higher uncertainty — « Lower entropy => lower uncertainty ao = Conditional Entropy den = H(VIX) = Ex PQ) IX = x) m=2 <&Attribute Selection Measure: _Information Gain (ID3/C4.5) = Select the attribute with the highest information gain = Let p, be the probability that an arbitrary tuple in D belongs to class C,, estimated by |C, 51/|D1 = Expected information (entropy) needed to classify a tuple in D: Info (D) =~ p, log 3(2,) = Information needed (after using A to split D'Thto v partitions) to classify D: .1D,1 Info ,(D) = Y) +> Info (D ,) fi 1DI = Information gained by branching on attribute A Gain(A) = Info(D) - Info ,(D) Attribute Selection: Information Gain Class P: buys_computer = “yes” Info, (0) =£12,3) +4164) I Class N: buys_computer = “no” ea 14 se se 5 . Flow.) =0.940 + 7g 1G2)= 0.694 > 1(2,3ymeans “age <=30" has 5 out of 14 samples, with 2 yes’es and 3 o's. Hence Gain(age) = Info(D) ~ Info,,.(D) = 0.246 Similarly, Gairkincome) = 0.029 Gair(student) =0.151 Gairfcredit _rating) = 0.048 “ <%Computing Information-Gain for Continuous-Valued Attributes = Let attribute A be a continuous-valued attribute = Must determine the best split point for A = Sort the value A in increasing order = Typically, the midpoint between each pair of adjacent values is considered as a possible split point = (a\+a,,,)/2 is the midpoint between the values of a, and a,,1 «= The point with the minimum expected information requirement for A is selected as the split-point for A = Split: = D1is the set of tuples in D satisfying A < split-point, and D2 is the set of tuples in D satisfying A > split-point as Gain Ratio for Attribute Selection (C4.5) = Information gain measure is biased towards attributes large number of values = C4.5 (a successor of ID3) uses gain ratio to overcome the problem (normalization to information gain) |D 8 ith a Splitinfo. 4(D) = - = GainRatio(A) = Gain(A)/Splitinfo(A) aE 6 x. SplitiefomeemeD) = —2 x Ios2(4) - & x on (2 fx toea (8) = 2.807 = gain_ratio(income) = 0.029/1.557 = 0.019 = The attribute with the maximum gain ratio is selected as the splitting attribute 16 <)>i Index (CART, IBM IntelligentMiner) = Ifa data set D contains examples from n classes, gini index, i n gini(D) is defined as ot (Dyat- £ ph where p; is the relative frequency of class jin D = Ifa data set D is split on A into two subsets D, and Dz, the gini index gini(D) defined as gini ,(D)= Oyen (Dit Uhm (D 2) = Reduction in Impurity: Agini (A) = gini (D)- gini ,(D) = The attribute provides the smallest ginigo,(D) (or the largest reduction in impurity) is chosen to split the node (need to enumerate all the possible splitting points for each attribute) Index Computation of Gi = Ex, D has 9 tuples in buys_computer = “yes” and 5 in “no’ gin (D)=1-(2 (a) = 0.459 = Suppose the attribute income partitions D Into 10 in D,: {low, medium} and 4 in Dy giti son sive man \(D) = (# Gini (o+( Son @) -8(0-(8)'-(@))+46-(@'-@) = Gintama «tie 2) Ginigow nigh) 1S 0-458; Gini gnecium righ) iS 0.450. Thus, split on the {low,medium} (and {high}) since it has the lowest Gini index = Allattributes are assumed continuous-valued = May need other tools, e.g., clustering, to get the possible split values = Can be modified for categorical attributes ‘s ou© Decision tree construction becomes inefficient due to swapping of the training tuples in and out of main and cache memories. © Over fitting problem. Decision Tree Induction algorithm for Scalability are: ‘© SLIQ- Builds an index for each attribute and only class list and the attribute list reside in memory.> Onir- ny Decisim Tree Taduehon °- => Sherepratn leer ques »> Beparati. dali 4d jnls Smaller Sober > Classe she & « form ef dale Analy List ee lines moedsle daferbing smopartant = ates , Arneh me clels called n cert en" preter wagered) lone (Oeint Wires) do clarsiticaten works"’ Date Clasehist wo tro hep presen. fie Learnt shep a. clarnpeste ~Slep- " Leanne Ata - ; ay pe lempern x bute debetbeni aw prodarinicad Set of late Clarres or corepa. SS where a clariificshy gets butte! [ne we by Ara lgezs leat Charrh eno tors is i => 4 Erining Seb make op oF fples anh (rar avon La) Clara labels> & lepe b representinf by R= bbc vebtor X= Crud, x -.- Xn) > n maceosenent ton mos be oy eee Up “incon n: databas — Uocdaale 5 Sagan cts!” 2 reheatUnit WM -Classification Classification -It is also called as Supervised Learning . Supervision ~The training data are used to learn classifier. ~the training data are labeled data. -New data(unlabeled) are classified using the training data, Principles construct models(functions) based on some training examples -describe and distinguish classes or concepts for future prediction -predict some unknown‘calss labels Comparing Classification and Prediction Method: S.No ion Prediction ae I -Classification predicts -A predictor predicts a continuous-valued function, or categorical (discrete, unordered) | ordered value.ie predicts unknown or missing values. labels. Regression! Analysis is used for prediction. Uses labels of the training data | -Predictior also cailed as numeric prediction. to classify new data, 2 -Classification model to Prediction model to predict the expenditures of categorize bank loan potential customers on purchase of computer applications as either safe or | equipment. based o their income and occupation. risky T Accuracy: Classifier Accuracy-the ability of a classifier to predict class labels. Predictor Accuracy -how well a given predictor can guess the value of the predicted attribute for new or previously unseen data. 0 Spe Time to construct the model(training time) Time to use the model(classification/prediction time) G Robustness: Handling noisy data or data with missing values.) Sealabili ‘ This refers to the ability to construct the classifier or predictor efficiently given large amounts of data. | Interpretability: ‘This refers to the level of understanding and insight that is provided by the classifier or predictor. | Applications = Creditloan approval: 1 Medical diagnosis: if'a tumor is cancerous or benign Fraud detection: if a transaction is fraudulent * Web page categorization: which category itis Classification—A Two-Step Process * Model construction leaming or training step): construct a classification model based on training data. ‘Training Data F | Each tuple/sample is assumed to belong to a predefined class, as determined by | the class label attribute, The set of tuples used for mode! construction is training set | The model is represented as classification rules, decision trees, or mathematical | formulae é ‘© Model usage: for classifying future or unknown objects Estimate accuracy of the model To measure the accuracy of a model we need test data Accuracy rate is the percentage of test set samples that are correctly t classified by the model ing set (otherwise over fitting) Test set is independent of trai Irthe accuracy is acceptable, use the model to classify new data Note: If the test set is used to select models, itis called validation (test) set AlgovilKn BackPrfargs hoo ~ Nelars) no hvore oe for Classifreshsn Co numeric _preolie fon he we fe boing beck prepaqa hoo algorithm Tnpab: Da date Set esis of (ty, Eresnnp tuple and And thal, MSouals benget valuce . 1 Che Berg fake Ne(sorle-> A _ Mulkleyou Pew forwards nobuwk catput! Inhali2e att weight ancl biases my naGoode ° »® Lone Lerminghng Cncdihon isnot Sab feel - ae - 5 for Gach Freining haps X in D-dabe sel t for Cach input leyer on 7S Oj = LyV Howtput of am Jp uoits fs 16 | fer exch hidden © output layer un 5 £ Tj = 2; Wi p+ O=3 Compe tenet BE ae ag tap =A {2 prods a c < 7 . 4 ~ of = t - = Thasly fhe oxtmers Sk CF for ere urit_y to the outpst feyax trey = of C= oy) au Bom z = ber teryeh velue of tun +} For each unit fio Gu hidden layer From last be te frst hiololen leper melErr) = O,U-0 ud, E vespeck bo the non hot layer, le For each wag 9)3 % nebroodc 2 Avy = (6) Em OF FN doug Lic TEnORs Wij = 0) 4 A uy ; (rawglb updels for each bias G4 th Preto £ - a A Oz = (Lh) Evy ‘ s Crp Bore ~ ear a a - 3 : —* Ex vosul Sareea Gol onshes PRP Bs: back peebagshs Frist Lradning, kup ¥s Clio, )wilk aclas Lad of “”AL The (ap is fod Into Oe nelaok And tte nce ip and omtpeb ef each ait era Lompeld |MP weght Srl pac Veluss—-C @malt ae on mlers © range, —1.0 tb 1-0 (0) 0.5 oo) MO %3 7 iy wis ry Woe Yay Oe eae 7 t oO { O02 -02 OF dt -OAS Or -03 -o.2 Oy Os & ~O4 62 of " Nek pak anal akpat Cakealahs, * 2 Unite, 4 nek yp, i Outpt Of, ti= Zvip Gey ot 0.2 40205-0.4 =-07 GE") =o.g B= 02b bo 40.2 + 0.22. Votge2') 20-525 bo ¢-© 2y.¢H.299) = 60. 2900595Viny 1 C3 )-6.u1Y = 0-105 Calailehenr Of Ure Crreor gi Gech Ned, tani ery =O; =o) (43-03) G S, 4 Coury) (0.474) Cow) = 6.13 (05s) (1-0 S25) Ceaggm) (-0 2) = ~ 0-005 (o- 33.2) (1-0-332)C0-13") (~9- 8)=-0 Copy> Lit = eae ol Bias = . io tient x i > PF ebvarhe Inf weigleted Sano funds ‘p Cotutpd di Peas ows Laajes @ rat ied gnd oubpiot BP acl, tt, i the Inddes Snd Sp 1oyea ane Comptia) b Se tp tad ste 4 Ohh aed prego. Sa Lau E Pree oe weal weft saad pt ay [> Bech unit 1h [ke hiclden anol oubpet leyeg tat nok fp Anh Spplios achvethss finches nok of | a Gel pe tan Gye ast fy Com sx tual _ Jvate. Op a] : d — 0h Ave} e — -€ oepunsnhs constent 9 bn) 2 ih Velux apprestionds 2-Nne d \ { L5 Ly af [= Pe > (noe Valu CLP toil gen poor tuple od Biainiedy & be. waithies Sam of (he ere of (bs ests Connaabid te ini) ih tha hoped Lays age —— ee ee Leyes task 4 Exr off) Aealars = a Onnect ote ery of umt EWS: (ey wegik ark biases ane plates) ts retlaed fie _prepagaled €3ve — rake reales po te 2a ved Awl} = Cg) Ew oO; Wis ip yA AS}H— me ~ ee alt j. wel Anpd Tf Tea ; oD} DX-G} +I -P-S uy. S201 | | ee Dx-o +1e ps bao re TIE O05 Oy > 0-38 TX- ORF Oxo Plxyo-2 FO-2 = —O-1 (0 S25) 504 c 19s Err Erry : Fa PTO TTS SF eae a HTH) U20-41y) Green? =O +1311 Caldlabe, fos weight and Biss Updabig “ ~ Ay Arg idee shih t-etaa)-(dulSil) 6o.2)."6 100 « =(orS9 SO moesrg (Outsiiyere) = — ire ok e7 -~_Wyp |-o-8 4 C009) CH.1 21) Coe 922) = — O'2b) AAs lf : ou) terd oF foarneg vali x wee |-o24 Coa)(o12t! > (0.826) =-0 128 why |e + Coq) tooe 0871) =O j40 WLS |= o.2 + (95). (-6 0065) C1) =o = 206 Woy | 0-4 Co) Co post) Yo) ay Was | o-l 4 (0.5) gp noes) Co) = oifi*" Way ef G + Co Ss) (0-68 1) C1) <0. 50k eee [o.2 2005) C7 6 bs )C) = 0-154 ll) I" 5) (9-18!) ) = ale onyS . Chars fration (yniy may eli gate) © sdepetical Ulesifier, PrbelAes euch toe Bayer ~ Bory e1/aD awifiert are preclict Clas menbethe cu fhe GP rupee heloage parficulas Clats, BY ds bad 9 OS heti eye WBeore « Napier have ho haw high Aduracy 4% ped. uber applied to lay Clalebase. . Naive bayear Classifiers o> A\stume spat He e offet of wn atobule velo on @ ger clas 0 joclipencleot of Se veelas of We ~ ofker abvhula , Bu auumptico ww called Class cone tool Ja clipenda ’ Bayern behef efworki ap Pre Gh ahh untike nate Bay e7eP ofan fiet, ebioe pepresen fet (0 of dependn pebseé of odbrhle. [eter autoroah elig orders Mey can prebebly that a even Cher ficelsr cal mete, he. ae emf or cabagor 204 ALE inte one ©) ) Oe ee c cabacie clases a lena] be filter Heer 73 class Labal ay es Yheorem 41 name’ Ar bays, & enghih Lergy WW who corked wh tuning the 1B century e@ ~~ (h) Baye Shore . poncon fermitt probably f heesro0 Hheoy Lt x be a alate Hyph. to bay er ar Serme, cbied! as “bopdne” ket Wh som hypohers x wu cons a puch cor Hae he belle Aple x belongs fo peapred ch c. Ther cluificales problom + chetermiuch hy plHfe) , whe prosablly hat te. eeae Aypothecte W fords JD Phe "oyicliots! om oo chserecd lala Ayphe x. ‘i © prebabr tity oO Clan feed a foo A yper G Poste wen probeh&ly ¥ @Y poor probability ’ fosterion probabitity obs ee ae Pretsbililg Crab PCH/D) 4 He poster’ ‘on erokadly » Or @ pos Pot pubabilty, of 4 conchtioad 09K. eae Lramph : 9 suppose ous coorld of dalz faples a con fired bb curdomers chrenbed by The atytuler %g¢ ancl jacome, rerpectivtly...and. Mat x ts @ ae year-old Cus leomer WH a income of $40,000 Qnd H 2 He bypokers Hat our cur heer wil buy a compile, Then plus; afk te probably tat cushimer x will Y a Compulr Ger tek we knon Hhe Carlen ee & G inece, é Prer probabitty - PLHD 4 the poor probably, or probabhily . of 4, @ pron Aram phe: hi ti She picbably hat any Ziven Curher coil) boy & Compeltr, resardhu Of Ye, Incony by any OA er vopormeatsn . (0, He proba, Any: yp ) , > at Cusrkmers, x, 6 35 years old and Carne = Sho,coc, Given mat Ae cushoner wit buf A Compulir , Probability Amabon + pews, Plx/H). anol pcss mey be udmalkd prom he gen calc, Bryer Beover Li wiepl in Pra 10 proves a way of caleulalirs He posterior prbhl fs PAA), fiow plHs, ptx/Ad, wd pers, @ Baye Hhecve PlAUKS - POH) PCH) > PCx). Naive Bayerer chaceiJicetion jhe naiwe Baye model ti 4 mehod ox poor rons cupewited earns of 2 clanifi cabo problem. THE puve bayerin Claes ficy g make He auunphoo of clan conditiooad ) sncbeperdact , ye froen He Clu lebel f %& Hpk, Aimple G wel] kiewo yhe vals of Fhe abpyder ae avumed so bg conditienally dependent of one anotber. ws naive bayeren clatifier, (Bid Singh bageren Clauifier lworks a4 follocos ;em eeeree. OT By ae (ne suena i, Li d & a pairing set of +upler, anf bear avoual chu hbelt. fach Jeph +i seprevenhkt by an p-cbrmtnciontl Abvhule vec ler, X= (Nis), adpich9 nn meanuremnk mack & Adv«ma of 4 given eonof a nceneli hen, | pritee bi hh Knewn we a erndcinp 4 Le 4 2 ryphk pon 1 aAn bali , vepectively BD,» Ag+. 8p prwbabili eS x Suppae hat Hee ae m chauer, C,, ly,..6m » Green typle > x, He clawifiey will pri thot y belers Whosa conditions) nd ) Compdédd after ob, a to He Clase having the highe! porheoon press tty fo The tandithens| oditioved bn x. That 4, He naive Bey b1 en che puclilr Het ph & belong fo He Clas Cy pf apf ooh of POOP) > PCYSH) fr sss em, Ske event t event Thu, We maksnixe Pl (x). Be Chau Cl) yor whh Pl /x) & masrimzed «4 called He. MAL) MUD pestevion’ hypotbess , by bayer PheO.em PCGPe) = PlAfce) p Cor) . Pp tx) (py ps Plt 4 constant for _a// Claes, ook de mavmixed. If he 207 410.00, VA de Clavel Gre equally ple lecd Plee) veects to class poor pres abhi ae Comoe Y auumed Hat He Likely » Heb plod = plad=...2 plem) and w cutel» Enron cle Yo late sefe with — many ab bule, iodhep ence ab madls & : Clan |eble of +h he fore MALI ni Se pute). OM tr 180 , Ue Cs SO, We MQAL/ Li perfec) PCG)» Vt be ould comp le he exhrenely Compttationally expens/oe fo cpalualing 12 plr/ti) + To xecbuce computati? fen Of Clas ~C nd Hence plx let), the paive amumpr Thai preseme Phat He adpibele dbus ve conch tool jnctependen? ef ove Aph Lie. Hat Hoe ve afpbelT d+ Thus, anoHser, 1? He pe cteperclina melation ships among Phe pixie) =U PC fee) kel = pls [a)* pla Jer) r+ atp Lia) t) wae putter en Uo caly ortnel lem praio'y pple uferc %& — pepert yo He value ef Phe por tpl vee tach abvbale — Lok at Seker He abr bale 4 tuned . Con 710 WO va cons cler 2 adn hele A calzone! or Jor instana , tO sompeli plrlec), x follows ;(@ Lf Pe ti Cebegenecl » “Hen ple Jec) t: &? He nudes of Aepls ef Claw te jo D having te valac te for es Muicled by Jee, ye waz nwoke of tpl: of Claw lyin d. can tinucu_trhued, Heo D Coodnuoedt Vehsd Oty bale Gauuieh chifols Ef Pe a axe neecl to do a bt mek wvrk, wi typcally Avemwed 4o have 4 “6 end sHindard ateviallss oF Ya @ wih @ mean abefrved & prstocts lily dohibubed that oo | fae. abt ee i a oy glijto 2 Liaw pee) Vare- Ge © lees reat Seceaan Chak Mol: so that ae —_—Q@ plate [ted =f Cte Me? oe) yo compile tc, and Te _ cue need yo Va c. = ; Cchnctued tures.) of the vale of adwbele Py tf 720#0°F ay @ Ly pid clan of C- Then plef Shere fue yuan? 7) 70g cer wth es fo ert jm ole jofo eye , plylecs. Jer erfeatioo Com v) : Learned medled 41 represen tra at f H-4a ? cer. usd we ertimine hows Fach reles Me aed fos Classification. Then fo Chucdy the ey jn ubch they can Le genralecd ether ftom a oy & aeeisren Pee ue diectly fron He Training dale wing a Seqyecn hal foveng algo vn for cles Wing H- Hho Rules for chasti feo bso Rule are a goo Ly os pepreen ting 1, A ete bared Chauifier We & An H- ten yeele Pe ee see of H- Phe puter for Chats: jpeoksa « ys an express ef He foro py _xcendidion> then conckreo, An example a rule Ri, 2 BiH aye = gots Pwd chutert = ¥ eyet THEA a __ coma — Say- comple = = fee “the de past Cor heft -8 sided of a eh known as coochtied. ‘The “ren” part Cor fe pole snteeedeol or _prccanclite yight side) Ai we vue Conse wnt « Zn He yule naberdet, the (encki(an consish abrbelia sede Ce, age = yout $ cudnt = ye) The rulei —Loncegsreatr/ Coord bag fone Or mere. Hat are logically Awad a Can precliction « arFITEYQASSSS WW Role __eeteattien fom eS cwotip y R Can ake & &, lage yours) A Ctductent = vet) => Chu. Comp: er. f Ut pe cenadice Cie, al) He adybale Pet) a a rule. avkecectent holds prue fxr & GU” Ake, we Sey Hak The rule ankcectent is satiofed and At He yule Covers She spl: he Aueacd by 8 couse F can a yule R can Oh yoo a Cal Jab elect Bali pisos Of puple covered by Pp aceurayy - Gin a Teh, set, Ds ews do He pret. rack hs He oandr of pape I, 23 Prom Lr of 7p and [pf ba Ae 2” Cast bel ay Bo sauy ob 2H d pe coe covereepe and atuny ° we Ni S coverope CRI = Seg /D/ Quanacy (2) = Deore ct Ndeovers . e That , & yulels coverage ui ¥, of fyphy Hat are Covered 4y the vel. a. Decisien p tres Sha deal with kono TER, a rh- haued! Classifier fy er/valting Mf Hen rules ton a clecsion fret» Zo Comparten wis & pecit/on dre, the When riley may fo carer for Samant fo enclrctand , parprewtar ly Wo He Cbeasio free. be Vey sage ehFo anlat nebes ahak yules pom a Aelision Aree, One i crealid for bach pars prom He peer = 2 fach Sphting Crifenion aherg A gGiun pow # Lycee form fhe rule anheedent ("I¢'g pat). The preclicton + forming Hho heed woe Avded to feaf pode tolcls Fhe yule enceyerd 0" Ther” pues. Leamph Conver tag Abettion Tree (0% hen adler. } Rs HF age= youk Awd shiderd =00 The busy compiln Ro: 1h ages Sor — pur Sheen) = ser Then boys. lompelis Pas Tf Ye= wich - aed phen boys. Compal -% Par if Cyts tener — per creekd.rari} cereetlioy Thin buys Compuls ye pri If eget: seo gape Grdkteverhry fete TRE Saye. Comple sae ae Gn we Pree Be rele wok ? ae ale enhecdlint, Oy cond:tioo Heel Jor a green * bsfimald acunay of He cloes not dm prove He can be pruned Cle removed), Hareby Generale ™4 phe veh. The trainif Taple § Adio anyone d clus Labels an usd to enim ale yutle Acura . Poy yuk, el doe 107 pa poem ioueal) accel 7, of Ae ve vule. St can oho = be prenedl , yale enti ayoer probleme = punrg quel Prensag . lin Powever the rales wilh 0 longer fo mut exclusive % echarhive» For Loo flel yerolaboo 9 Ces aclepte a cha. bared Orch ving scheme. Lf Frys Popeher @l/ ruler for a dingh Chur, and Keo Aefemnes @ reanking of Hest claw yah sh. within @ rbe tl, She sels are oF orclered + Chas vichens aac ee ged so cu fo mininiee Fhe pesodee of (6% pos tee envoré + The clea seule eet wih te bear) num ber — of fats potiee ts 04 amined fed » OneL. preset th complele, a fine check i alone fo remove WY hupheate Rule Incluction wig a eG, wanhal cove nng Deere a Y- then rele cap ha ee ratlel olivectly show Be training AAR Cwithout owing fo geherak a iy olecisian free pier) euing a sequen yet covenng alzon tin. (tey yee one Learned hey wn prelly Lone abe Hime), where each mth sor a en Clan rll jchally, Cover many of fre clan Heaplers A epycen pal Couenny, Crlyenthor Are Ke mer widely wed UYproach to miing Aiyuntive se of clanzrcab sale. There ane mmo seayentd efgonithroe oO Ae D RippeR ete vi) evaom Genrral Shral§y flows ) Puls cue btaroe coe at @ dime. i fearned, Ho puple Covered aw by Yoo seule ave on He of le 4 in coohast fo Fah time 4 gele romoued , and He psocen oop” Wey negucnt al Laine rem ating Agples - alecttion per incheleS Algontbm + Seyucntial buenng . dean Q Set Of B- Fer yuls fo, Clow fitalsn i Lnpet * D, a ocala set of Chu. Jabeld Juphe pi.val, ye seh of all atnbuls % rifete poet he outputs A sel of Lf. THEN velo. eles METHOD : Wid Pubes = $237) tnifrad get of xute gee @ te each claucelo eye a & repent tp Rute = Learn. be Bale CD, by valt, J; ie remove tuple: covecd by Rule hom Dd w Rube_see = Rute cet + pole; Dada ated yucle @ worl Permmat rf Coneh'Iroo Ye set @gY enor y FeJurn Lule -00et- ;Aods Hye "BEI. The earn ~one - Pale poceelare curred Jet Y cunent tan, given We yule for He Praidirg rupbes. How are veles teanedd 9 i Typreally » valor Qe frowo yn Oo genes cl ~re- gan Sind Thy 6 Mk 2% Specific manne empy wih en 99 cchetlld aD empy Y g Hin Grae all, — slat df wh keep appending adn huliy tele to it. — we gppend by ade th adwhule fehl O12 y Gyical Conjnt to phe existing Cone: W100 wf 4a yl an fececlef ‘ syper our peiniy Feb D, Ceoush of hab appuiceetin tale. Aba buli: regarchg each applicant potluck tkeir — He, income, echucetion evel, verichau, trecket ating, Y ibe Ferm ef a bead The clawityng _attabeli 6 auep/ed ( gale) ban chitceo . reected (nicky) coith Me aude fr He chau acest we ofad ff ewird mat powerful yale anfececkat 2} empty The weber ip Then loan cleisivo= accepti — G THEN loan. chetc'oo = ace? Ip 10 meh HEN (pan. fect 0 sacs If loanderm: adem: Tye sncome = hiph yhen loan. dhtiaioo = accept ™~ NN ® > peor high Po . Manocedgi) imone sh 6 Uae gh Aap AnD *ft= cred 1 vat = realtor? Cyed’h vary -fair mm ddlt-ofe Then [oan- febisao- lyhen Aan. Then Iran. decis0o= LEP ” Cle wit «= J) accep Le v Ligh ood yf Upeomes age = outs e then loan_che ctsi09 ye err Pale preening Learn.00e- Rul Clow aod empley q fed set ashen eueluctting yeler. Bile ney poser axl! 00 He freining Clata , but Ae well 00 tebsequeat hts. To Compenseele fox Hi we can prune He yer, Whe ti pruned by yemeungy 2 conjren te Cab bul jut), 3)wwe Choere fo pre a rule, By A Hho prrect LS) veroon of R hat greale quatty , a aseuccl 00 an Independent Set Of Aeplu, Ae P prunitg, ux defer to Ahi feb as Q prenry seb tesco fee Vane proning shares tan £0 deed such a Phe pessimistic prebhin§ ~ eppoath - folk tues a Singh gee Cffictive meted. Crveny Q rele, 2 fore. prone Ch) 2 2YW PF Pet AD , i 7 ) tap lee cokn, where pos 4 neg - Mp. of posite 4g negative 4y respectively Thi Valeo will /ncvectte with fhe Atel 2 iy, fk On a prening sek. ot fou-pre velue ai higher for ThE pruned versv00 2, ee es ° Chace rfitatiod By packpiopé Ae OO RY Se sek of Connell A foput [ oupet ente 10 which bc connethan fas & evergh) auccelid cit vt. Dy fxg Ate Learning P in, yee net work keane $7 Adffthry ge cxightt tow jo wbh to preckict torreck ches Fabel of Ma jnpek typle peural Atehoork fearniy clue to YEA Cun, 32 conne tion hobvern