Summarize written text

For summarize written text follow these instructions:

First: improve your reading comprehension.

Second: learn the basic grammar of articles, parallels and

making noun phrase

Third: memorize the template and type it in less than 2 minutes,

and write your summary.

The first three question have answers, firstly, try writing by

yourself and then compare it with yours, and check it on
Grammarly.

Question 1
It's very easy to forget about what's in the ground beneath our feet and why it's so important to protect it. One
tablespoon of soil contains more organisms than there are people on Earth; billions of bacteria, fungi and other
microorganisms combine with minerals, water, air and organic matter to create a living system that supports plants
and, in turn, all life. Healthy soil can store as much as 3,750 tons of water per hectare, reducing the risk of flooding,
and the International Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) has said that 89% of all agricultural emissions could be
mitigated if we improved the health of our soil.
Good soil management also increases disease resistance in livestock and ultimately drives profits for farmers - yet
soil and its impact on the health of our animals has, over recent decades, been one of the most neglected links in UK
agriculture. Over the last 50 years' agriculture has become increasingly dependent on chemical fertilizers, with
applications today around 10 times higher than in the 1950s. Farmers often think the chemical fertilizer NPK
(nitrogen, phosphorous and potassium) provides all the nutrition a plant requires, but it also has a detrimental effect
on the long-term health of the land: research suggests there are fewer than 100 harvests left in many of the world's
soils.

Answer:

It's very easy to forget about what's in the ground beneath our feet and why it's so important to protect it. One tablespoon of soil contains
more organisms than there are people on Earth; billions of bacteria, fungi and other microorganisms combine with minerals, water, air
and organic matter to create a living system that supports plants and, in turn, all life. Healthy soil can store as much as 3,750 tons of
water per hectare, reducing the risk of flooding, and the International Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) has said that 89% of all agricultural
emissions could be mitigated if we improved the health of our soil.
Good soil management also increases disease resistance in livestock and ultimately drives profits for farmers - yet soil and its impact on
the health of our animals has, over recent decades, been one of the most neglected links in UK agriculture. Over the last 50 years' agriculture
has become increasingly dependent on chemical fertilizers, with applications today around 10 times higher than in the 1950s. Farmers often
think the chemical fertilizer NPK (nitrogen, phosphorous and potassium) provides all the nutrition a plant requires, but it also has a
detrimental effect on the long-term health of the land: research suggests there are fewer than 100 harvests left in many of the world's
soils.

Key points: (the most important key points have been shown by * )

*Protecting the ground

*Containing organisms by soils

People on the earth

Bacteria, fungi
*Combining with minerals
Air, organic matter
*Creating a living system
Supporting plants
*reducing the risk of flooding
*increasing disease resistance in livestock
driving profits for farmers
neglecting links in agriculture
*chemical fertilizer
*a detrimental effect on the long-term health of the land

Whereas the fundamental essence of protecting the ground emphasizes the significance of
containing organisms by soils, the corresponding impacts of combining with minerals such as
creating a living system and supporting plants are acknowledged, and reducing the risk of
flooding could be inferred evidently from increasing disease resistance in livestock, which the
potential implications of chemical fertilizer and a detrimental effect on the long-term health of
the land are presumed. (70)

Question 2:

The National Oceanography Center (NOC) is engaged in research into the potential risks and benefits of
exploiting deep-sea mineral resources, some of which are essential for low-carbon technology, as well as
using ocean robots to estimate the environmental impact of these potential deep-sea mining activities.
Late last year the NOC led an expedition on the RRS James Cook that found enough of the scarce
element Tellurium present in the crust of a submerged volcano that, if it were all to be used in the
production of solar PV panels, could provide two-thirds of the UK's annual electricity supply. Recently,
the NOC also led an international study demonstrating deep-sea nodule mining will cause long-lasting
damage to deep-sea life, lasting at least for decades.
These nodules are potato-sized rocks containing high levels of metals, including copper, manganese and
nickel. They grow very slowly on the sea-bed, over millions of years. Although no commercial operations
exist to extract these resources, many are planned.
Professor Edward Hill, Executive Director at the NOC commented, "By 2050 there will be nine billion
people on earth and attention is increasingly turning to the ocean, particularly the deep ocean, for food,
clean supplies of energy and strategic minerals. The NOC is undertaking research related to many aspects
and perspectives involved in exploiting ocean resources. This research is aimed at informing with sound
scientific evidence the decisions that will need to be taken in the future, as people increasingly turn to the
oceans to address some of society's greatest challenges."

Answer:

The National Oceanography Center (NOC) is engaged in research into the potential risks and benefits of exploiting deep-sea
mineral resources, some of which are essential for low-carbon technology, as well as using ocean robots to estimate the environmental
impact of these potential deep-sea mining activities.
Late last year the NOC led an expedition on the RRS James Cook that found enough of the scarce element Tellurium present in the crust of
a submerged volcano that, if it were all to be used in the production of solar PV panels, could provide two-thirds of the UK's annual
electricity supply. Recently, the NOC also led an international study demonstrating deep-sea nodule mining will cause long-lasting
damage to deep-sea life, lasting at least for decades.
These nodules are potato-sized rocks containing high levels of metals, including copper, manganese and nickel. They grow very slowly on
the sea-bed, over millions of years. Although no commercial operations exist to extract these resources, many are planned.
Professor Edward Hill, Executive Director at the NOC commented, "By 2050 there will be nine billion people on earth and attention is
increasingly turning to the ocean, particularly the deep ocean, for food, clean supplies of energy and strategic minerals. The NOC is
undertaking research related to many aspects and perspectives involved in exploiting ocean resources. This research is aimed at
informing with sound scientific evidence the decisions that will need to be taken in the future, as people increasingly turn to the
oceans to address some of society's greatest challenges."
Key points:

*The National Oceanography Center

*Research into the potential risks
*benefits of exploiting deep-sea mineral resources
*demonstrating deep-sea nodule mining
*cause long-lasting damage to deep-sea life
*informing with sound scientific evidence
*taking decisions in the future
*addressing greatest challenges in societies
*turning to oceans by people

Whereas the fundamental essence of the National Oceanography Center emphasizes the significance of
Research into the potential risks, the corresponding impacts of demonstrating deep-sea nodule mining
such as causing long-lasting damage to deep-sea life and informing with sound scientific evidence are
acknowledged, and benefits of exploiting deep-sea mineral resources could be inferred evidently from
taking decisions in the future, the potential implications of addressing the greatest challenges in societies
and turning to oceans by people are presumed. (77)

Making this text shorter

Final answer:

Whereas the fundamental essence of the National Oceanography Center emphasizes the significance of
research for potential risks, the corresponding impacts of demonstrating deep-sea nodule mining such as
causing long-lasting damage to deep-sea life and informing with sound scientific evidence are
acknowledged, and benefits of exploiting mineral resources could be inferred from taking decisions in the
future, the potential implications of addressing the greatest challenges and turning to oceans by people
are presumed. (72)

I omitted (into-the- deep-sea- evidently- in-societies)

Question 3:

Banks provide short-term finance to companies in the form of an overdraft on a current account. The
advantage of an overdraft is its flexibility. When the cash needs of the company increase with seasonal
factors, the company can continue to write cheques and watch the overdraft increase. When the goods and
services are sold and cash begins to flow in, the company should be able to watch the overdraft decrease
again. The most obvious example of a business which operates in this pattern is farming. The farmer uses
the overdraft to finance the acquisition of seed for arable farming, or feed through the winter for stock
farming and to cover the period when the crops or animals are growing and maturing. The overdraft is
reduced when the crops or the animals are sold.
The main disadvantage of an overdraft is that it is repayable on demand. The farmer whose crop fails
because of bad weather knows the problem of being unable to repay the overdraft. Having overdraft
financing increases the worries of those who manage the company. The other disadvantage is that the
interest payable on overdrafts is variable. When interest rates increase, the cost of the overdraft increases.
Furthermore, for small companies there are often complaints that the rate of interest charged is high
compared with that available to larger companies. The banks answer that the rates charged reflect relative
risk and it is their experience that small companies are more risky.

Banks provide short-term finance to companies in the form of an overdraft on a current account. The advantage
of an overdraft is its flexibility. When the cash needs of the company increase with seasonal factors, the company can
continue to write cheques and watch the overdraft increase. When the goods and services are sold and cash begins to flow
in, the company should be able to watch the overdraft decrease again. The most obvious example of a business which
operates in this pattern is farming. The farmer uses the overdraft to finance the acquisition of seed for arable farming, or
feed through the winter for stock farming and to cover the period when the crops or animals are growing and maturing.
The overdraft is reduced when the crops or the animals are sold.
The main disadvantage of an overdraft is that it is repayable on demand. The farmer whose crop fails because of bad
weather knows the problem of being unable to repay the overdraft. Having overdraft financing increases the worries of
those who manage the company. The other disadvantage is that the interest payable on overdrafts is variable. When
interest rates increase, the cost of the overdraft increases. Furthermore, for small companies there are often
complaints that the rate of interest charged is high compared with that available to larger companies. The banks answer
that the rates charged reflect relative risk and it is their experience that small companies are more risky.

Key points:

Providing short-term finance by companies ( n1)

In a form of an overdraft for companies (I adjusted in the template) (n2)
A current account (n3)
having advantages and disadvantages (I adjusted in the template) ( n4 and n5)
the flexibility (n6)
being repayable on demand (n7 and I added and)
variable overdrafts (n9)
increasing interest rates (n8)
increasing costs (n10)
Answer:

Whereas the fundamental essence of providing short-term finance by companies

emphasizes the significance of an overdraft for companies, the corresponding impacts
of a current account such as having advantages and having disadvantages are
acknowledged, and the flexibility could be inferred evidently from being repayable on
demand and increasing interest rates, which the potential implications of having variable
overdrafts and increasing costs are presumed. (63)

Question 4:

A leader can define or clarify goals by issuing a memo or an executive order, an edict or a fatwa
or a tweet, by passing a law, barking a command, or presenting an interesting idea in a meeting
of colleagues. Leaders can mobilize people’s energies in ways that range from subtle, quiet
persuasion to the coercive threat or the use of deadly force. Sometimes a charismatic leader such
as Martin Luther King Jr. can define goals and mobilize energies through rhetoric and the power
of example. We can think of leadership as a spectrum, in terms of both visibility and the power
the leader wields. On one end of the spectrum, we have the most visible: authoritative leaders
like the president of the United States or the prime minister of the United Kingdom, or a dictator
such as Hitler or Qaddafi. At the opposite end of the spectrum is casual, low-key leadership
found in countless situations every day around the world, leadership that can make a significant
difference to the individuals whose lives are touched by it. Over the centuries, the first kind–the
out-in-front, authoritative leadership–has generally been exhibited by men. Some men in
positions of great authority, including Nelson Mandela, have chosen a strategy of “leading from
behind”; more often, however, top leaders have been quite visible in their exercise of power.
Women (as well as some men) have provided casual, low-key leadership behind the scenes. But
this pattern has been changing, as more women have taken up opportunities for visible,
authoritative leadership.

Question 5

By living in close contact with humans, dogs have developed specific skills that enable them to
interact and communicate effectively with people.
Recent studies have shown that the canine brain can pick up on emotional cues contained in a
person's voice, body odor and posture, and read their faces.In this study, the authors observed
what happened when they presented photographs of the same two adults' faces (a man and a
woman) to 26 feeding dogs. The images were placed strategically to the sides of the animals' line
of sight and the photos showed a human face expressing one of the six basic human emotions:
anger, fear, happiness, sadness, surprise, disgust or being neutral.
The dogs showed greater response and cardiac activity when shown photographs that expressed
arousing emotional states such as anger, fear and happiness. They also took longer to resume
feeding after seeing these images. The dogs' increased heart rate indicated that in these cases they
experienced higher levels of stress.In addition, dogs turned their heads to the left when they saw
human faces expressing anger, fear or happiness. The reverse happened when the faces looked
surprised, possibly because dogs view it as a non-threatening, relaxed expression. These
findings, therefore, support the existence of an asymmetrical emotional modulation of dogs'
brains to process basic human emotions.

Question 6

A leader can define or clarify goals by issuing a memo or an executive order, an edict or a fatwa
or a tweet, by passing a law, barking a command, or presenting an interesting idea in a meeting
of colleagues. Leaders can mobilize people’s energies in ways that range from subtle, quiet
persuasion to the coercive threat or the use of deadly force. Sometimes a charismatic leader such
as Martin Luther King Jr. can define goals and mobilize energies through rhetoric and the power
of example. We can think of leadership as a spectrum, in terms of both visibility and the power
the leader wields. On one end of the spectrum, we have the most visible: authoritative leaders
like the president of the United States or the prime minister of the United Kingdom, or a dictator
such as Hitler or Qaddafi. At the opposite end of the spectrum is casual, low-key leadership
found in countless situations every day around the world, leadership that can make a significant
difference to the individuals whose lives are touched by it. Over the centuries, the first kind–the
out-in-front, authoritative leadership–has generally been exhibited by men. Some men in
positions of great authority, including Nelson Mandela, have chosen a strategy of “leading from
behind”; more often, however, top leaders have been quite visible in their exercise of power.
Women (as well as some men) have provided casual, low-key leadership behind the scenes. But
this pattern has been changing, as more women have taken up opportunities for visible,
authoritative leadership.

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