallel to the line y= 6- 4x (v2-1)* 242. Express “75, — in the form a+6v2 where a and 6 are integers. 243. Given 8*=4* ' find the value of x 244. Find five pax 245, The volume of a container is directly proportional to the square of its hcight. The volume is 279 cm? when the height is 8 cm. What is the height if the volume is doubled? Give your answer to 3 significant figures.pha Workbooks te 246, Given that F@)=x°+Kkx*4 and that the equation F()=0 has two real distinct roots, find the set of values that k can take. 247, Find the points of intersection of the curve y=x*-6 andthe line y=x+6 248. Sketch the graph y =x? +3x—-10 labellit State the range of values of x for which x? + 3x-10<0 7249, Find the equation of the line through (1 ,~3) which is perpendicular to the line y—_2x+5=0 250. Evaluate 8°? +27 251. Find & ineach of the following (i) y= Vx++ (ii) y=x(x?-2x) (iii) y= BE 252. Calculate the discriminant of 2x? +3x +4 and hence state the number of real roots of the equation 2x2 +3x +4=0 253. Complete the square on x*— 6x +5 and hence state the coordinates of the vertex of the graph y=x?— 6x +5= Lpha itorkbouis 254. Given (2-5 3-5 )=a+bV5 where a and b are integers (a) find the values of a and b. Given 8 = ¢ + d-V5, where c and dare rational numbers (b) find the values of ¢ and d. 255. 1f y=2x?—3x-4 find the value of whenx=2 Hence find the equation of the tangent to the curve y= 2x? 3x 4 where x=2 256. Solve the sinultaneous equations By+x=0 257. The area of a rectangular piece of carpet is 12 square metres and the perimeter is 19 metres, Find its length and breadth,Alpha Workbooks SI 258. An oil tank is being filled such that it contains V litres of oil at time, t, seconds where V = 1 ‘At what rate is the tank filling when t = 4 seconds. (Note: 4 is the rate of change of volume.) 759. Find the equation of the perpendicular bisector of the line joining (2, -5) and (~1,-3) 260. Differentiate x?—3x +2 from first principles. 261. Without working out the turning points sketch the curve y 262. Sketch the curve y= 13 State the equations of the asymptotes. Fst32 Answers Liphis Harkhowks nat, Ti Wo2! 4 andre 162 | mado | thy 2723? and 273. t Ged Teasetnds~ 60 and | ew dee sisGe= 108238 ea Tanda 64 Pees ttre (ay mo9%sat gh Son uoent® | sone 10 nies? wet hee : 2 enn er Ne co ges wie G8 . to = (1e'Fe(2 Few ne sarees, ee (er ene eerise—drrte2omd | BP ap ay 22 @p-ayen ont nee necners Ie Cat (hy 2822 as = $40 135 24, (2+ Dye = Hle= I= Urs THe -6r +S) 99. Ader Se Ean 54 OGPadebeo eho Oe 2S r= Bar 10 | a Vegek Boece Fae aan t= aco acre | {« ) ae Equaiing ceeticiens of 2= A+B aes oar tod GV -F tng conan eras 12 Aa Nico sar 384 Sie sah he Tr) Sibniae 278i 3 Aes warisdesSuae torte eb ean one : ' Cipmng cota Hose, 2002 | "ty (eee Msi .cowplae. 23! asteate 3E Equine stan rms” 324° ea ee Sioniueter Se8sb > bo-3 weep ee 27. (a) Ax(ty +1 (b) 4(2e— 9) 3 ee 5 BM eave se # at at fe OSes Sete (©) Sogn 29) (0 te~ 0, 26a) 343) 3Ee—3) (xG=5) Ara 2B.) (FDS) (b) G4 2)5e-)-0—3)1 fet 2N3e~ Soe +3)= (2 +2920) sbae=t) 0,42 v4 10)-=1 03 fo) ees fee ale Uma 1KSe—4) coe {8 ceraytn eae) (sy 9 ahaa tate3) | taming ome =3.197 pcmedeesya(taatst 2h | past e 22-56 -0 Mee See 3) reesy=0 BL 22 ree citer £20" of B-5=0 S324 58-25-30) GNI |e ETH ee vnoee 82 paren Belmore 9) 6G WHR Wes Bee se Miter ates Deer a hapa3 38. 22 1er 16 U—2)60- 8) 13-2052 + Ye etO asa aavs | 36 e+ 2r-ee Geer?) H(3 + NOV = 2942) = 992+6N2 = 11 +62 | 37. GF - 4x -2= 208+ 2) e— 1) 9, (955 2¥5K 2 VI -3 VS) 63s SEBS | 3B Br -2e-3= de-N AFD He B teers an arb Paes 40, Ble Oe- Grey 67. a+ 3-2) 00 10. AL 4-121 = Qe Ge either 264320 oF x=? =I 10. J = VR = Vax 23 maak Mee? (0) IB = xd = Ox = WE eta Me wet (OVS = VTS « Vix VIS = v5 | sitar c= or etme wVTET = VIEKTO = 6Ni0 B.Tthed Hi Oto =H | 60, oe (6 Wi Vibed «Vib f= 4/2 esacg as Gap at a4 my tae 0 Vii =a Ox 3 2 : aes38 VIR = VIX = TVD 48. TIKeT = Tey xoS <2N20=42N5 (0) 150.44 «155% = one Sens. Teena = FT | Bagel? ms Te eee 22-0 cer -9-72-0 eae nes waVP opens -= LL a Ga ~aienaay Bane ak aTLipha Workbooks 3 Wipe o and, bed ernd 120 7 7 78.20 30-6 =0 VRE 20H p28 oe WS.30- 17 =0 4°30 0.71 102 dsp eats, shear 130 er e320 1%. Ser3 need THe fe = Oe 312s Viet ada ae tar-200 = 0387 & La IH 200-2) 1) 30) Deed Beavis 0220-743 TERE 7 3.9 of 0386 1, iat sacs) Onde + 6c 16 EH : Lat erat BLOT -2U-3-0 ee e-pasnze Boe eae an ean) 98 o weed weet penne aes @ ) rl sottions) eerapersy {s4)-ae0 8 0 (=H Ned xectork 2e- Wet 3=0 Ast) = -3-0 a4 320 t= t-3)20 tor anhord NS amefewne | Amat term wo be 4 or3 ir =e 0=2- Ir ate =1)20 ror 10 .x=10 ‘Arexof awn = 100 mm? Ate of path= 10 an? ug Sere FOr PaCre 4? PeSe ttt 9 aoe 24x + 16 2Gr-7-0 TH =o 270-1 not posible) sides re 7,28 nd 25 WANT tac eT eS “Two distinct ons. (oP toc= Ig aet4=0 Two equal 08s (ob doen 25 = 4382 «1 Two ite! 00, (yb toe 9139-20-11 No al oot, yee oot) poutap oes pete ves On PGs stern se So¢ = sebttens PR 33 BrBeaees Tene aed 0. 0, a 2 3 poe? raat pete! In} - 94 zea 7 yeaa | pa0, | Oevnx-2 | 2 e-De+), xe lor [ray 2s = tue? ae a sat? 93. (im?) =m fim * 20 = om ‘nm n= 320 (nel) 324 ma 20 al Pawel? 94 ae ve e==e-b vee ch ot ee oP 95. 2-4 10% 2k 46 Subsinwe 949=7 pod Answer 3,502 Re Hey 86 12s Isp= 51 Subieat =v 5 pens a0 18 32-2 Anower 9 ye de Seba 44 3 G21) 10 49-3 = 10 ae 1043 Anwer xe, pe? M0. y= 1-35 Sebst "3e-200-30=13 Beal $60 213 96027 Answer r=3, 5-2 wo. este Subst, 25439) Spe 10+ 6y Answer 12. = 7.39 Soba p+ 2(7-3p 217 Pi +H49 2p 9p) = 17 9p Bap +B ~o 9-2n1p-3)=0 po3oczi9 When po3.q=~2 When p=27/9,q= S019 nee 25—$ Sit, y= 92-25 i Doys 25 477925 Sy =0 syo-8)=0 0 ora When y=0.x2-5 Woon y=4.2=3 dace S.y20 or radioed wohye? ar Sib 2-2e oe x2 One Faras #6 DG+ 4 salon When x= tayn2-2=0 When x--keyo 2-810 0 or x= reseed “ares 250 Pagel? ‘ 108. yor sierd otaraierh 25-2 of 2-1 107. Compete: (IF 814k +4)20 aks 1 ak 1620 o2k- 1520 SHRI 20 ks-sork25 40. p?-2p-3:50 ws Np-3)s0 ‘Smalestp=-1_lrgstp=3 109, ee (0>0 tte > 0 Se 2M 5) 0 Anwwers 2242534 Fase 110. @) 8 = 4x2 =2/2 (x= 512 gr af 22" 11. OQ + V3)e~V5)e4— vi" 4-31 @ a= RE 112, (Bw V9xT 37 1B. oot tay ers 114.409 3! Gi) 3" 39 = 88 26 NE us, ater oa 122, 3x4+ 15x°~ LL ye eee eee earn) pe ar eee ee fees ee nee tees noes TBS SS ea we ot omaha: © Bien 138, +3) erat se3ee =—4or-2 136, ee 4-24 137, s6¢-9)=0 = x=00r5 138 PS = x= Sor 45 39. (&—4Ne43)=0 > x=4or~3 140, 324 2¢— Grips xe-lew 12 02 2M ae =iswoie * rn Pase23 12. 42-20 +28~26 4e—224+28=0 min at (12, -2574) 144, ale +b)? Fe=a(e + 2br +8) +e ar 2abr + a? eqeoetfofss a=2 cqeoetfofs: 2eb=12 > b=3 eq ont tem 16 ab! +e 16 Re o—-2 2+ 3-2 S284 <0 M6 +3r-10=0 we2rt3)<0 + 5}0-2)=0 xsOor232, THEE ee epae rac gta 4) ty 20 16+ 840 Se= 20 awe 4=0 2 zeal, ya5 nly one solution and so the inetouches carve.» 180.2982 0 = r2) ed skye Deett spay Pagcas-T 152, Gea of ine =(1- 5) ret ofa pend i 98 156. 3y 2015 By ay +1520 151 & ine= 1 1 1d. pl y= G2} =G2) 2 (48) syns? yh eax? ayant TS. Gradient? Pespendiculararadient —¥ ‘Equation ofline(7~~3)=~4(x~5) 164, Gradient Perpendicular gradient 1 Equation ofline (2) yea) AGx—4)420=7 Tay 164+28=7 V4e=23 X= 2H14 y= (69/14) —4= 1314 Pase20 166. de ake Isha kek ange © d= Bx 12845m (ip 60= pr seconds lo da ake 11s xa 9 s=49¢ Ins=490 seconds 68. TV Tek poset Wanas, p= Se de=F 1m. Ve 4 poke set0%=t 1 kee veort Va 6xpphze = 24% 10°Nt im aed orks 98x67 =k a= 986371 »tipha Workbooks m0) fee-2)=-440- DT 1%. 7 Me) tts 291 im. 1 Jee wen) = 14043) vn : a UT e/ 201+ NE) He) =the mae? rh6= 2-443) o 4 » © “ 6 r PEE tity cae npibecintess Harr aae- 648 eed eas ae pedane 3 rp ee OMY Lesie-n on relat senpodereee3 yon Points of itersection are (3,8) and (2,3) Syeda 196: Midpoin (5.5) Gratien grado perpendicular? 28.2 = yor Shar & yores Woke @ Rak 02K. k => K-00 R=000g2 +b (am) =— R000 es R002 Wot sg. he 88 (2) p= Ter 17 () Ip =~ Se 39 192-7236 dae adr WFetae=4 4 1=0 therefore the tne touches the curve Pats TL (Ds= 072-2, yeO st rx=2=0 (4 2K -0 se tor-2 GasAF-94 mine r.-94 iy & Go) Was (e-3Fo = 5 Mid pia 1) Gnaientot aC = 255} Grdiem of =33 = 3x Yin 1 therefore ACD is righ ange Tea Gein vy a | Me. lim °+ 32h + Ish? tha? = lim ach Hah +P = ee 193 195.40)3e° (24? (@)lOr Er? 196 (a) ars 30e Pages 197 dede= 2e-4 faded yy 198, # = 64-2 24 Polat s (6,12)36 lpia Workbooks | Taxi 21D. dyfde soe 1a +2. When # 1 ide Gatien of tangents 2 yoda dr m= 202 Equotion of angen is y= 28 © 6 ‘Gruen ofnorinal~ pode hunt) gyowered uation of manna is x =2¢+7=0 hyazede seo ‘idem te 2 Wheres 1, dyide= 4 Graicn of aagent 6 po9=nG==1) =~ 606 feo} oF Gety-3e0 nadvite= et Bode £592 Then y= B14 18/4244 =304 radio face == V8 yen b ee ty-6-0 an re De bat HE onde Moy 16520 gt Tia. Bin aoyean is Jie teds At re eae de ge 26 5x40 27 fas a x= be» Bi ae=30 te When =2 Gradient = 308-12 =0 225, dye =2¥-1 (o) Curve cusyarisatx=0, Gradient 1 (ype ~ ie 3) cuts rarisate==3 ands =4 ‘Gradients re ~7 and 7. 224. dyde= Se 2. We—12015, 38=27, 0229 2 3and.e0 3, Subsite int egaton (Coverdinaes (3.0) and (= 3,18) pa yoderhie-a taeda Betegy? eax 26. drat (a) £2 Orden = 13 O he-dreia O Jobe reg (0) Gren cane st Gra nal 19 @ Aah UH CMD Spa2teaeet £4 97-28 =0is equation of ronal Subst ino (r= 182, Poin of inrection is (572.— 972) (a) auc =2 Grd in 12 9 =-10-2) So ytd = Os equation of gent Wrste=—F CFO) (0) ste= 1, Gadi Be hay 0) Normal y= (110K ly t=0 (2939 aad yh » 230. %st-2¢- Sere BI. (13) 2+GAVe ar +e m2! [40-2 a- oWb tse JP - 62 dr=(1idt- 2+ [P+3dr=(1B)e +340 mae th bate 2 yofartide=artere Sea yeb y Setestee col} penton DW. ye eden fa tdea are ante sah pont i ndanate.a on 7 oy) Bags a , a Get owraiacsorty He 3}n 0 6045)~ 21 Gad Pood a Sauer arth da0 Vel 249, 2a 244 ya! -av dea gat at se MS VaR @ Vek =k kee veg 538 aH be ¥25 11203 ig. parry BG BE age AE Ae 16 20 kedor bod DWP br e6 ee nO Goer y0 es ender} Poin of intersection are (4.10) and 3.39 2 " Soiaion is 542 DO yedes San ay=2e-5 gad? peng Frverauen a asd see ela) ap ataoy [2 wo 2, binge = Yad 2242932 segative and xn rel ro Syed ener a) 22 258. (0) 6-25 Ads 45 11 -5¥S oni hes o Leshes} 255, dide= 64 re 256. ay WP Dee = 1S oF 4 GS vel Soltions =H assy 12 ies (ie uate 20+ 24rr 19 De 24 We 2-194 428 G98 3)-0 rekon ek ya LS enn 1s yak length # bend 1.5 vise vee =a and 2¢= 2r=19 ages 2s, £ = 20148 StL 4 rte ines pe second. 299. Mipoiot (05,4) gral 20 endot pen wt 261.vee 6 oSee Baletay muri mats wwwalphaworkbooks.co.uk 9 "7819 I, R.R.P. £4.99