m CAMBRIDGE CEMA a Tenet Secu u uC Rit} Cambridge Checkpoint Science CoursebookMary Jones, Diane Fellowes-Freeman and David Sang Cambridge Checkpoint Science Coursebook 8 CAMBRIDGEa invoduction E Welcome to your Cambridge Secondary 1 Science coure! “This book covers the second year, Stage 8, of the Cambridge Secondary 1 Science ‘curriculum. At the end of the yea, your teacher may ask you to take atest called rogresion Test. Tis book wil elp you to leatn how to be a good scientist, and todo well in the tes. The main areas of science ‘The book is divided into three main sections, each one dealing with one of three main areas of science, These are (Diner sirine — @® “Chemistry the study of the substances from wich the Earth and the est othe Univers are made ‘There are no sharp dividing lines between these thre branches of scence ‘You wil ind many owrlaps between them. Learning to be a scientist During yourours you wil ear alt of fics an nfrmation, You vl abo begin ears oie a seni. Scien cl informaton and do experiment yt fnd out how dings work. You wi lar how to plan am experiment tno find oa the answer & “gation Yor wil lar how 0 eco our res ad howto we them to ake shel When you see this ymbot EP, it means sar the ak wl ep yout develop ‘oursclenifienquy sl Using your knowledge 1s important to earn facts and scientific idea as you go through your science «course. Bui is just as important tobe able tose dese facts and ideas, When you see this symbol Q&S it means chat you are being asked to use your Knowledge to work out an answer You wll have to think hard to find the awe for yoursel, using the science that you have learnt. (AH stands for Applications and Implications)oe Contents Introduction Biology Units Plants Photosynthesis Lewes Investigating photosynthesis Roots “Transporting water and minerals End of unit questions Unit 2 Food and digestion 24 22 23. 24 25, 26 Nutrients Abalanced dict Digestion and absorption ‘The human digestive system Teeth Enzyines End of unit questions Unit 3 The circulatory system The human circulatory system The heart Blood Blood vessels End of unit questions Unit 4 Respiration “The human respiratory system Gas exchange Aerobic respiration Keeping fi Gigaretes and health End of unit questions Unit s Reproduction and development 5a 52 53 5a 55 36 ° Gametes The human reproduetve system What happens to the egy cl? From embryo to baby Growth and development Lifestyle and health Enel of nit questions 6 10 12 “4 16 62 6 Chemistry Unit 6 States of matter 6 62 63 ot 65 Particle theory Diffusion Investigating difision Brownian motion Gas pressure End of nit questions Unit Elements and compounds 1 12 3 4 13 Atoms ‘Atoms and elements The Pevidic Table Compounds Formulae End of tnt questions Mixtures Compound and mistares ‘More about mistores Separating mixtures (Cheomatagrapby Soluions Solniisy Solubility investigation End of unit questions Unit 9 Material changes. 8 92 93. 94 95, 96 97 Physical and chemical changes Burning Reactions with acd Rearranging atoms More about conservation of mass Detecting chemical teaetions Rasting End of uni questions a 8 at 8 aa 2 8 96 100 12 ot 106 108 10 Liz ls 16 lis 20 leContents (& Physics Reference Unit 20 Measuring motion Making better measurements 176. 10. How fis?’ —Measuringspeed 124 Measuring instruments 176 102 Speed check 125, Improving accuracy mm 10.3 Speed eaeslatons 128 Anomalous sls 178 TOA Paterna af movement 139 Understanding equations 9 105 Distance/time graphs iz Enel of unie questions 134 Glossary and index tr Catered ‘Acknowledgements 189 111 Changing sounds 136 112 Looking at vibrations 138, 113 How sound waves M0 TA Sounds ona seeen 142 115 How we hear Mt Enel of unie questions 46. Unit 2 Light 12.1. How ight waves us. 122 How shadows form 150 123 How reflections frm 152 124 How ight bends 154 125° Thespectrum of white ight 156 126 Coloured tight 158 End of unit questions 160 Unit 9 Magnetism 15.1 Magnets and magnetic materials 162 15.2 Magnetic poles toe 133 Magnetic ld patterns tos 134 Making an electromagnet 168 135 Astronger electromagnet 170 13.6 Blctee currents make magnetic fields ne dof unit questions 4>) 1.1 Photosynthesis — Where do you get your energy rr Your energy eames fom the Food that you eat. Energy is pase from one organism to another along a food chain Every food chain begins with a plant. Pans capoate energy fom igh, and transfer some of the energy into dhe Foo that they make. When we eat food we get some of that energy. {In this uni, we wil look at how plants use energy rom ight 10 make food, BA Ae ee dg grass cricket splaer small bid hawk The arrows ina food chain show the energy passing from one organism to another. Making with tight meas "making with igh. Photosynthesis is the way that pants make f nea to do with ight “Synthesis menns "making. So ‘ph using energy fom light. This forest n New Zealand isa giant food factory. a a 4 Think of two mare words that brain with phot. What does each of your words mean? 2 Inthe fod chain above, at which point does photosynthesis take place?e 4.4. Photosynthesis @Q What else do plants need for photosynthesis? + Plante use water in photorythesis, They get the water fromthe sil + Plants ue earbon dioxide in photosynthesis They get the cathon dicxide frm the ai ‘You already know that plants make fod by photosynthesis. But they also make a very important gas - oxygen. ‘We can summarise photosynthesis ike thie: ‘Water and carbon dleide are changed into food and oxygen, using energy from light Biomass Plants use the fod that dhey make in photosynthesis ro make new elle and ties, Material that x made of Tiving elle and sues scaled biomass, 41 Sow some srl seeds on damp filter paper, in two identical dies, Leave them in a warm place to germinate, Make sure tha they de not dry out 2 When the serds have germinated, put one set into a dark cupboart, ‘or into cloed eardboard ox. Leave the other st in light place Keep giving them both a litle water Try to make sure thatthe temperatueis the same for both sets of seedlings. 3 Alter two day, compare the appearance of the two sets of seedlings, You could also make labelled drawings of «seeding from each ‘A: Explain itwarimporatokep on ot of sings inthe ight. | ‘Az Explain why it was important thatthe temperature was the same for both sts of seedlings. Ce et eee ere * Plants use water and carbon dioxide in photosynthesis. iene rien an econ plans ©In mast plants the leaves ‘out photosynthesis the ong that carry Chlorophyit “Most leaves are green. This is because they contain a green pigment called chloraphyl. (A pigment i coloured sete) hloraphyl is eset for photasythesi Chloroptyl captures energy fom fight. The lea ca then use this energy to make food. Leaves capture energy fom light 4 Think about what you know about the structure of ells, What is the name of the part of «pant cell” alo beginning wih ‘chro’ that contains iloropl?| 2 Sugest why leaves are green, but rots are not 3 Think back to Activity Il, where you gree some selings inthe dark What happened tothe elorophyil in them? ‘The structure of a leaf "The picture shows the different pars of leaf Tre leat looks green because ‘The veins carey water othe cellsin te ora the leaf, They aso help 0 support, the leaf and hold taut Nat. ~ The lea stalk attaches the leaf tothe pant. Most leaves are very thin sollght can reach allthe Cells inside them. How a lea is adapted for photosynthesisInside a leaf waxy lay “The dagram on the right sbows. ‘what a leaf Tooks ike f you 2ut it aeros, ad the Took a the Leaves ate so thin that is dlfiul to fmagine they contain several ayers of cells His the ‘ells in the dale ofthe leat ‘that carry ot photosynthesis Aveln carries water to the cells inthe eat. ‘Tre lower epidermis protects the cells Inside the lea Activity 4.2 ese ton the leat surface stops the leaf Cells from drying out. 12 om ‘The upper epidermis protects the calls Inside the lea, ‘The palisade layer contains cells that domost ofthe photosynthesis. ‘Tee spongy layer has lots of air spaces. The cells inthe spongy ayer doa smallamount of photosynthesis A stoma (plural: stomata) isa tiny hole inthe lower episermis These holes let carton dioxide from the air get intothe leat. ‘AL On which surfice of the leaf cid most bubbles appear? ‘Az ‘The bubbles contained gas that came out from inside the ea. Which part of the lat da you think the gas came from? (Laok at the diagram ofthe inside of the lea abone) ‘Ag Sugeest how the gas got out of the lat ‘Ag, Use what you know about the effet of heaton gases to explin why the gases came out of the leaf when it was put ito warm water De a *+ Leaves are green because they contain the green pigme! bs energy from light. have tiny holes in their lower surfaces, called stomata, which allow carbon dioxide to get into the leaf from the air(QDs Investigating photosynthesis = How can we tell ia lea is photosythesisng? One of the simplest ways ito cack fie gving off leasing) oxygen gas This easiest todo if the leat is ‘under water because the oxygen gas makes bubbles rere fee ©D Treciagram shows the apparatus you need to setup for this experiment. one as collecting ‘You can use any plant that grows testtube ‘under water You can usally get pond ‘weal ata pet shop, because people ‘hay to pt nto fh tanks, IF you live near the sea, you can use seaweed instead bealer nd water ee Lewe the apparatus in a place where the plant will get plenty of ight. IF itiavery warm and sunny, you may sce the ga collecting quickly I it is colder and nots bright, you may reel to leave it for a day to give time forthe gas to collet. ‘When you have collected about half'@ test tube of gas, you can test it to see tis oxygen ke this: 4 Putyour hand into the water in the beaker, and old the test tube near its ‘opening Put your thumb over the opening, aking care to keep the test tube Under water. 2 Keeping the tube open end downwards take it out of the water. 3 Geta partner to light a wooden splint, then blow it outs that itis, jst glowing [Now gently takeoff your thumb, to let the water fll out of the tbe ‘When all the water has fallen out, quickly but earflly put the glowing splint into the tube. Try not to touch the wet sides, or you will putt out! 46 F the gas is oxygen it will make the glowing splint burs into fame ‘AL. Explsin why you needed to use « water plant for this experiment, ‘Aa Explain why you needed to leave the apparatus ina ight place } upside-down funnel _— water plant Diockto suppor funnel we @ vv1.3, Investigating photosynthesis ® ars ferret ED Youare going t plan and carry out an experiment to investigate this question: 1s dere a correlation between light intensity and the rate of photosynthesis? A correlation ia relationship. If thee sa correlation between light intensity and photosynthesis then we would expect that changing the light intensity will result in a change inthe rate of photonynthesis 41 Write out your plan for your experiment. lene ate some Res you cam woe + You can use a water plant ike the one that you used for Activity 1.38, + To measure the rae of photosynthesis, you can measure how much gas the plant ives offin a certain length of time. For ‘example, you can measure the depth of ‘gas that collects inthe tet tube in one hour. Fora quicker experiment, you can count how many bubbles the weed gives ‘offin one minute If you do tha, then you ‘dont need a funnel or test tube to collect the gas. + To give the plant a highlight intensity, you can place a lamp close tothe plant. Fora lower light intensity place the lamp further awa + Think careflly about all he variables tha you mast keep the samme in {your experiment. + Decide whether you should do several repeats foreach light intensity 50 you ean calculate a mean foreach ene Fredict the reals you expect to get, and explain why. (Check your plan with your teacher before you begin. Now carry out your experiment. Make changes to your plan if you Record and display your results 3 someone ele can easly understand them. Virite down a short conclusion to your experiment, and compare your results with your predictions bun au aes Bees ceed Pena avonsRoots are usally underground, so we ofen da not notice ‘hem. Bat, for any plants the roots ake up just as much space as de above-ground parts of the pls. Functions of roots The vat of plat lune seve fata + Roots absorb water and mineral ron the si. 'These are then transported tall the other parts of the plan. Roots anchor the plant firmly in the ground, sai is not pall out when the wind blows strongly or when an animal polls on the leaves. Some plans sore fod in thet roots ‘+ When conditions are dificult for example, ina col winter oF ey summer ~ some plant all their love ‘ground parts odie. Only the underground rots continue to live. New skoots (above-ground parts) grows from the roots when colin become beter. Fo-a plant its rots ave just a. important asits leaves mn Roots for We make use of many root that store fod. The plant stores the fod for ts own ust, Dat we can aso eat this fod. Choose two diferent rots that humans eat as food. For each r00, find out what the complete plant looks ike. ‘Make a labelled drawing ofthe plant. Describe how we ‘use the rot fa fod. How roots absorb water and minerals Soils made up of tiny rock particles. There ie usually water inthe spaces between the patices. There are minerals, cssolved in the water, Rocts ate good sources of food for wars. ‘You may remember that special cells called root hairs grow ‘out of the wrace of roots. Root har els provide areal big ‘urfice through which water and minerals can be absorbed,moist sol particles ~ root har _ cell Aroathai cet Cals nsiae rot 4 Explain how the absorption of wate by roots helps photosynthesis o take place 2 Saget by mos pln vr guy if ero 3 Explain how root hairs help plants to absorb a ot of thousands of tiny root halts. E water in ashore ie, Tis photograph of a root was. taken using a microscope. You can see that fs covered with 41 Take tal ls ju Roll pa piece of tng abearhent paper so that i Bite inside the jar Ad ite water and allo it to soak into the paper re the side of the jax Pace each one a diferent way 5 Puttbejarinavarm place Checiteach doy oseeiikncedamore | ‘water itis important to keep the seeds moi but not too wet. da “4 When all ofthe secs have grown rots, make drawings of them, ‘Questions ‘Ax What do you notice about the diretions the roots have grown in? [Az Suggest how this would help a bean plant to survive Roots absorb water and minerals from the spaces bet eoeeee Roots anchor a plant in the ground, Cee ection era Cee eee er et BarinaSe ee Mansur the roo oa fe oe part te plant Ex oe GD + Collect analkofcckry I pou, choo one that has wore leaves a eto Berea ee cee att eee a ee sre ee 3 Every nade lok atthe walk, You ston esl osc et eee ee er eee eee 4 When te deh enced th tof he a ete salou of fe eee ea aa Ee eet eae ea ~~ Mate n ovigof wt you canoe [AL Sugget why itis important to wash the celery stalk before eating acros it ‘Az Flowering plants, sich as celery plants contain long tubes caled xylem veel (You pronounce the ‘in xylem as though it sa ‘2") These vessels transport water and substances disole in the water. Use yor results __ describe where the seta vessel are ina cley stalk @ eee ee “Th deat ihe fobring qos + Wa vasa il change? How wil change {Weta mca? How wil ease Mf Wien wil mcanrch? 1 What eae oy Lorp te tue ow wl hep thm sre? 1 ie thee any fst ils ape Ib bow can Te et GSS goer eer me «What think theres wl be? Why? ‘When you have writen your pl, check with your teacher, Ace you have done your experiment, identify the ends and patterns you ‘an see. Compare your results with your predictions.4.5, Transporting water and minerals ®) Xylem vessels When you dl Activity 1A, you se tht the coloured Aye didnot soak into all of the celery stk Ie stayed inside the aylem vessels Xylem wesc are long, hollow tubes that carry water andl mineral from the roots of the plano its keaves, Ina ue, the xylem vesiels reach all the way up the trunk and te the very tips of the branches. ‘The xylem veel continue inside the leaves. Xylem vessds are very tiny The spot tha you saw in ‘he celery sak each contin several xylem wesc, ‘Te position of xem vessels ina root The diagrams show where the xylem vesels are in ‘root, astem anda leaf. The datk blue creas show “where xylem vesels are found Xylem vesels have very strong hard wal. This ‘means that they help 0 support the plantas well a transporting water and minerals. “The wood inate nk ismade up ofsylem vse The pasitions of vem IF you ae working at wooden desk, yor may be able ‘o,ce the xylem vesels that make up the wood. The positions of xylem vessels in a leat. n= leaf, the ylem vessels are inside the vers “Thisisa piece of wood seen wth a powerful microscope, Each hoe is ‘he cut end of anylem vessel Water and minerals are transported from a plant’ roots to its leaves inside ‘ong, hollow tubes called xylem vessels Se eee eect Tote tea von @>) 4:4 The words below ll have something todo with photosynthesis. Choose the correct word to match each desertion You may use each word ance, more than once or nt at al ir carbon dioxide chlorophyll chloroplast epidermis ‘oxygen palisade layer soil stomata veins 42 This gasis used by plants in photosynthesis Db This gas is made by plans in photosynthesis {© Plants get their water fr photoryathess from here, 4d This green pigment absorbs energy from sunlight © Thistissue in leaf ie where most photosynthesis takes place “These tiny holes in a lea allow gases to move in and out tel 4.2 The photograph shows the upper surfaces of leaves fom two diTéent plants. ‘Phe leaves are both shown lilesize ‘Construct a table tht yu can use to compare the structare of the two leaves Then complete your table to show atleast ive diferences benween the leaves, (6) ©) 20ssetter gein (QD 4.3. Anurag did an experiment to compare the rate of photosynthesis of 0 ‘ypes of seaweed ‘The diagram shows the apparatus he use. measuring cylinder beaker upside-down funnel _- seaweed 42 What variable should Anurag change in his experiment? OT 1b List ehree variables that Anurag should keep the same B) © What should Anurag measure in his experiment? a Describe how a plant obtains water ke Describe how waters traneported tothe leaves of the pln, y ne ©Everyone enjoys cating tasty food, Food gives plesure Ia gies us the mutrients that we need to stay healthy NNatrcuts ae substances in food thatthe body wes + to provide encigy + to provide materials for making the chemicals that are need ake cll ad other parts of the Bodh = ‘These foods are good sources of protein Ditlereut kinds of food contain diferent nations Protein, carbohydrate and fat ‘he nuttents that we nee a eatin the Faget quantity ate protein, catholyte and fa Protein is sed for making new eels, Procin vaso wed forma many imoportant chemicals ine brody, such as enzymes (se pages 28-29) and antibodies (Gee page 37}. Cell ean use protein to supply exray. Carbohydrate is wed to provide energy: Starch and These foods are good sources of starch sugar are ove kinds of catholyte (a ype of carbohydrate at alo provides energy: Fat can be stored in te body Fr wees nderneats he skin provide insulation. Fat is rede! make new ell membranes Vitamins and minerals ‘Vitamins sid minerals are nutrients that se ned in only very small quantities, They do not provide ‘every There are many different kind f vitamins ‘nd minerals that we ned ta eat Fruit and vegetables fare a good sure of some of them. There is more jafarmation about ce vitamins and evo minerals on ge 20 ‘Tesefoads contain ala of ft Fibre and water Fibre roughage) les to keep fac moving ely "rough the digestive stems, We get fibre rom fresh Suit and vegetables, an ls from foods mace fom. inhole seeds such a brown tice oF wholemeal bread, Water is sometimes considered to be a nutient Between 60% and 70% of the bodys made ap of water ‘These foods contain alot of bre,3 Which three naients provide the body with enesgy? 244 Nutients @ 1. Explain die elifence becween fool al nares. 2 The headings on the previous page contain the names of the seven kinds of nutrients: List hem al. Cun NGI @ Sa ‘You can find out if a food contains starch using iodine solution, You can find out fa food contain sugar using Benedict’ solution, 4 Fs, test each food foe starch + Puta small amount of the food onto a white te + Add a drop or two of iodine solution. If the iodine turns blue-black there is starch in 2 Next, test each food for sugar *+ Chop or crush a small amount of the food and put it into boing tube, Add litle ‘water and stir or shake it well + Add cnough Benedict’ solution to make the snixture lok blue + Putthe boing tube into water bath at about 80°C, Leave it fr about 5 minutes, 1 I there is sugar inthe food, the colour will ‘change as shown on the right, 3 Record your results ina results abl ke the one food, nosugar a small alotof amount Sugar ‘below, Add as many more rows as you need, aoe Food Colour withiedine [Didi contain [Colourwith [Diditcontain solution starch? Benedict's |sugar? solution eee eee Teme eee ae ee) * Different kinds of foads contain different combinations 0 teesYour diet isthe food that you eat Bread, pasta and rice Frult and vegetaties cath day: Your dit should provide contain latof starch contain alot of fare yor with enough of each kine of and some protein and vitamins. frien. Te should also give you the x git amount of energy ss A dit that proves al the efferent kind of rtrents, and the rghe ammount of energy, called a balanced diet Nutritional deficiencies Ii a person doesnot eat enaugh of a puriculae natrient, dein body may not be able to work propery. They may have a notional deficiency disease For example a child who dors ‘ot have enovigh protein in her Z Body may not beable wo make Day foods oough new ces Shewilnot__—_cettainatatof | rotein and fa. row properly. p ‘sweet things Fish, meat, eggs, outs ‘The tale shows information about Containalot and pulses contain alot, too vitamins and two minerals nd otsugan of protein. the deficiency dscases that develop AP cy ave ling ie i, "nis photograph shows approximately now much af your Get should be made up of each ofthe ive food groups, viamins [vitamin € [citrus fu helps to make scurvy =the skin becomes strong skin weak, so sores develop [WtaminD [dary producls needed to make bones [rickets — the bones are wack, and teeth so the legs may become bent minerals [ion | red meat, darkgreen [needed to make [anaemia ~ the blood cannct vegetables haemoglobin, which |carty enough oxygen, and the caries oxygen in| person feels very tied the blood fealclam | dary products, fish needed to make bones | the bones and teeth and teeth become weak @ sorvssein2.2 Abalanced diet @® Not too much voted Thee me tosh mc, aor void eating 100 much of. Too much sugar | Yast food Make ere tan mae ur et day. Too much Fl ot the det ay nce the ko declping fete yo eae dese when you are oer = Eating oo mach fat carbohydrate may (Bont eo to mich) (ot plenty oF nomi youtekeinmoweetergyeach. | f08 cntiing © | | Fresh frut and Tptban yore Thebody sure thee (LoFer Fat) vegelbies. ‘xtra nuttin as fat. Everyone needs sme a ) fntstoren bt ts nt god hve 00 much Being serial overt cn ane {mage toons and cree the kof dlvloping ear dase and dates ‘Eat a wide variety of Foods) What should | eat? ‘ee ere re “Those students are giving some good tach of the fod groups in spidlnes for eting shale Nad | ie tera en Say 11 The sentences below are reasons forthe pieces af advice the students are giving, Mateh each reason with the piee of advice 2 This means you will et some of each kindof nutrient, including the eilferent vitamins and minerals ‘These contain fibre and lot of vita. ‘This often contain a ot of fat, and very few vitamins or minerals Itisfine to eat some of it as long as yo eat plenty of other kinds of fons as well [Not eating enough foad wil prevent che ells sues and organs in sour body having enough energy to keep healthy ‘When you get older, it ean increase your sk of getting heart disease or diabetes ‘balanced diet contains some ofall the types of nutrients, Se eee ccna nc res ee eee Ce [A good diet has plenty of foods containing protein, vitamins and Eimerrenneannie 2 Fondand digestion ©‘The alimentary canal ‘Your mouth isthe entrance oa long tube called the alimentary canal. The ‘other end of the tube is called the amas "The diagram summarises what happens co the food that an animal eas, ast travel through this tube. 2 Asitpasses along the canal, tiny foe particles are able to getout ofthe cana and in the body. This is called absorption 4. Foods taken —_—_ Into the mouth and beginsits Journey along the alimentary canal. 3 Allthe food that could nt be absorbed passes butofthe anus, What happens inside the alimentary canal. a Absorption and digestion "The food insie the alimentary canal can only teach your body cells ft ean get ‘ut through te wale of the tube, This process called absorption Protein, starch and fat are important nutrients. Each of thee nutrients s made ‘up of large molecules. A molecule isthe tiniest particle of a substance that “Molecules of protein, starch and ft are so big that they cannot get through the walls of the aimentary canal. So, in order to get these nutrients to your eel, "he big molecules have toe broken down into much smaller ones. ‘Phen the small molecules ean be absorbed. “This is what cigeston i. Digestion is the breakdown of lage molecules into small ones snthat they ean hr abort astareh molecule ‘many sugar molecules ‘starch molecule can be broken into many sugar molecules 22.3 Digestion and absorption ro) nctvity 2 ‘A model of absorption ED] Welleg thing tsar othe wal of the ainentany canal Ist holes in it~ much to sal fr you To ce~ that will let small molecules go through, but not ig molecules. Visking 4 Collect apiece of Viking tubing. Moisten it with core water Rub i between your fingers unt it opens up \ 2 Tea knot in one end of the tbe, 3. Very cael using dropper pipet fillyour Viking. ‘tubing with a'meal'of starch solution and sugar pee solution, When itis nearly full, use cotton 0 te it very a ‘igh around the top ~ 4, Rinse your tubing in water, to wash off any starch or sugar that got onto the outside of i omen ali |e aatted '5 Putyour tubing intoa beaker. Add enough waterto __-‘Toundoneerd inane end the beaker «cover the tubing, Leave it forabout 18 oF mixture of starch, 20 mines sugar and water {6 Now take a sample of water fom the beaker and test, itfor starch. Record your resus 7, Take a second sample of water from the beaker and test it for sugar Record your resus ‘Ax Explain why it was important co tie both end of the tubing very tight ‘Aa Explain why itwas important ro wash the outside of the tubing ‘Ag Which nutrients starch or sugar ~ were able to get out of the tubing? ‘Ag Use what you know about starch molecules and sigar molecules to suggest an explanation for your ress AAS. Imagine you have eaten a meal containing starch and sugat, Do both ofthese nutrients need to be digested inside your alimentary canal? Explain your answer, Cie re Ee eee Se ecg enema Sener te ee alimentary canal *+ Digestion isthe breakdown of large molecules of nutrients to small molecules, so that they can be absorbed.“The diagram shows the human digestive system. The digestive sytem is made up ofthe alimentary canal, plus the salivary glands, liver and panereas, mouth —_ salivary glands: — esophagus — stomach —_ salbladger pancreas — loge — intestine appendix — ‘An Xray image of par of the alimentary canal. Can you work ‘out which parts are shown? “Thehuman digestive system. 11 Alert has heen swallowed, food moves along through the space inside the alimentary canal. Weite dow, in oder, the name of each part of the alimentary ‘anal that food pastes through ait ravels rom the mouth othe anus | a Name three organs, shown in dhe diagram, that food docs mot pas through ry) 2 Food and digestion24h Tumor gesive stem (CD) Functions of organs in the digestive system Mouth Teeth chew food into smaller pices. Saliva starts to break down sare tosugar = We tite | = Oesophagus Foor just pases through here with out changing, Stomach Hydrochloric ‘cid ls micro-organisms Jin the food, Stomach juices begin to break down protein toamino acids. ‘Small intestine Juices from the pancreas nish breaking down starch, protein and fat small ‘molecules. These small tolecules ae dhe absorted though the walls of the -small intestine, Water, ‘vitamins and minerals ‘which are already made of ‘very small particles) are ako absorbed. eee rermeetrty Saree re re eee ee eee es Pires ee Ses Large intestine All the fod that could wot In digested and absorbed passes through here. Flite more of the water initisabworbed. The undigested fod calles lupe form acces, b Ee Liver ‘The liver makes bile The bile stored in the gall blader Bile lows into the small intestine, were i helps with fa digestion Pancreas ‘The pancreas makes pancreatic juice. Pancreatic juice Hees into the small intestine, where ithelps o digest protein, state and Gt eee Sera he small intestine and zicoarstnein (@)‘The mouth the first part of the alimentary canal, Inside your mouth there are four different kinds af teth incor, canines, promolars and molars Incisor are cise: Canines are more ——-Premolars have brozd—Molars are like shaped, witha share pointed than incisors. surfaces with ridges on premolas, but edge. Theyare used or Inhumans, they are them. They ae used for sometimes abit biting off smalipieces of usedinthe same way crushing and grinding bigger. Tey are also food sothatyou cantake as incsors, food whenyou chew. used forcrushing the food into your mouth and grinding fod, Wh 9A 90 ‘The four kinds ofhuman teeth 4 ‘Canine’ means ‘dog tooth’, What do dogs use their eanine tet or? 2 Explain how the shape of incisors helps them to carry out ther funeton, 3 Explain how the shape of molars helps them to cary out their function. The structure of a tooth ‘The diagram shows what an {incisor cooth looks ike i it cet in hal. The diageam also shows the gum and jawbone. crown | — dentine ~a ayer “Teche he nthe one ~ cama ng by strong fibres. cells, not as ard asenamel enamel ~avery hard covering, containing cielum pulp cavity~ Containing bod vessels and nerves root — fibres—helpto hold the tooth in the jawbone — jawbone blood supply to thetooth ‘The structure ofan incisor tooth @) 2 sss seen2.5 Teeth @® Caring for your teeth “The enamel on your ech very stong Howes ican be dsolved by ai thariappens yuma get hl jour ta This can be pan whe the ble ‘Race he pupeavarbve here ae wee ings “This eats that inking bs of actly drinks ie cola or lemonade) can tar your teeth Even fp do eat or dink ace ngs you my sil get ack Shyu mut This bene bacterin your mouth ea down Seman teflon a beeen your ethene backed when ty bea om the od es To avid geting hes in your tee + wt ink izzy drinks o eat sugary fot al day lon 5 Gin yourtect thy tere an eer jog ed 1 Tc tigate cong Morte Pride hp osengen the nal onyourtcen i an eset ED ou't only be abe to-do this activity if you ean find ‘eo teeth, Your teacher may be able to provide these 4. Tie apiece of strong eotton around each tooth, Jong enough to hang over the edge of beaker. ‘Te the other end around a mall stone or weight Pour some fizy drink for example, cola) into one beaker Pour the same depth of tap water into the ‘other beaker 13, Hang one tooth in the izzy drink, and the other tooth in the water 44 Observe the teeth atleast once a week fo several ‘weeks. Write down your observations ‘and conclsions eth break down large pieces of food into small pie eet eee meet it at Teeth have an outer covering of very hard enamel, which contains ‘alum. Inside the tooth are the dentine and the pulp cav which contain living cells eee‘We have scen that large molecules of nttents must be broken down into small molecules, yo that they ean be absorbed ‘Teeth break dawn big pieces of food into small pieces. But dhey don't have any effect onthe molecules ofthe diferent nutrients that make up the fod. ‘The large nutrient molecules are broken down into small molecules by chemicals called enzymes. Digestion as a chemical reaction Digestion changes setae made up of large icles imo ane suance ae wp aise “When one substance i changed into a ilferent — Sens hs substance, we say that a chemical reaction oe + oF hae taken place. The dagram sve chemical reaction that happens during digestion. Starch s changed to sugar by a chemical reaction. Fe ere To Me pence eee Catalysts Te entymes imide the slimentary canal make dheac chemical rection happen. ‘Phe enaymes are not changed themselves. They just help to speed up the reactions Asubstance chat speeds up a chemical reaction, but snot ehanged isl sealed catalyst. So enaymes ae biological catalyss ee paotactann —TRESHCR molecule aes he starch teavetheerayme Wee RP ee enzyme dentin enzyme has not been \ changed. How an enzyme makes starch molecules break down to sugar molecules.2.6 Enzymes a) 43 Teeth help o break down large pieces of food into lots of smaller pices. | © Suggest how this can help exymes to digest the food faster 14 A protein molecule is made up ofa long chain of smaller molecules called aminoacids. Draw a series of diagrams showing how an enzyme digests protein molecules to aminoacid molecules Use the diagram a the bottoms Of the previous page asa trtng pon. (arn neo ey BD Treensyme that digests starch called amaze 4. Label owo test tubes A and B. 2 Put Sem’ of starch solution into each of cubes A and B. 13 Add Sem’ of amylase solution to tube A. Add Sem of water to tube B, Leave both tubes in a ‘warm place far about 20 minutes, 44, Using clean dropper pipet, take a small sample of liquid from tube A. Put it onto a white, and Add some iodine solution. Write down the result. 5 Repeat step 4 witha sample ftom tube B. uct ecaeer cases - So, a ae ee em ‘wo or three minutes, then write down the result. 7. Repeat step 6 witha sample from tube B. 8 Revord all of your results cleanly, and try 10 ‘explain them, ees * Digestion isa chemical reaction in which a substance made of net eee ent Pence + Enzymes are molecules that act as biolo Coe ions to take place quickly. The enzymes are not ged themselvesas Unit 2 End of unit questions Copy and complet these sentences, using worl fromthe lis You may use each word once, more than once or not at all atoms large molecules——_pieces ‘small ‘Tecth break down large limps of food nto smaller ‘Then, enzymes Deak down the Lage of the nutrients inthe food into smal. "This allows the nutrients to pase ont of the alimentary canal through the wall, of the imestine. ol ‘The table shows the carbohydrate content often foods apple banana beans biscuits bread riled chicken coconut lish mutton ree 42 Which food contains the most carbohydrate? um - Holormaa ate 50, of biscuits. How much carbohydrate did she eat? nn Rice does not contain sugar. What kind of carbohydrate does rice contain? uy 4d Wiht do the four foods that do mot contain caebobiydrate have in common? uD oa2 endoruntavestons (@) 2.3 The diagram shows part of the human alimentary canal Name parts A and D. Give the letters of two labelled parts where protein digestion takes place. © Give the leer of one labeled part where digested nutrients are absorbed, 2.44 Rhianna tested two cilfeent foods using iodine solution and Benedict’ solation These were her ress. spaghetti ~ went blue-black with iodine solution, went blue with Benedict’ solution honey ~ went orange-brown with iodine solution, turned brick red with Benedict’ solution Describe how Rhianna tested the foods with Benet’ solution Construct «results table and fl iin to show Rhianna’ results least. What conclusions can Rhianna make from her results? 12.5 Nakula investigate the effect of heat on amylase. Amylase isan enzyme eB 2 iO} e 13) "4 that makes starch molecules break down into sugar molecules Ba + Nakula put some amylase solution into two boiling tubes, PandQ + He boiled the solution in tube P, He did not heat tube Q. ‘He waited wt the solution in abe P had cooled dawn to room temperature. Ly + Hl adel equal volumes of starch solution to tube P and tube Q, “+ Afier 10 minutes, he tested both tubes for sugar ‘and starch {Naku found that there was sugar in tube Q, but not tube P. {2 What was the variable that Naka changed in his experiment? State two variables that Nakila kept constant in his experiment ¢ Nakula wrote this conchision to his experiment °My results show that boiling destroys amylase’ Explain how Nakula’s results suppor is conclusion, boiled amylase amylase And starch iO} a 1 amemsovimn GSit very sil andl quiet, Put your Fingers on your neck, just wnderneath your chin (Gan yor foe your pulse? Bach pate that you can fel x caused by one bea of yourheat. All ¢hrough your life, your heart Keeps on beating, pushing blood around your body The bod travels reel the body inside tubes called Blood vessels, The diagram shows the basic plan on which the blood vests are arranged, The heart and blood vessels together make up the circulatory sytem, + vein from lungs artery to lungs in from lungs vein from restof body artery to rest of body “The human circulatory system. Look the diagram to answer tse questions BD | in which rection do arteries cary Hood avay or the her or toward thehear? SB 2 ee oven tortor cen 3 The circulatory system i ike a one-way traffic system, Describe two different routes by wich blood inthe lef side ofthe heart can get othe right side of {heheart (Remember ~ the person in the diagram sing you)3A The human circulatory system @® Oxygenated and deoxygenated blood (One of the most important functions of the eiculatory system iso supply oxygen tall the ces inthe body, (Osygen enters the blood as the blood passes through the Tangs The oxygen diffuses from the ae inside the lung, into the blood. When blood contains a ot of| oxygen, its bright ve, We say that the blood is oxygenated. ‘Oxygen leaves the blood as the blood pases through tissues where the cells ae wring up oxygen The oxygen diffuses from the blood, into the body cell, When blood has lot most ofits oxygen, i becomes more bluesi-red. We say that the bod is deoxygenated. 4 Look at the diagram ofthe harnan circulatory | you ean gee blood vessels inside the system. Which side of the heart contains oe ae elephants ear. texygenated blood? ‘Design and make a model to show the human circulatory system. "You: model should include something to represent: “+ the heart, withthe two sides joined together but not allowing blood to move directly from onesie to the other ‘+ the blood vessels that run between the heart and the lange + the blood vessels thar run between the heart and he issues in the rest of the body. ‘Youmight be able to add something what moves to your model, uch 2 red and blue beads to represent the blood. + The heart and blood vessels make up the circulatory system, + Blood flows out of the heart inside arteries, and back into the Peet + Blood picks up oxygen as it passes through the lungs, and releases oxygen as it passes through the tissues in the feeshe diagram shows where your hear i. It isjust under your rb lightly to left of centre of your bods ‘Your heart is about the same size as your clenched fist. £ Its made of very strong muscle. The muscle in the tung and ribs —{ teat contacts and relaxes over and over ag all_——_remoyed io Cheugh your, However tied you sr, our heart Show the heart The structure of the heart The pasion afthehestin the The dagran shows a hee oF he beat human boy. ok artery to lungs artery to body ven from body vein rom lungs upper chamber valve. — valve tower — chamber 1 deonygenated blood Vehtside 1H oxygenated blood et righ side ‘he structure ofthe heat, (CED + The heart as four chambers —an ypper an lower chamber onthe ley and an upper and lower chamber an the ght 2 Tuto which chamber does ood from the hangs fw? 1b Outer which chamber das blond fos, on its way to the rest of the body? Which cvo chambers contain oxygenated blood? How the heart works The heart is made of tuscle, This muscle contracts and then relaxes. When. muscle contract i gets shorter This makes the walls of the heart chambers squeeze inwards This pushes blood oat of the hear. ‘There ae valves between che upper chambers and the lower chambers The valves ‘nly let the blood flo frm the upper chamber tothe lower chamber."Thete are @) 3 reciente2 The heart i) sho alsin ebigatescoming antag reling outa Paces ny let he blood flow out, noe back into WZ we the beart, “ay Tiwi hp ring one seas a vane OKAY vate Py coes \\ . + The heart muse contracts, pushing blood at into, the artery + The heart mc reas, allowing blood 1a flow int the Iheart fom the veins. How the heat pumps blood, “a eed eee Each time your heart muscle contracts it sends blood surging through your arteries, You can fel ths surg of blood if you put our fingers on a place where there ean artery near the surface of the body The diagrams show two good places t try. Each surge of blood is called a pulse. Your pulse rates the number of pulses in one minute 4 Read through what you are going ta do, Draw a rests able, ready to write in your result as you collec them, 2 Work witha partner Ask ther to sit very sill and relaxed fora fe minutes ‘Then count their pulse rate 3 Now ask your partner to do some exercise for two minutes. Your teacker wil suggest good exercise to do 4 Assoon as your partes ln nse exercising, count their pulse rate agai, 5 Continue w count their plse rate every two minute for 6 Draw a graph to display your results 7 Use your results to write a short conclusion, ee eee Cue ch contracts and relaxes See CS ee ee eee ey the right direction, 3 The circulator systemEveryone knows tht blood ited liquid. But if you Took at Hood under a microscope, you Soy aet sae The glad part blaca oe ‘What makes blood red isthe cells that float in 7 @ OC this liquid. white ees Paes 4 suse EBB) Look atte photograph of Hood a concen | excematare easel | Gegchootee 83 ere 5A. nme uctacaccrms | 22 RPBE L208 Tox Describe two ways in which white blond cells ook diferent from red blood cel, Plasma Pham isthe Hid part of blood. I is mostly water Phama contains many different substances disolved init or example sugar is transported around the ‘ody dsslved in dhe bod plas. he saya is absorbed into the blood in the small intestine, and is ‘erred allover the body to the cells that need to we “ior energy Red blood cells Mot ofthe cll in the bod are re blood cells Red blood ell are usually sal el. They = ae ed becuse they contin ard pigment called hhacmoglehin. thelungs ‘When blo lows through the hg enygen Oxygen fusesint the ood fom the ngs. dlfses into "The oxygen combines with the haemoglobin inside the red blood cell. The -baemoglobin becomes oxyhaemoglabin. This avery bright ved, Te tssues ‘When the blood flows through the body sues, the oxygenseparates from the haemoglobin. The ‘oxygen eilises out of the red blood cells and into the sues The onyhaemoglbin becomes just, Ne eee eae niece Oxygen dluses utfthe blood in thedsues3-3 Blood @® White blood cells voce white blood cell White blood evs are larger than red blood eel, and they always have a nuleus. White bod eels help to defends against acer and viruses tit “¢@ get ito the boy Some kinds of white blood ceil pu out fingers” that capture the bacterium. ‘The white blood cel ye then producesenymes thal and igen ee the bacera “Other whize bhod ells produce special molecules ‘that attach ta he bacteria and kill them, These molecules are clled antibodies, ‘Some white bod cls take In bactela and killthem, Platelets Placlts are ie fragments of cells a blood vessel gets damaged, the platelets help the bod to cot and seal the wound, __ Platelets produce chemicals that ‘cause fibres to form inthe blood. Red blood cells get trapped in the hires [A photograph ofa blood clot, taken Using an electron microscope. 22 Copy an complete this table red blood call white blood cel platelet [plasma Blood is made up of different kin Toners er aes eee Cree eee ene cs blood cells floating ina Plasma transports dissolved substances such as sugar. srvcemnsn @‘The tubes through which blood ows are called blood vessels. We have dhee main kindof blood vessels in the body + Arteries carry blod away from the heart, + Veins carry blood back o the hear. * Capillaries connect the arteries to the veins. They carry blood cose to every tse inthe badly Capilaies cary blood frm arteres into veins. 4 Kareena says, Arteries carry cxygenated blood, and veins carry ‘deoeygenated blood.” Explain why she is wrong (Page 32 will help you.) 22 Suggest why’ you ean fel your plein sv amtery, bat notin a vein Arteries ‘Amteries have very thick, ston, elastic walls They need tobe stong because they have to withstand the strong forces asthe heat pumps blood through therm. Thetr elas walls are able to expand and spring back a the blood ‘urge through. You can fel shis happening when you fel your puke, thick elastic wall ‘he structure ofan artery. Caplitartes Capillaries ae very tinyThe smallest ones can only be seen with a microscope. They are just ig enough to allow ed blood cel to get {through them. Capillaries have thin walls, made up of only one layer of cells This means that substances inthe blood ~sueh as oxygen and sugar ~ ean ~ thin wall, made ofa elly get out The function of capillaries is shale layer of els to supply cels with things that they necd, and take say their waste products The structure ofa capitan.3-4 Elood vessels @) Veins Veins area simi size to arteries, However, their walls are much thinne, and the space inside them s lange. Veins do not need thick walls because by the ime blod flows into the veins ithas lost most of the force thatthe heart gave it. They do not eed very clastic walls ether, [because the bloud is lowing emoothly rather shan in sores. ‘Veins comin valves, which only let the blood - thinnee wall fw one way ~ towards dhe hea cout CD) aves tc teep blood | Construct table to summative she structs lewing in one direction and fanctions of arteries, capillaries and Veins. pe sryetue ofa vei, a Z (In tee cunt Design and make a poster to show information about the huran circulatory stem, Bein by deciding what you will ty to show 00 of the following clude no more than ane oF + aplan ofthe cirulstory system * the heart and how it works + blood — what it contains and what it does + the different kinds of blood veses. You may be able to use books and the internet to find out extra information bout the topis that you choose. For example: ‘+ Whaat makes blood flow upwards in the vein from your fet to your heard? + How isthe heart muscle supplied with oxygen and sugar? ra eee et een Sere ce eee eat een cas towards the near. Capilaries carry blood between arteries pens ‘+ Arteries have thick, elastic walls to withstand the strong surges. Caer Ne nee meer te ee Cee eee eens amecrasionsien (H)Unit 3 End of unit questions 3.4 Copyand complete these sentences using words from the list. You may use each word once, mote than ance or not at all blood contracts muscle stretches tubes valves The heart is made of sows This scl and relaes shythmically, pumping bload around the body. There are inside the heart chat make sure the blood keeps flowing inthe coreec direction. 3.2 The diagram represents the cteulatory system. Fight side heart pumps blood to lungs Bnd back pumps blood to. lungs, and back digestive system othe organs Write down three letters that show arteries Write down one leter tht shows capillaries. Wirite down two letters that show veins ‘Write down three letters that show vestels containing deoxygenated blood, a. B let side ofheart al ‘ogans, other than a ay io 23 End of unit questions @® 3.3. Krystyna investigated how a person's pulse rate changes when they exercise She tested four of her fers, Belinda and Jasmine do alot of spot Jade land Mara prefer o read beoks and play computer games Keystyna measured the four gis’ plse rates, in beats per minute, when they ‘were relaxing. ‘Then she asd thera to run up tw fights of stairs and measured their pulse rates agai, These are her results. Belinda 65, 102 ‘Jasmina 72, 105 Jade 70, 110 Mara 76, 120 Draw a resis table, and fill n Krystynas resus, Remember to label the rows and columns ef your revats table lly a bb Display Krystyna’ resute i the way you think best. 3} {© Write down one conchsion that Krystyna can make from her resus, wu 4) Keystyna decided that she didnot hive enough evidence to decide whether being fi afets a persons pale rate. Was she right? Explain your anewer a 3s The diagrams show two bleod cells 2 Make copy of the drawing of the red blood cll, Label the cell, ‘membrane and the eytonasm Bl b_ Name one structure that most cll have, but that red blood cells do not have uy © Describe one other way in which red blood cell liler from most ather cell inthe human bod. 1 Explain how red blood «ells are adapted to ery out heir function. By @ Describe the function of white blood cell. plEvery ell in your body needs supply of oxygen ‘The cells we the axygen for respiracion. They produce cashon dioxide ava waste produit, “The oxygen comes fom the air around you About 20% ofthe are oxygen. ‘The carton dowd that your cells produce goes hack into the air round you. About 049% ofthe air is earbon dioxide ‘Te organs that help co get oxygen ftom thea into your bled, and to get rid of catbon ciaxide, make up the respiratory system, When yeu breathe in air flows through Se ee ete Wins eee ee scree pre eee = “out of the blood into the air. This is called re ‘gas exchange. You wil find out more SS \ ee cS wee) \ | woe windpipe —__. (aches) bronchus (plural: bronchi tung, muscles between ibs Aiaphragm The structure ofthe human respirator system.4. Write a sentence describe the function of each of these pars of the Inuman respiratory system. | av trachea B tronchus OH netivity fees toeeeene 41 You needa large, plastic botle — preferably ‘one that can hol at least Se (3 litres of water. First, you need to mark a wale on the bottle to show the water level when i holds different volumes. In your group, discuss how you can do this, Then markthe sale carefully onthe bot. Your scale should go all the way othe top ofthe bot 2 Fillthe bot right to the very top with water. Pat the id on. 3 Put water into lage bow und tis about half al, Tur the bore upside éoven, and stand itn dhe water in the bow. Carefully remove the top. ll the water tha: you put into the botle should stay insde tft doesn't, start again!) 4 Slide apiece of tubing into the bottle. Take 1 deep breath i, then breathe out as much air as you can through the tubing Your exhaled ae will go into the bottle and push 15 Use the scale on the bot find the volume of air you breathed ou 6 Ifyou have time, repeat steps 2 wo 50 more times, Use your three resus to calculate a mean value for the volume of air you ean push out of your lungs. “aprege iene n earn Pe sme ©Air sacs in the lungs The photograph on the ight shows what yr Tangs look ike inside, magnified about 300 times. You ean se that they full of spaces. These spaces are called fic sacs or alveoli, snd they are fl Ye cannot sce them in the photograph, but there ae lots of very tiny blood capillaries in the ling dssue bexween "var ses (which Tooks row inthe Ploiograph) How gas exchange takes place at ofa human lung, seen usin a powerful icoscope The diagram on the right shows fone ofthese air sacs anda nearby biodfowing Hod owing Th bl nse the ailary hs come Pelikan ee fon heer Bere at cnn ra " cpmuctwpengranipencet erste! —} I carbon dioxide So this blood comin Peed capillary} only alittle oxygen, and a lot of thin watl gS) carbon ides sheen ye cute bh reomaes tat SOM ) caygenaned very line carbon dice, y) Yr P/aituson of (Oxygen therefore diffuses fromthe air Fe4 Blood sc inde Wand sopillay Tefines © into the ed Hood eels. (You can read arinside about dfasion on page 70, ‘irsec farbon dioxide ‘Carbon dioxide difises from the blood Sse the eapilary into the airs fit i 41 Name tered pigment inside ted blood cells that helps to carry oxygen, 12 Name the lange biood vessel that earries blood from the heat to the hangs. CHD 2 Using wat on wat partie theory expan how oxygen ins fiom an asa into the blood. GHD 4 The alls he aisacs and the capillaries are both very thin, Suggest how this sip gs exchange to take place quickly Gas exchange in an aisac.4.2 Gas exchange @) D Wourteater will ge you wo Pei ihe filed with agar fly 4 Mae aeork hers diameter ‘of 10mm ormake Bholes inthe _jelly in one dish. Space the holes rely ver the dh 2 Ure acork borer wiih a diameter of 5mm to make 32 small holes in the jel inthe second dish, Try tospace the hoes evenly ver the ish. 3. Usinga dropper pipet, carefully {il each hole in both dishes with a soluticn of a coloured dye. Record ‘what happens after five minutes and afte half an hour. coms ‘Ax Describe your observations in each dish ‘Aa ‘The hoes you made inthe jelly represent the air ses in the lungs, The coloured dye represents oxygen inthe a 4acs Explain how your observations help to show what happens to cxygen in the lungs, The total volume of the Fiqui i the 8 lage holes the same asthe {otal volume in the 32 small holes, Use your results to explain why iis better to have alt of very tiny air sacs in your hung, rather than a few eet Oxygen difuses fro difuses the other way, Airsacs ate very tiny, have very thin walls, and have bl ero eee aS ee estar y eee sesian ©Living cells need energy to stay alive. They get their energy From nutrients, especialy glucose, Gucote contains chemical potential enensy: Inside cell, glucose takes part ins chemical reaction called respiration. I his action, the glucose combines with ‘oxygen. The chanical potential energy in the glucose is released, thatthe cells can use it. lucose + oxygen carbon dioxide + water The oxygen tha combines withthe glacn inthis reaction a comes fm se So it somes a enable water respiration Wecan define serobicropraion Heap spuaton ates pace Inside eels ‘Aerobic respiration isthe release ‘of energy from glucose by reacting <— itwth oxygen inside living ces. 4 Name the two ne substances that ave made when glacene reacts with ‘oxygen nse a cell, 2 Use what you know about digestion and the human circulatory system co describe haw glucose gets to a ell in a muscle 13, Use what you know about gas exchange and the human circulatory system to describ how oxygen gets to cll n a muscle, Jain the difference between respiration and breathing Respiration and heat production Some ofthe energy that is released frm glucose ‘during sespiration is heat energy. Everything that ‘espires releases heat energy. '5 Which ave the hotest parts in the photograph? How can you te 6 Explain shy ehese parts ae hater [da thee stemming, © sein This photograph I called a thermogram It shows abjecs with diferent temperatures in diferent colours. Blacks coldest, then purple, red orange, yellow and finaly whiteag eae ae @® a Stan & Ativing ting respire, even seeds. Seeds respire ‘expecially quickly when they are germinating You can make pea seeds start germinate by soaking Pree ‘hem in water for about an hour 4 Set up your apparatus as in the diagram. Take care to make everyting exaclly the same for cotton wool the two pieces of apparatus, except that one contains dead peas an the other contains live, Insulating germinating pas material 12 Take the temperature inside each flask, and ‘wrapped - record the two temperatures in a results able Sires 3, Continue wo take thet flasks at rele intervals. Your teacher will nperatire inside both sagest when you ean do this Lal “4. Daw line graphs to show how the temperature in each flask cuanges overtime. Pu time on ‘ead peas live, the saxis and temperature on the y-axis, Dra germinating Lou ines o he sme pair of axes. Remember peas tolabel the lines to say whichis which ‘Ax What ws the variable that you changed in this experimen? ‘Az What wes the variable that you measured inthis experiment? ‘AS. State two variables that you Kept the same in ths experiment ‘Ag. Soggest an explanation forthe tess that you obtained, Sima) ia + Cells need energy, which they obtain from nutrients such pernnes + Cells obtain energy from glucose by a chemical reaction Parent Serer er er Creer eee ta!How fic are you? A fit person can do moderate exercise easy, without geting to tired too quits For most of us, we just ned tobe able to run for a bus, tog fr a cyte tide orto climb a few figs of stairs A profesional athlete sch aa foorballey, tennis player or acing car A professional tennis driver — has tobe i enough to do ployer host be vey really vigorous exercise fra ong time ttobe able to playa by vie 7 match tha: might last up to ive hous. Energy for muscles ‘When you ate exercising, your muscles need energy: Inside the muscle calls, energy cost by respiation ‘The energy i transferred to movement released from gh energy in he muscles “The harder your muscles work, the fster they respire, So hard-working muscles need reall good supplies of the to reactants in respiation ~ glucose ard oxygen. Glucose and oxygen are brought to the muscles in the blood. Thies why your heartbeats fister when you exercise. The heart pumps blood more quicyt0 the manscles “You alo breathe faster when you exercise. Faster breathing moves air inand out ‘of the hugs more quickly This means dhat more oxygen can get into dhe Hood fom the ar sacs each minute ‘Te heart pumps ‘quick, to send blood to the leg muscles. _- Orygen difuses into the blood fom the ar inside the lungs. Blood containing glu:ose and oxygen fons quickly ~ to the leg muscles. Seleese muscles by combining slucose with oxygen. ‘The breathing muscles “An ice hockey player's muscles use a lat of energy © “Ab Respaton4-4 Keeping fit @® (g roe Parent ce ©} Pian carry ont an experienc dout wa pros breathing rte eee aaa You could ue Acti 8.2 om page 35 to ge you sme ideas (Chek pepe epee eae Peesymcetyer ree cap Revol your raltcn a eral tale Display yor rele a Write a short conclusion for your experiment Diet and fitness Doing regular exercise wil help you to keep fit. Exercise helps your eartand breathing muscles to get song, 20 they can work hard fr you when you need them to, Exercise also strengthens your mscles. “What you eat ato alfleets your fies If someone eats too nach and gets very overweight, they wil become unit because ‘+ the extra mass of ther body means that more energy i needed to more it around ++ the heart aso work much harder to push blond around the langer body + the pce insce the arteries may get narrower, because fat good diet can help you to feel fit deposits buildup inside them. ‘and enereti 4 Explain why each of the effets described in the bllet points above would make it more difficult to da energete exerie 12 Explin why a profesional sportsperson often has diet that contains 4 plenty of protein on most days D carbotyarate (such as ice or pasta} just before ao] socnn ©(One of the easiest ways to make yourself unfit, alto make your lungs an! heart work es wells tosmoke cigarettes "The World Health Organization eatimates that, each year + 4.2 milion people will dic early asa result of smoking cigarettes cigarettes kil half of all the people who smoke them regularly + smoking ills more people each year that all the death om HIV/AIDS, drugs find road accident added together. People who do not smoke cigarettes themsehes may geil if they breathe in other people's cigarette smoke, Children ae especially tris, i adults in their home regularly smoke cigarettes, What isin cigarette smoke? Wi [Nicotine a drug. A drug i substance thet changes the way the body works, Some drugs for example, ‘carbon monoxide reduces the aspirin and antibiotics are useful. Howeves, ‘oxygen-carrying capacity ofthe blood. nicotine ia harmful drug. So eage [Nicotine b addictive, This means that, once your body and other kinds of cancer. hae got used tit its very ficult stop aking cote is adeictve. [Nicotine makes blood vessels get narrower, so the ‘hear has to work harder to push blood through them. Smokers are much more likely to develop heat disease leapt ae the lung's suraces Ter ‘Tari cigarette smoke causes eancer. Cancer is 2 disease in which some cel divide uncontrollably, forming alump called a tumour. Many cancers ean now be treated but itis stil very eifcult to treat cancer in the Tings Smoking cigarettes increases the risk developing all iypes of cancer, but especially ing cancet ‘he components of cigarette smoke, Carbon monoxide ‘Carbo rronoxide isan invisible gas. It combines with the haemoglobin inside red blood cell. Thismeans that they cannot caery ae uch omy. Particulates These photographs were taken using Particulates ae tiny particles of soot and other ‘microscope, both wth the same substances They get into the lings and damage the cell. magnifiation. They show lung issue ‘Phe thin walls of the ar sacs may break down. This from wo diferent people. Theone on makes mich more dificult for oxygen to get From the the eft from a healthy persen. The sir sacs imo the blood fone onthe rights rom a smoker4-5 Cigarettes and health ® CE aT TB Nicotine is addictive, 1 Explain wiy smokes find it very hart ge up smoking, ED | 2 Some people ke near Cigattes Dues whet or nt thin pot en 3 Compare the appearance ofthe tng ase re we pgs onthe previous page ‘ar greaty increases the rsko getting other cancers. | Carbon monoxide reduces the amount ED 4 Mos profesional sporsmen « and sporuwomen do not smoke ota carted : the Blood Explain why. Nicotine makes the heart work harder Paniculates damage iene tan airsacein the lungs. How cigarete smoke affects the body. Construct questionnaire to investigate one oF more questions about smoking For example, you could try to find out: + why people have chosen to smoke or not to smoke + what people know about the ways in which cigarettes affect health People are more likely to answer your questionnaire if tis quite short and ‘easy to complete. Show your questionnaire to your teacher before you try it out. Your teacher will give you guidance about how you ean use it Nicotine i a drug in cigarette smoke, tis difficult for smokers to give up smoking because nicotine is addictive, eis ee eee er ae Poet Sas reenter eae avon @Unit 4 End of unit questions 41 Respiration sa chemical reaction that happens inside cll 28 Copy and complete the word equation lor respiration. slucose + carbon dioxide + 1b This reaction is kaown as aerobic respiration, Explain why itis described as aerobic 4.2 Ineach of these groups of statements, only one i corset. Choose the ‘correc statement and write down its etter, A Every living cell espires B Only animal cell respi. ‘The way in which plant cells respre is called photosynthesis. Expired (breathed out) ars carbon dioxide Expired air contains more carbon dioxide than inspired (reste in) ic. Expired air contains more oxygen than inspired ait Respiration means moving your muscles to daw ai into the lungs Respiration means the difusion of gases betwecn the ar sacs and the blood. © Respiration means the release of eneygy from glucose, inside cll c A B c A B 43. The diagram shows an airsac and a blood capillary 18 Copy the diagram, Label + Ghe blood expillary Draw two red blood cells in the correct place on your diagram, © Drawan arrow to show the dieeton in which axygen eiffses. Label your arrow O. Draw another arrow to show the dieetion in which carbon donde diffe. Label your arrow G. {The blood leaving dhe lungs in the capillary travels to another blood vessel and dhen tothe heart, What are the rams of the blood vessel andthe part of ‘the bear it wil first enter? a a a a a ea iD] 0 0 a4 End of unit questions, (@ 44 Enile did an experiment to compare the rate of respiration in woodice {mal crustaceans) and maggots the Ievae of houseflis). The diagra shows how he setup his experiment. Limewater ia elas liquid Ie goes cloudy when casbor diode is present. bung testtube aun plato i. on |_| tive maggots ~ lvenater a c > ‘a Suggest why Emile used four tubes in his experiment, rather than two. a) Deseribe three variables that Emile needed o hep these in hs experiment 81 {Emile timed how longi took forthe limewater to go coudy in each tube “These are his ests A & minutes 1B 6%, minutes © BY, minutes D 9 minutes Daw a results table, and write in Eile’s result 4 Write conchison that Emile can make from his resus, ny pote ©cells, But you i 1 is made of milion fe cel That ‘was ute when twa very special cells ther.'The special ells vere ar egg cell and n sperm cell, Eg cells and sperm cells ate called gametes Gamites are cells that are adapte Chromosomes Every cell has chromosomes in ts nic Chrome They are made up of the genetic material, nes ae lng, thead-like struct which contains information about how the cell wail develop You have 46 chnomoscnes in every cell in your body But gametes have only 23 chromeoxomes, Egg cells and sperm cells Beg cells are the female gametes. The mother cel. They are about the bigger than size of the fl Beg cels need to be quite large to make space for food sores in dei eytoplasn ‘Sperm cells are the male gametes, They are smaller than most ater ells, They have only tiny amount of eytoplam, They have along tail, tal, which produces \ swimming movements small amount of extoplasm cellsurtace ‘human sperm cl a cell surtac membrane cytoplasm, containing LY iia, Photograph ofa human egg cel rmagrified 180 times, Photograph of a human sperm cell5 conn (@) 4 List three ways in which an egg elif fom other ells the human body 2 List three ways in which a sperm cll difrs from other cells inthe nan body Fertilisation When a sperm cell mets an egg cell the head of the sperm cell goes into the egg cell The nucleus of the sperm cell and the nucleus ofthe egg el join together. This scaled fertilisation ‘Phe new cll hats produced i called a aygote head of sperm cet nucleus of the sperm This photograph shows a sperm enters the egg cll cell and nucleus ofthe cellabout oenteran egg cell fgg call use together and ferliset. Fentisation Gametes are special cells adapied for reproduction. eee ramen a re rece eee nee eee) Poet eee ee ene ee eee) eM oe ee eee oe‘The male reproductive system “The diagram shows the male reproductive syste seminal vesicle prostate sland testis uth > penis ‘The male reproductive system. Sperm cells are made in the tastes (singular: testis). They wave along the sperm duet, into the urethra “The seminal vesicles and tie prostate gland make a sugary fu forthe sperm cell to swim in. The sugar helps to give the sperm eels energy to swe 4 Name dhe par of the male reproductive system that has each of these functions: takes sperm cells carves sperm celle fom where they are made, into the urethra makes a sugary Aid for sperm cells to swim in. © svn nn55.2 The human reproductive system @ The female reproductive system The diagram shows the femal reprhetive system oviduet torus torus ing vagina ‘The female reproductive sytem. {Egg cells are made inthe ovaries. In an adult woman, one egg cell eaves one of the ovaries approximately each month, This is alld ovulation, ‘The exg cll gors nto the oviduct. Tiny haisike structures om the oviduct wall called cilia, move the eg cell slowly along the oviduct, This is where fertilisation can happen, if there ae any sperm cell there, ‘The aygoe thats formed by frtisation carves om travelling down the oviduct, ‘unt gets to the uterus. This is where twill develop and grow into a baby. 2 Name the part of the female reproductive system that ha each of these functions 2 makes eg cll where fertilisation happens where the zygote develop into a baby. Sane en nea es eee Ce eae ote Cac e a econ ner Deere CentAfter the egg cell is fertilised The diageam shows what happens to an egg cll, iit meets a sperm cll in he vit, 3. Thezygote divides to rake’ iti ball of cells 2 The egg cel isfertlsed This is calles an embryo. Inthe oie. The cells, <= ii, now called zygote Ss a ene 2 — ©} 4 The embryo enters the uterus, It inks into the lining and starts to develo into a foetus. What happensitan eggs fertilised. ‘The moment at which the zygote is Formed is called conception I isthe start of a new life takes severa days forthe zygote to become an embryo, and to travel into the ‘uterus. When the embryo has sunk into the wall of the uterus, the woman is pregnant Te takes about nine months forthe tiny embryo to develop into a foetus and then a ‘baby. You can read about this inthe next topic 4 Name th part of the teproductive system in which Ferilsation happens. 2 What isan embryo? $3 Where hes the embryo develop into a fetus and then a baby?5-3 What happens to the egg cell? @® Ifthe egg cell is not fertilised Mot egg cells are not fertlised They just carry on traveling along the oviduct nd eventually die 1 Aneegecel develops Inanovary. The lning oftheuters starts to rowthicker. We have sen that, on average, one gg cells released from an ovary cach rmonth, The utes has to ge: ready, usin case he egg calls fertlsed. The Thing of the uterus becomesthick and spongy ready to receive the embry 2 The egg cellis released from the ovary The ining if theuterus becomes thickand spony. AF the egg cll snot Fens, this hick Ting isnot needed. It brea down, and lost through the vagina, Inan alt wean tke abn feds 23 The sg celwasnot Leics V Todted soi jet tele Tinton he wertcigizoogs On he ters nde. fe aga cameron o ‘The monthly pattern ofthe thickening _ re {nag fhe rs ing aed he ) 4 ene spore ‘menstri le. V ofthe uterus breaks ae 1 —ewmanais test housh J thee. =) ‘The menstrual cyte 44, Why docs the wer ining start to grow thick and spongy, as an egg cel develops in anovary? 5 What happensto the uterus lining if the egg cell x not Feriised? 6 How often docs an egg cel lave an vary, nan adult woman? 7 Howe often does menstruation happen, inn adult woman? ene eee) Py ae ee acs the uterus ining and develops int eerie toms cents lining is not needed, soit beaks down andis lost through the Pause"The emiryo sinks nto he thik, spongy lining of dhe uterus. This wil beits home For the nest nine months. Ics se hee, protected by its mothers body ‘The placenta and amnion ‘When it ins into the wterus wall, dhe embryo i only the same size as the egg cell from which twas formed. Ithas not grown at all. However, itis now made up of| many tiny cell, rather than ane big el, These File cells were made as the 2ygote lived, over and over again. The od sores in the egy col provided energy fori todo this, To grow and develop, the embryo now needs more food, A special organ develops that allows ita obtain food and axygen from its mother’s blood. This organ isthe placenta. The embryo is attached to the placenta by the umbilical cord. embyo umbilical cord. ~ placenta nm \ ‘A developing embryo inside the uterus. The litle embryo lots in is own private pond, containing amniotic fluid. This ‘uid ie made bya hag called che amnion, which grows around the embryo. The amniotic fluid supports the embryo, and protets it frem bumps and knocks. 4 In which pat of the body does the growing embryo develop? | Y5-4 From embryo to baby @ Foetal development By the ime it x6 weeks old, the embryo isabout 4mm long. Allis major ongans Inve begun to grow. AL 8 weeks od, the embryo ix about poms Bim long leis alteady beginning ‘AL weeks ol all the boy organs have “veloped. The embryo has naw become ‘foetus. Irs about 50 mm long eis roving quite vigoroudy nov. From 1 weeks onward, the foetus grows steadily. Most foetuses have finished sowing and developing about 38 oF 39 twee afer fertisation happened, The baby i now ready to be bor, weeks sr weoks Birth A Few days before cis or, bead downward The muscles in the wall of the uterus contract get shores). They make the fopeningof the uterus wider, so thatthe baby ean pas thro. gh, ly usually turns so tha is ying “Then the muscles contract in a eiferent way; o pu the baby out through the ‘openingof the uterus, and through the vagina, Cr 44 How long after fetlation does an embryo become a foetus? ‘5, How long aftr fertlsation are most babies boen? ‘6 Describe how the muscles in the uterus wall help a baby to be born, See Cg eee Snecma tet! ee ee eae which supports and protects it The embryo's organs have al developed by 11 weeks after fertilisation. itis now called a foetus Deuter seemnawconsaseoens (@)Growth ‘Sovis fies fn tisan, ne yg bein to divide. The singe calves to frm two cells, then four ands “As the embryo grows into fet, and the foetus grows into a baby, this cll ‘vision continues. Each cel. grow then divides, grows, then divides ~ over and ‘Sect agein, This earrica om all through childhood unt «penton has reached ‘dulhood and stops growing. eo )—Ce Ce ) 2 Be \ Asingle cell Eachcell _ Thecels cachet divides into we, grows. divige again grows. Growth takes place as cells gow and divide Development “The change from a zygote to an adul doesnot involve only growth, Ie also involes development, As the tiny embryo develops, is organs gradually ferm. For example it develogs heat ngs and a brain When a baby is born thas all ofits organs. But development continues. Its ruseles become stonger as ilearns to craw, wall and ran. Its brain develop, as itTeaens to alk and play with oy Each person is an individual, Each of us develops in slightly ilferent ways and ata lightly diferent pace, The chart shows the main stages development hat everyone passes through, Notice dat there arena sharp changes fom one stage to another agein ‘years “The main stages in a person's development. 4 You have million of cells in your body, Where dd they all come from? CED = Look atthe chart By what age have most people become adults? ) seerraconand econAdolescence ‘Ac around the age of 12.013 in hoy, and 10 or 11 in git, «big step in development takes place. The reproductive ongans an the brain undergo quite Inge changes. "Thee is ‘fen a growth spurt fa sudden, rapid period of growth) a this tine ‘This time of change from childhood to adulthood is called adolescence. ‘Changes in the reproductive organs In gins, menstruation begins. Hormnnes produced by the reproductive organs ease changes in boty shapes Ineasts devel and hips widen, Hair begins to geow i the armpits and other parts of the bod The brain gets better at learning complex things during adolescence, In boys, sperm production begins. Hormone produced bythe reproductive organs ease body shape changes, as shoulders broaden. The voice becomes deeper. Hair begins to grow onthe face, armpits and other part of the body. Changes in the brain The brain doesnot row any larger during adolescence But there quite oof reargansatonin th brainy hich Wi makes» person think adel eileen fom when hey ] wera child Adolescence can bes tine of ne and confusing emotions. + The person becomes better at making decsons and planning abcd. The abiliy to think logically improves “This time when many people find they san learn more quickly + Emotions may become stronger. People may worry more ‘They may begin to have romantic feelings They become more sla + During adolescence, there is often a strong ned for approval by fiends and others. Young people may want to he tke a role ode. This canbe stresstult they set themselves imposible standards perhaps trying to be During adolescence, many young Tike someone they secu television, people want to be part ofa group of friends who approve of them. Growth happens as cells grow and divide repeatedly. oe eee eee ees adult. Changes take place inthe reproductive organs and the brain. Stepndactonaicecnent ()Everyone lifrent Sone of the Allfecnces age the real of the genes that we inherit fo ts les we ha adflerent set of gee: om everyone else You wll earn mone about genes Stage 9 There ave many other things tha affect dhe Kind of person you ary and that make you. dilferent fom everyone. For example Jour appearance md personaly are ate yw 9 yo uae, or any dus tha you ta = Bre Enjoying life to the falls easier if you take care of cat any nesses char Enoving i 4 Think about the work that you diel on dict in Unit 2. Imagine that one tworyearoll chil has ade with plenty of protein, and another has Tewsprotein et, Hey might thei 2 Think ack to the work that you dk on diet aad ites Uni 4. Imagine that one man eas too ruc and ener, hile nother ets a hralaneed it. How aight their ability to play Fosbal lifer? 13 Think bck tothe work that yo di on smoking in Unit. Imagine that fone woman smokes, an another waman docs not smoke, How might | their ikelinoad af geting lng cancer ier Drugs and health Addr is wnt tht affects the way that the Body works Seame drags are very wel, For example antibiotics kil hrmfal bacteria inthe bred, Without antibiotics, many more people would ie of diseases eansed by bacteria, Seme drags ate not necessary’ for heath but arent eealy harm ether, i talen in moderation, Fr example, many people enjoy drinks like eons hich contain caffeine. Caffeine can take you fel more ler andl awake Theseeds ofthe coffee Theleaves of tobacco tice contain caffeine, plants make nicotine, xan Uhh ils inseets that in cgavete smoke has many try to eat them, Seme drugs ate armfl5.6 Litestyle and health @ Effects of nicotine “When tobacco wa it discvered, no-one knew that twas “arm to Wealth. Now research continues to discover more and more differen damaging effets of nicotine on the body ‘+ Men who smoke tnd to produce les healthy sperm than men wine do nck smoke. Smoking also eeduces a woman's crance of getting prqguant. Both of these effects are caused by ricatine Women who smoke before they get pregnant are more likely to have problems daring pregnancy, even if dhey stop smoking then ‘Whe a pregnant woman smokes, the nicotine ges int her Many pharmactes ke this factue's Bod, This makes the foct key grow mere lowly, nei Egypt, wil help people: Wis more likey to have low birthweight thats, robe smaller t0 Ve uP Smoking, than asa when iis bora A focus that is exposed to nicotine i more Fkely to develop diabetes when it groves up. This also true for a baby that is breast-fed sits mother smokes, The bra of a forts that i exposed to nicotine may 201 develop nermally. 44 The bar chart shows the ay percentages of babies with alow birchweight born to mothers who 8 smoked different numbers of eee cigarettes per day. ofbabies 6 ‘a What percentage of babies Dorm with ow born to mathers who do not Dimhweight 4 smoke haw low birdhweigh? b> Calculate the percentage . ‘of babies bora ta non-smoking mothers which do not have & : low birthweight one less a50r © What isthe effect of smoking than 5 more during pregnancy on the numberof cigacettes per day smoked chance of having a aby with by mother during pregnancy low birthweight? ect every stage of a person's life. mantra et ntact lopment and health. sreonduionssscesoneUnit 5 End of unit questions Copy and complete each sentence, using words from the Hist, You may use ‘each word ance, more than once oF not st al ces embryo — fertilisation gametes: ovary oviduct uterus 42 Sperm cells and egg els ae ns The joining together of the nucleus of a sperm cell and che cleus of an cag cell iscalled. & Avxgot is formed inthe 4 A aypote divides repeatedly or 8 en a 5.2 The graph shows the mean mass of gis at diffrent ages 60 se 40 mean mass /kg 30 2 4 6 8 0 mB 20 age /yeors {2 Whatisthe mean mass of girls when they are 2 years old? a 1b By how much does the mean mass inereae between years and LO yearsold? [1]. ‘€ Betwcen which ages does growth take place most rapidly? uy 4d Does the graph show that mot gis have stopped growing by the age of 20? Explain your answer. a5 End of unit questions 55.3 In some countries, pregnant women are able to have an ultrasound sc ‘her baby growing properly. The picture shows an ultrasound sean of a facts inthe uterus, 12 weeks ales fertilisation, ‘a The foetus is Hating in lid, which look black in the picture What is the name of thi id? 0 Whats the faction of the Mid? 0 €€ Name the organ that connect the foetus tots mother’s uterus, and through which it obtains is fod and oxygen, 0 4. When tis filly developed, the baby willbe horn. Desribe how a baby is born, 8 5.4 An experiment was carried out to find out how nicotine affects the production of sperm cells in rats, 1 male rats were divided into thive groups: One group was given no nicotine, another group was given a low dose of nicotine each day and the third group was given a high daly dose of nicotine. ‘This continued for 30 day, The reearchers then studied the ras perm cell, andl counted how many sperm cells were not normal. The table shows ther results, none | lowdose [high dose 687 | 1988 | 3289 Draw a bar chart on graph paper to show these esis i Write a conchasion that the researchers can make from their resus, i Suggest why the researchers gave na nicotine to one group of ra I Soggest two varitbes that che researchers shold have kept the same in their experiment el 1 1 iUsing particle theory Scientists se the idea that all mater is made of particles to explain the properties ‘of sold, igus and gases. In Stage 7 you lat ant the anne of paren ‘The particles in solids are arvanged in regular rows withthe particles touching each other, ‘The partite in lquds ae arranged withthe particles touching each other But notin 8 pattem ofrows. The particles in a gas do not touch each other. The particles in solid are ele firmly in place by forces of attraction. The particles can only vibrate they cannot move ar change places “The particles in iquids are held together by weaker forces of attraction. The particles can: moxe pas each other “The parties in gas are not atracted © eachother and they can move fee In order for partes to move or vibrate, they need energy: The more energy they have, the more try ean move or vibrate 8 1 Explain why a solid expands when itis heated, 2 Explain hv the liquid na thermometer changes 30 that it can be sed to tmewurea emperatre QD | 5: Use parce heory to explain wy sols and uid eaot be eomprensed (equated tow smaller volume} CD [4 Uieparcethcors wo explain ey qs ad pues ean Rone6.1 Particle theory @® Changing stato -Mattr exists as soli, liguid or gas, Particle theory can explain changes of sta Som solid to iq, quid to go, Fig to voll o gas to liquid, For example, when solid is heated, the particles vibrate more, because some of | ‘he energy is teansferred to the particles. ‘The pareles may have enough energy to ‘seape the strong fares holding them together in ther places, The particles can ‘ow move past each other, The solid has mild to form a iq i ® ° rating boing ° ——“"__ —— ce freezing candensirg, eo s o oo ‘Te diagrams show how the arangement ofthe particles changes when theres a change of state. Explain, using particle theory; how aliquid changes to gas Explain, using partie theor; how aliquid changes to become a solid Explain, using particle theory, what happens when stam inthe bathroom hits a cold surface such as miro. 18 Copy the How chart. "The arrows represent the processes involved wher matter changes tate. Add the name foreach process to your lve char. sold ———> liquid —— gas iid = Hiquid = ws solid <——— liquid <—>—— sas D ah c = Sener rete See One raed eis Pecan ee poenaicn ésacsinne @+2 Diffusion Explaining diffusion If you very carefily pat a diop of fond dye ino a glass of wate, you can see the dye a eee esa aetna dhe os The past he es in ce sa ne ce ome The pais fod Shean ater ne don amp ‘Rkeiome ume thse or overeat Mista to bce cay esd. Ts Sica ‘Question 1 Predict what would happen tothe speed at whieh the food dye eifases if you warm the liquid Explain your prediction Diffusion happens because ofthe random ‘movement of particles. Diffusion in gases Diffusion alsa happens in gases. Gas particles move more Feely than the particles in igus Bromine forms yellow-brown coloute gs COnigen ia colourless gas. IT they ae placed tether, you can watch as they dfs into each other 4. Agasjarcontaining oxygen 2 The particles is placed ontop ofa gas jar

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