SUBJECT:

CIVIC EDUCATION
CLASS:
J.S.S. 2
©Deeper Life High TERM: FIRST School. 2023

SCHEME OF WORK

WEEKS TOPICS CONTENT

1 REVISION LAST TERM TOPICS

2
National value: Discipline (a) Meaning of Discipline

(b) Attributes of discipline, Self-control, Moderation,

modesty, Respect for Legitimate Authority, Respect for Rule

and Regulations, Perseverance, Dedication etc.

(c) Benefits of disciplined behaviour

(b) Consequences of indiscipline on the individual and the

society.

3
National values: Courage (a) Meaning of courage, e.g Exercise boldness in carrying out

positive activities in Community

(b) Types of Courage (i) physical courage (ii) Moral courage

(iii) Spiritual Courage

(c) Attributes of courageous Persons-: (i) Commitment, (ii)

Endurance (iii) Determination.(iv) Steadfastness (v) Diligence

(vi) Boldness (vii) Bravery etc.

4
Nigeria as a Federation (a) Meaning of Federation.

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 (b) Needs for Federation: (i) national integration (ii) Unity in

Diversity. (iii) controlling activities of state

(c) characteristics of a federation: (i) Sharing of powers

between central and state government (ii) states have

constitutionally control over their own affairs (iii) Central

Government control the State (iv) Constitution of Federal

System

5 Relationship between Federal, State (a) Relationship: (i) perform functions according to

and Local Government constitutional provision (ii) Power to Legislate over matters

spelt out in legislative lists (iii) Power to carry out functions

in accordance with constitutional provisions. (iv) Provide

form of Governance ,etc.

(b) Differences among the three tiers of government: (i)

Functions, (ii) Legislative powers, (iii) Executive powers, (iv)

Exclusive , concurrent and residual powers etc.

6 The Rule of Law (a) The meaning of law and rule of law.

(b) The benefits of the rule of law as against ar

bitrary rule.

(c) Punishment for breaking the law.

(d) Equality of all citizens before the laws.

7 MID-TERM BREAK

8 Protection of Human Rights and the (a) Ways individuals protect human right (i) represent the

Rule of Law affected person in court, (ii) drawing attention to cases of

human rights violations through: protest match, media

coverage, and hunger strikes.

(b) Groups that assist in protecting human rights of citizens.

E.g. (i) Civil Society Organizations (such as: CLO, CDHR, CRP,

etc.)

9 Democratic Process (a) The meaning of voting

(b) Voters registration

(C) The importance of voting; the process of voting

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 10 REVISION

11 EXAMINATION

12 EXAMINATION

13 CLOSING

WEEK: 2

TOPIC: National value: Discipline

LESSON OBJECTIVES: By the end of the lesson, students should be able to:

i. define discipline;
ii. list attributes of discipline;
iii. explain benefits of disciplined behavior;
iv. mention consequences of indiscipline on the individual and the society

ENTRY BEHAVIOUR: The students are familiar with the concept discipline.

SUB-TOPIC 1: Meaning of Discipline

CONTENT:

Discipline: This simply refers to the attitude of doing the right thing at the right time. A disciplined man will reject wickedness and speak

out when a crime is being committed. Such a person will obey all constituted authorities and behave in a controlled way even in difficult

situation.

PRACTICE EXERCISE:

1. ________refers to the attitude of doing the right thing at the right time.

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 SUB-TOPIC 2: Attributes of a discipline

CONTENT:

1. Honest and tolerant

2. Orderly
3. Respect for legitimate authority
4. Respect for rules and regulations
5. Patient
6. Dedicated to duties
7. Modest
8. Self-control (can control his or her emotions)
9. Dedicated

10.The spirit of perseverance.

PRACTICE EXERCISE:

1. List seven attributes of a disciplined person

2. Explain 5 of the attributes of discipline listed above.

SUB-TOPIC 3: Benefits of a disciplined behaviour

CONTENT:

1. Discipline brings about peace in the society: Peace and orderliness prevail in the society where rules and regulations are

obeyed by the citizens

2. It fosters unity among people: It makes people to work together in unity of purpose.

3. It promotes economic and political development: When political officeholders and civil servants are financially disciplined,

government funds would be used to develop projects rather than being mismanaged or embezzled.

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 4. It reduces the rate of crimes and negative behaviours in the society: Disciplined people will avoid every form of immoral and

criminal acts like prostitution, drugs addiction gambling, cultism etc.

5. Other benefits of disciplined behaviours include; security of lives and properties, attraction of foreign investments, healthy

and clean environment, jobs creations, respect in the society, National honours etc.

PRACTICE EXERCISE:

1. Enumerate five benefits of discipline

SUB-TOPIC 4: Consequences of indiscipline on the individual and the society

CONTENT:

1. Social instability

2. Corruption in high and low places

3. Weak social institutions

4. Exposure of Government and her citizens

5. Harmful behaviuor in the society to the society

6. Involvement in crime

7. Slow pace of development

PRACTICE EXERCISE:

1. _______ is the lack of self-control

2. Indiscipline can result in corruption in both ___ and ___ places.

3. Social instability is a consequence of______

ESSAY OUESTIONS

1. Itemize six consequences of indiscipline

2. Explain four consequences of indiscipline

CONCLUSION

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TOPICAL TEST:

1. _____is termed to mean enforcing obedience in a society (a) Studying

(b) Teaching

(c) Discipline

(d) a and c
2. A disciplined child is a--- in his or her society (a) great wealthy

(b) priceless gem

(c) reject

(d) princess
3. Taking care of school environment is ---

(a) an aspect of discipline

(b) what school authority demand of pupils

( c) a good opportunity to show good home training

(d) an aspect of co-curricular activity

4. One of the following is not the attribute of a disciplined person.

(a) Honesty and tolerant

(b) Patient

(c) Lawlessness

(d) Self-Control

5. When a person obeys the rules and regulations that guide a society, the person is said to be

(a) Disciplined

(b) Transparent

(C) Simple

(d) Selfless

6. All but one of the following is a way by which society can promote justice and selflessness

(a) Condoning of indiscipline

(b) rewarding of diligence and hard work

(c) respecting the rule of law

(d) Developing the spirit of selflessness in citizenry.

7. All are possible in a society where there is discipline except: (a) attraction of foreign investors

(b) disrespect in the society

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 (c) healthy and clean environment

(d) National honours

8. The following are the examples of values EXCEPT ________ (a) honesty

(b) discipline

(C) commitment

(d) lack of commitment.

9. Which one is odd?
(a) Order
(b) Instability
(c) Crime
(d) Corruption
10. Doing the right thing at the right time is referred to
(a) Discipline
(b) Indiscipline
(c) Punctuality
(d) Promptly

GLOSSARY OF TERMS / KEY WORDS / VOCABULARY:

Indiscipline Transparent Punctuality

PUZZLES / BRAIN TEASER:

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INSPIRATIONAL QUOTES:

1. “Self-control is the chief element in self-respect, and self-respect is the chief element in courage.” – Thucydides

2. “There is no magic wand that can resolve our problems. The solution rests with our work and discipline. ” – Jose Eduardo dos

Santos

3. “For a man to conquer himself is the first and noblest of all victories. ” – Plato

4. “What lies in our power to do, lies in our power not to do.” – Aristotle

5. “He who has no control over himself, cannot truly be in control of others”- Unuigbe A.E

6. “You have power over your mind, not outside events. Realize this, and you will find strength.” – Marcus Aurelius

7. “Discipline is the bridge between goals and accomplishment.” – Jim Rohn

WEEK: 3
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TOPIC: National values: Courage

LESSON OBJECTIVES: By the end of the lesson, students should be able to:

1. define the term ‘courage’

2. state the types of courage

3. identify the attributes of courageous persons

ENTRY BEHAVIOUR: The students have demonstrated courage at some points in their lives.

SUB-TOPIC 1: Definition of courage

CONTENT:

This refers to the act of exercising boldness in carrying out a given task in a particular situation. It is a firmness of mind to finish a task in

the face of oppositions, obstacles and challenges.

PRACTICE EXERCISE:

1. Define the concept courage.

2. How can someone develop courage and become more courageous?

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 3. What role does fair play in courage?

SUB-TOPIC 2: Types of courage

CONTENT:

(a) PHYSICAL COURAGE: This is the willingness to use our physical strength or energy to get things done such as lifting an

object, fighting, wrestling cutting grasses or cutting down of trees, etc.

(b) MORAL COURAGE: This is the ability to do what is right irrespective of pressure to do otherwise such as the ability to

challenge any form of injustices in the society.

(c) SPIRITUAL COURAGE: This is the ability or courage to exercise and exhibit one’s spiritual faith in the living God and live

according to the tenets of the religion.

PRACTICE EXERCISE:

1. _____ Is the bility to do what is right?

2. The willingness to use our physical strength or energy to get things done connotes_________

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 3. _______ is the ability to exercise one’s faith?

ESSAY QUESTIONS

4. Name three types of courage.

5. Explain 3 instances you can exercise moral courage

SUB-TOPIC 3: Attributes of courageous persons

CONTENT:

A Courageous person possesses the following attributes. He or She:

1. endures difficult situation

2. is determined in the course of any action
3. is steadfast
4. is diligent
5. is bold and brave
6. Is Committed

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PRACTICE EXERCISE:

1. Write five attributes of courage in person.

CONCLUSION

TOPICAL TEST:

1. Which of the following best defines courage?

a) The absence of fear

b) The ability to never feel fear
c) Doing something despite being afraid
d) All of the above
2. Which type of courage is often displayed in the face of physical danger?

a) Social courage
b) Moral courage
c) Physical courage
d) spiritual
3. When faced with an ethical dilemma, which type of courage is required to make the right decision?

a) Emotional courage
b) Moral courage
c) Physical courage
d) Singing courage
4. Which of the following is an example of social courage?

a) Standing up to a bully
b) Walking through a haunted house
c) Bungee jumping off of a bridge
d) dancing
5. Which type of courage is required to admit one’s mistakes?

a) Emotional courage
b) Moral courage
c) Physical courage
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 d) Spiritual courage
6. Which of the following best describes moral courage?

a) The ability to be physically strong

b) The ability to do the right thing despite potential consequences
c) The ability to speak fluently in public
d) fighting
7. What is the difference between courage and recklessness?

a) There is no difference
b) Courage is calculated, while recklessness is impulsive
c) Recklessness is calculated, while courage is impulsive
d) none
8. Which of the following is an example of physical courage?

a) Admitting to a mistake
b) Walking away from a fight
c) Saving someone from a burning building
d) All
9. Which type of courage is required to ask for help?

a) Emotional courage
b) Moral courage
c) Physical courage
d) Every
10. Which of the following best describes the difference between bravery and courage?

a) There is no difference
b) Bravery is a lack of fear, while courage is acknowledging fear and pushing through it
c) Courage is a lack of fear, while bravery is acknowledging fear and pushing through it
d) Sleeping throughout

ESSAY

(a) Describe a time when you personally demonstrated courage?

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 (b) In your opinion, what qualities make someone courageous?

(c) Courage can manifest in various forms, such as physical, moral, and emotional courage. Choose one type of courage and

discuss its significance in our lives?

GLOSSARY OF TERMS / KEY WORDS / VOCABULARY:

Bravery Emotional Admitting Recklessness possesses

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PUZZLES / BRAIN TEASER:

INSPIRATIONAL QUOTES:

1. "Courage isn't having the strength to go on – it is going on when you don't have strength." ― Napoleon Bonaparte

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 2. "Courage doesn't always roar. Sometimes courage is the little voice at the end of the day that says I'll try again tomorrow." ―

Mary Anne Radmacher

3. "Great occasions do not make heroes or cowards; they simply unveil them to the eyes of men. Silently and perceptibly, as we

wake or sleep, we grow strong or weak; and last some crisis shows what we have become. " ― Brooke Foss Westcott
4. "Confront the dark parts of yourself, and work to banish them with illumination and forgiveness. Your willingness to wrestle with

your demons will cause your angels to sing." ― August Wilson

5. "Success is not final, failure is not fatal: it is the courage to continue that counts." ― Winston Churchill

WEEK: 4

TOPIC: Nigeria as a Federation

LESSON OBJECTIVES: By the end of the lesson, students should be able to:

i. define federation;
ii. state needs for federation;
iii. mention characteristics of a federation

ENTRY BEHAVIOUR: The students have been taught discipline

SUB-TOPIC 1: Meaning of Federation

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CONTENT:

A federation is a political system whereby a group of states come together to form a single and stronger country. Nigeria is a good

example of a Federation. You often hear “The federal republic of Nigeria”. Nigeria is made up of one central Government with 36 states

and 774 local governments. Other examples of countries that are practicing federation include: USA, Canada, Argentina, Malaysia, India

etc.

PRACTICE EXERCISE:

1. Nigeria has _____ number of states?

2. A political system whereby powers are constitutionally divided between central government and other tiers of government is

known as __________?

3. The federal, state and local governments are referred to as______________?

4. Nigeria as a country was born through the amalgamation of ___________?

5. The number of ethnic groups in Nigeria is ______?

SUB-TOPIC 2: Needs for a Federation

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CONTENT:

1. To pool the resources of all states together: There is need for federation as no one state can produce all its needs alone.

This will lead to larger economic growth and development.

2. To promote national integration and unity: There may be need for federation in order to make people of different
languages, duties and religion to come together and work in unity.
3. To control the activities of the state: A country may need a federation in order prevent the states from withering away.
4. To take care of needs of the people: A federation is equally a matter of necessity as the component parts will be capable of
meeting the immediate needs of the people.

5. To protect against attack: Where the smaller states cannot be protected against attack by another country, coming
together to form a federation will be helpful.

PRACTICE EXERCISE:

1. Is Nigeria a presidential or parliamentary system_____?

2. ____ level of government takes care of the residual list?

3. _________ is the highest court in Nigeria?

ESSAY

1. List five reasons for a federation?

2. What are some of the challenges facing the Nigerian federal system?

SUB-TOPIC 3: CHARACTERISTICS OF A FEDERATION

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CONTENT:

1. Division of powers: In federation, governmental powers are shared between central and state government. But the central
government has greater power over the states.

2. Supremacy of the constitution: The constitution has the final authority in any matter. Both the central and state governments
derive their powers from the constitution.

3. Written and Rigid constitution: A federation normally has a written and rigid constitution which is a feature of a federal
constitution

4. State governments have constitutionally powers over their own affairs. The state governments have constitutional powers to
retain some control or autonomy over their own affairs.

5. Existence of bicameral legislature at the central level and unicameral legislature in the states. This means at the central level,
there two legislative houses/chambers only one house at the state level.

6. Existence of Supreme Court: The highest court is the Supreme Court in the land that usually settles disputes between various
levels of government.

7. Separation of powers: There is separation of powers among the three organs of government in a federation, namely
Legislative, Executive, judiciary

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PRACTICE EXERCISE:

1. Is there a bicameral legislature in Nigeria____?

2. How often are federal elections held in Nigeria_____?

3. There is separation of power among the ______ organs of government?

4. The three arms of government are____,________ and ________?

5. The constitution in a federation is normally______ and ______?

ESSAY QUESTIONS

1. List five reasons for a federation?

2. What are some of the powers reserved for the state governments?

3. What are some of the challenges facing the Nigerian federal system?

Subtopic: 4 Advantages of a Federal System Of Government

CONTENT:

1. Reduction in work load

2. Supremacy of the constitution

3. It safeguards the interest of the minorities

4. It promotes employment opportunities

Disadvantages of a Federal System of Government

1. Expensive to operate
2. Duplication of functions

3. Threat of secession

4. Boundary dispute

5. Fear of domination

6. Ethic disharmony

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 CONCLUSION

TOPICAL TEST:

1. When did Nigeria become a federation?

a. 1954

b. 1960

c. 1963

d. 1970

2. How many states are in Nigeria?

a. 32

b. 36

c. 40

d. 44

3. Which of the following is not one of the three tiers of government in Nigeria’s federation?

a. Federal

b. State

c. Local

d. International

4. Who has the power to create new states in Nigeria?

a. The President

b. The National Assembly

c. The Supreme Court

d. The State Governors

5. What is the name of the legislative body at the state level in Nigeria?

a. National Assembly

b. House of Representatives

c. Senate

d. State House of Assembly

6. How often are elections held for state governors in Nigeria?

a. Every year
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 b. Every two years

c. Every three years

d. Every four years

7. Which region of Nigeria has the most states?

a. North West

b. North East

c. South West

d. South South

8. How many local government areas are in Nigeria?

a. 744

b. 774

c. 804

d. 844

9. Which of the following is not a revenue source for the Nigerian government?

a. Oil exports

b. Taxes

c. Agriculture

d. Tourism

10. Who is the current President of Nigeria?

a. Muhammadu Buhari

b. Goodluck Jonathan

c. Armed Tinubu

d. Umar Musa Yar’Adua

Essay:

1. How many states are in Nigeria and what are they?

2. What is the role of the federal government in Nigeria?

3. Mention four countries that are federation?

4. State FIVE reasons for a federation?
5. List THREE advantages and disadvantages of a federation
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GLOSSARY OF TERMS / KEY WORDS / VOCABULARY:

Residual Concurrent parliamentary Vested

Autonomy Impeachment Amnesty Secession

Bicameral

PUZZLES / BRAIN TEASER:

Fill in the name of states on the map correctly

INSPIRATIONAL QUOTES:

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“There is no country in the world with the diversity, confidence and talent and black pride like Nigeria” — Binyavanga Wainana, Kenyan

Author

WEEK: 5

TOPIC: Relationship between Federal, State and Local Government

LESSON OBJECTIVES: By the end of the lesson; the students should be able to:

1. relate the relationship between the federal, state and local government;

2. state the differences among the three tiers of government;

3. discuss the functions of the three tiers of government

ENTRY BEHAVIOUR: The students have a good knowledge of federation treated in the previous week

SUB-TOPIC 1: THE MAJOR RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN FEDERAL AND STATE GOVERNMENTS AND LOCAL

GOVERNMENT ARE SUMMARIZED BELOW

CONTENT:

1. The federal government controls the state and local government

2. The component states of the federation are created out of a single country.

3. There are powers sharing in the federation.

4. There is the duplication of government departments at the federal, state and local levels

5. The country’s resources are kept in the national treasury and shared among the 3 levels (tiers) of government every month.

6. Regular council of states meetings brings the Federal and state governments together.

7. The federal government represents the entire nation external affairs.

8. All the levels of government are under the operation of the same

9. Constitution to form a united government.

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PRACTICE EXERCISE:

1. ________ Is responsible in funding of all the components of the federation

2. There is power ______ in the federation?

3. The _______represents the entire nation external affairs.

4. Nigeria is a federation of________ states.

5. The official residence of all Nigerian presidents is____?

ESSAY QUESTION

1. List five functions of the central or federal government can perform in the exclusive list ?

2. Outline five powers or functions under the concurrent list?

3. The residual list covers matters like ?

4. The third tier of the federal system takes care of what five functions?

SUB-TOPIC 2: DIFFERENCES AMONG FEDERAL, STATE AND LOCAL GOVERNMENT

CONTENT:

In spite of the existing relationship between the levels of government, there are areas of differences, which could be seen in the

following areas.

1. The functions of the Federal Government cover the whole of the federation while a state will only operate within the state and

local government level

2. The Federal legislature is bicameral, made up of the senate and the House of Representatives, while the State legislature is

unicameral.
3. The executive council at the Federal level is headed by the President while at the state level is the Governor.
4. The federal government exercises power on the exclusive list while state government legislates on the Residual legislative list.

Federal State Local Government

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 Functions Covers the whole of the federation Only operate within the state. Operate at the local or small

community

Legislative power 1. Bicameral Unicameral Unicameral

2. makes laws affecting the whole country State laws cover their area of Local laws covers local levels

operation

Executive power The executive council at the federal level is At the state level the head of At the local government level

headed by the president and assisted by administration is the Governor the chairman is the head

the vice presidents and some ministers assisted by deputy governor assisted by vice chairman and

with some commissioners and the councilors with their

state civil servants workers.

Power sharing F.G legislates on the exclusive list in the State government legislate on In the local government, the

constitution. residual list power to make law is exercise

through bye laws which are

given through the acts of

parliament.

Heads of Units Ministers Commissioners Supervisory councilors

PRACTICE EXERCISE:

1. ______ acts as a supervisor over all the components of the federation?

2. Why is local government referred to as the government at the grass roots?

3. The laws made by the local government are called ____?

4. ______ acts a supervisors over the local government?

5.

ESSAY

1. List three component of the local council of the state

2. State five functions of the State government in a federation.

3. Discuss three differences between federal, state and local government.

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 CONCLUSION

TOPICAL TEST:

1. States need federation for one of the following reasons (a) Federation allows various groups of people to be

accommodated in the scheme of things (b) Federation gives room for excessive spending of public funds (c) Federation

tackles the problem of poverty (d) Federation is important because of its flexibility.
2. One of the Characteristics of a Federation is that-- (a)no separation of powers in the constitution (b) there is supremacy

of the constitution (c) none of these is applicable to its characteristics (d) all of the above.
3. …… is a good example of federation (a) Sokoto (b) Zamfara (c) Nigeria (d) Osun
4. Which of following exercises the Exclusive powers (a) Central government (b) State government (c) Local government

(d) None of the above.

5. In a Federation, the State government makes law on … (a) Exclusive list (b) Residual list (c) Common list (d) Fresh list
6. The Executive council at the federal level is headed by the ……. (a)Governor (b)Chairman (c) Minister (d) President
7. Nigeria as a Federation is made up of …… State (a) 36 (b) 50(c)37 (d)27
8. In a Federation, the Local Council is headed by …… (a) Chairman (b)Councilor (c) Commissioner (d) Governor
9. The level of Government in a federation that makes laws that for every body in a country is the--- Government (a)

Central (b) State (c) Regional (d) Local

10. The head of a Ministry at the Federal level in a Federation is known as ….. (a) Chairman (b) Commissioner (c)

Minister (d) Ambassador

ESSAY

1. What is Federation?
2. Mention and explain 5 characteristics of a federation

3. List 5 advantages of a federal system of government

4. List five countries practicing federation

5. State three differences between federal, state and local government.

GLOSSARY OF TERMS / KEY WORDS / VOCABULARY:

Supervisor components Bicameral Unicameral

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WEEK: 6

TOPIC: THE RULE OF LAW

LESSON OBJECTIVES: By the end of the lesson, students should be able to:

1. define law and rule of law;

2. mention the benefits of the rule of law as against arbitrary rule;
3. state punishment for breaking the law;
4. explain equality of all citizens before the laws

ENTRY BEHAVIOUR: The students have been taught federation

SUB-TOPIC 1: THE MEANING OF LAW AND RULE OF LAW

CONTENT:

Laws refer to set of rules and regulations that governs a state or country.

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 The rule of law means supremacy of the law, equality before the law and the adoption of fundamental human rights in a democratic

state. This means that the law rules and nothing else. Rule of law also means the law is not a respecter of person in any given

state. The rule of law was developed by Professor A.V. Dicey who wrote a book in 1885 titled, Introduction to the Study of Law of

the Constitution in which he said “the rule of law is necessary to prevent oppression and tyranny”. Rule of Law is based on the

notion that decisions should be made by applying known principles or laws, without resorting to the use personal judgment or

discretion.

PRINCIPLES OF THE RULE OF LAW

1. The supremacy of the law
2. Equality before the law
3. Fundamental human right/right to personal liberty.

PRACTICE EXERCISE:

1. Prof. A. V. Dicey wrote down the doctrine of the rule of law in his book titled_____
2. The rule of law means ______of the law.
3. Prof. A.V Dicey wrote his book in the year_____?
4. There are ______ basic principles of the rule of law?
5. According to the rule of law, nobody is _____ the law?

ESSAY

1. State the meaning of rule of law.

2. Outline the three basic principles of rule of law?

3. Identify the organs of government?

SUB-TOPIC 2: BENEFITS OF THE RULE OF LAW AS AGAINST ARBITRARY RULE

CONTENT:

1. The application of the rule of law will ensure that a country is governed in accordance with the dictates of the constitution
2. The rule of law will guarantee the independence of the Judiciary as the custodian and interpreter of the country’s

constitution
3. The rule of law will also promote stability in government, as all the organs of government will act according to the stated

laws.
4. The rule of law will equally promote the fundamental human rights of the citizens, as the law will prevent any infringement

upon such rights.

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 5. The notion of the rule of law will also promote the doctrine of separation of powers and checks and balances as no organ of

government will interfere in the functions of other organs

6. The rule of law will also prevent oppression and tyranny in the society, as autocratic leaders will have no place in government
7. The rule of law will also promote steady progress in the society.
8. The application of the rule of law strengthens the democratic governance.

PRACTICE EXERCISE:

1. List and explain briefly three benefits of rule of law

2. What happens when the rule of law is not upheld?

3. How do courts ensure that the rule of law is being upheld?

SUB-TOPIC 3: PUNISHMENT FOR LAW BREAKING

CONTENT:

1. Withdrawal of rights: When a law is broken, the rights due to an individual may be withdrawn such as the freedom of

movement.
2. Detention and imprisonment: An accused can be detained, if found guilty of the offence, he or she can be imprisoned for any

breaking of the law.

3. Denial of basic Services: When certain people break any law, it may prevent the government from providing certain amenities to

the people
4. Political instability: Breaking down of law and order may lead to anarchy.
5. Sanctions: Government may impose any form of sanctions on individual or group of people who break the law
6. Lack of security: When laws are broken government may not be able to protect the lives and property of the citizens

Punishable offences
1. Theft
2. Membership of cult group
3. Murder
4. Kidnapping and abduction
5. Embezzlement
6. Human trafficking
7. Armed robbery
8. Drug trafficking
9. Money laundering

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 10. Illegal bunkering
11. Examination malpractices
PRACTICE EXERCISE:

1. The law that governs both the rulers and the ruled is known as _______

2. The principle of rule of law was propounded by______

3. The breakdown of law and order may lead to______

4. Government may impose ______ on individuals or group of people who break the law

ESSAY
1. List five offences that can be punished under the law
2. List and explain three forms of punishment for breaking the laws.

SUB-TOPIC 3: EQUALITY OF ALL CITIZENS BEFORE THE LAW

CONTENT:

This is based on the idea that “all citizens are born equal and therefore, are equal before the law”. The same law applies to both

the ruler and the ruled hence; people are subject to the same court in a state. Therefore, there should be no secret trial of any

accused person. An ordinary citizen can take any government official including the president to court on any given issue. This

principle admits no class (status) in the society. Nevertheless, this principle equalizes everybody yet, special rights are reserved

for the infants that cannot be charged to court for any criminal offence. Political officeholders, ambassadors etc, cannot be

arrested or tried in court while in office.

LIMITATIONS TO THE RULE OF LAW

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 1. Conviction in a law court: if a citizen is found guilty of armed robbery, treason or murder by a law court, such citizen could be

denied his or her rights to life by public execution.

2. State of emergency: a state of emergency is a temporary system of rules to deal with extremely dangerous or difficult situations.

3. Imposition of curfew: civil disorder in a state could lead to the state government imposing a curfew

4. Slander, libel or sedition: The government could restrict the freedom of expression of citizens when there is slander or sedition

by individuals or libel by the press.

5. Children under eighteen years of age: A child that is under the age of eighteen years of age could be denied voting rights.

6. Health reasons: The right to freedom of movement of a citizen may be denied if he or she suffers from insanity or any of the

contagious diseases. Examples include people having psychiatric illness, leprosy, small pox, etc.

7. Criminal acts: A citizen could be deprived of the rights to free movement if he or she is found guilty of criminal acts such as

stealing, drug or human trafficking, kidnapping, etc.

PRACTICE EXERCISE:

1. The fundamental human rights are inalienable rights because they __________
2. The right to freedom of assembly and freedom of movement of assembly and freedom of movement falls into the category

of____ right ?
3. The last hope of the common man is __________

ESSAY QUESTIONS

1. Explain the meaning of “The law is no respecter of persons”.

2. Explain the principal of impartiality.

CONCLUSION

TOPICAL TEST:

1. What does the "rule of law" refer to?

a) Laws made by rulers
b) Laws that are arbitrary
c) Supremacy of law over rulers
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 d) Rule by lawyers
2. Which principle is a key component of the rule of law?
a) Absolute power of the government
b) Equality before the law
c) Exemption of government officials from legal consequences
d) Rigid enforcement of all laws
3. Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of a society that upholds the rule of law?
a) Accessible and impartial legal system
b) Government immunity from prosecution
c) Protection of individual rights
d) Independent judiciary
4. The rule of law ensures that laws are:
a) Applicable only to the elite
b) Applied selectively based on social status
c) Applied equally to all individuals
d) Altered frequently to suit government needs
5. Why is an independent judiciary important for the rule of law?
a) It allows the government to control the legal system
b) It ensures a fair and impartial legal process
c) It makes laws flexible and subject to change
d) It minimizes public participation in legal matters
6. Which of the following statements best describes the concept of "due process" under the rule of law?
a) The government can bypass legal procedures for national security reasons
b) Legal proceedings are conducted in secret to protect classified information
c) Individuals are entitled to fair and just legal procedures
d) Government officials are exempt from legal proceedings
7. How does the rule of law contribute to economic development?
a) By concentrating power in the hands of a few individuals
b) By allowing businesses to evade legal regulations
c) By ensuring a predictable and stable legal environment
d) By discouraging foreign investment
8. In a society that upholds the rule of law, what role does legality play in governance?
a) Laws are optional for government officials
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 b) Laws serve as tools for suppressing dissent
c) Laws establish the framework for government actions
d) Laws are determined solely by the ruling elite
9. Which term refers to the idea that laws should be clear, well-defined, and accessible to everyone?
a) Legal absolutism
b) Legal realism
c) Legal certainty
d) Legal paternalism
10. What is the relationship between the rule of law and human rights?
a) The rule of law guarantees absolute government power
b) Human rights are above the rule of law
c) The rule of law protects and upholds human rights
d) Human rights undermine the rule of law
ESSAY

(a) Explain the concept of the "rule of law

(b) Discuss the importance of the rule of law in maintaining a just and democratic society.

(c) List four offences punishable by law?

(d) Examine 5 limitations to the rule of law

(e) Enumerate and explain four punishments for breaking the laws.

PUZZLES / BRAIN TEASER:

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www.deeperlifehighschool.org …leadership with distinction
WEEK: 8

TOPIC: PROTECTION OF HUMAN RIGHTS AND THE RULE OF LAW

LESSON OBJECTIVES: By the end of the lesson, students should be able to:

1. state the role of individuals and groups;

2. list groups that assist in protecting human rights of citizens;
3. explain the functions of groups that assist in protecting human rights of citizens

ENTRY BEHAVIOUR: The students are conversant with the concept of the rule of law.

SUB-TOPIC 1: WAYS OF PROTECTING HUMAN RIGHT: ROLE OF INDIVIDUALS AND GROUPS

CONTENT:

Human Rights are basic rights that every human being should be entitled to. All these rights are enshrined in the constitution of a country

and are expected to be protected by the government of a country.

1. Read the human rights in the constitution.

2. Teach others their fundamental human right.
3. An accused person can be represented in a court of law by his lawyer(s).
4. Protest matches and media coverage.
5. An accused person may also engage on hunger strike.
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 6. The legislature can equally make an enabling law to protect the fundamental human rights.
7. International organizations can help to protect the rights of the citizens.
8. Pressure groups and political parties can influence public or government decision to enhance the rule of law.

PRACTICE EXERCISE:

1. The process through which the legislature makes laws is known as______________?
2. The proposal presented before the legislature for debate and discussion is known as __________?
3. The law is made for both the _____ and_______

ESSAY

1. Itemize four ways through which citizen’s right could be protected

2. State four institutions responsible for the enforcement of rule of law in the country?
3. List two ways the judiciary can enforce the rule of law?

SUB-TOPIC 2: GROUPS THAT ASSIST IN PROTECTING HUMAN RIGHTS OF CITIZENS

CONTENT:

The following bodies or groups normally assist in protecting human rights of the citizens:

1. Civil Societies: These groups of civil societies comprise the voluntary and civil organizations/institutions. These groups

include: Non-governmental organizations (NGOs), cultural groups, religious organizations, Nigeria Labour Congress (NLC),

Committee for the Defence of Human Rights (CDHR), Students’ unions, etc.
2. Trade Union: This is the body that combines all association of workers seeking to improve the economic and social well-

being of its members through group actions. In Nigeria, the central body is called Nigeria Labour Congress (NLC). In

February, 1978 the NLC was formed and Inaugurated with affiliate members.
3. Students Organizations: This organization comprises the body of students who stand with the view to defend the students’
interest and can revolt against unconstitutional policies of government. National Association of Nigeria Students is the

umbrella body for students in tertiary institutions of learning.

4. Ethnic Unions/Associations: These are associations formed by members of the various ethnic groups. The primary aim of
these unions is to protect the individual, ethnic and economic rights of their group. Examples are Oodua Peoples’ Congress

{OPC}, Arewa Consultative Forum {ACF}, Ohaneze Ndigbo.etc.

5. Legal Aid Councils: These are non-governmental organizations formed by some public spirited lawyers that provide free legal
services to those who cannot afford it. They visit prisons and attend to all cases of people in detention. This is to ensure that

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 those who are illegally detained without trial achieve justice. They also rehabilitate freed prisoners. The legal aids is now a

government parastatal and has an office in the 36 state of the federation.

PRACTICE EXERCISE:

1. OPC stands for________________

2. The umbrella body of students in tertiary institutions of learning is__________

3. Nigeria Labour Congress (NLC) was formed in_______

4. Identify one group that assist in protecting human rights of the citizens___________

ESSAY
1. Identify five groups that assist in protecting human rights of citizens

2. List five Agencies established by the government to enforce the rule law?

3. State five functions of the police

SUB-TOPIC 3: STEPS FOR THE PROTECTION OF HUMAN RIGHTS

CONTENT:

A just and egalitarian society is where the rights of citizens are properly guarded and protected, where the rule of law is upheld.

The appropriate steps that guarantee the protection of a citizen’s right are….

1. The constitution: though the right of citizen predates the existence of the constitution, it is the constitution that declares the

rights of the citizens legally. The constitution spells out clearly that fundamentals rights of the citizens are inalienable.
2. Independent of the judiciary: the judiciary is referred to as the last hope of the common man. This is where citizens can seek

redress when their rights are infringed upon. Anybody whose right is violated should go to court for justice.
3. Respect for the rule of law: the rule of law is a maxim which advocates the supremacy of LAW. When dealing with citizens

individually and as a group, the rule of law connote equality, justices, liberty and respect for the law of the land. When the rule of

law is uphold in any society, the individual rights will be safeguarded.

4. Education of the citizens: the citizens should be educated on the need to protect their rights; this can be done through rallies,

the media, social organizations and schools.

5. Opposition: this helps to protect the right of citizens when they are being infringed by the government. Political organizations

and civil society can aid those whose rights are violated.
6. Public compliant commission should be informed when anybody’s right is violated. Also the law enforcement agent should as

well be educated on the needs to enforce law so that rights of individual can be protected.

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PRACTICE EXERCISE:

Write short note on the following

1. The constitution
2. Independent of the judiciary
3. Respect for the rule of law
4. Opposition.

CONCLUSION

TOPICAL TEST:

1. Human rights are the…..?

(a) privileges enjoyed by the citizens of a given state
(b) rights enjoyed by the people in authority
(c) rights enjoyed by the less privileged
(d) rights enjoyed by the people in authority
2. The rights that enable a citizen to participate in the government of a state is known as
(a) human rights
(b) political rights
(c) economic rights
(d) social rights
3. Which of these is not an appropriate step to protection of human rights?
(a) election of a good government
(b) violent protest match
(c) Education and public awareness
(d) Fair-play, avoidance of partiality
4. Who propounded the rule of law?
(a) Professor Henry Shaw
(b) Professor James Peters
(c) Professor A.V. Dicey
(d) Professor Smith Gold
5. ----is not a law enforcement agency?
(a) EFCC
(b) Police
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 (c) NGO
(d) The prison service
6. What is the definition of the rule of law?

(A) The laws that govern a society are determined by the people

(B) The laws that govern a society are determined by the government

(C) The laws that govern a society are determined by the culture

(D) The laws that govern a society are determined by the economy

7. Which of the following is a key principle of the rule of law?

(A) Equality before the law

(B) Equality of wealth

(C) Equality of education

(D) Equality of religion

8. What is the role of the judiciary in upholding the rule of law?

(A) To pass laws

(B) To enforce laws

(C) To interpret laws

(D) To create laws

9. What is the relationship between the rule of law and democracy?

(A) The rule of law is only necessary in democratic societies

(B) Democracy is only necessary in societies with the rule of law

(C) The rule of law and democracy are independent concepts

(D) The rule of law and democracy are closely connected concepts

10. Which of the following is a key feature of the rule of law?

(A) The government is above the law

(B) The law is arbitrary

(C) The law is retrospective

(D) The law is impartial

ESSAY QUESTIONS

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 1. Identify five groups that assist in protecting human rights of citizens

2. List five Agencies established by the government to enforce the rule law?

3. Explain the concept of equality and how it is connected to the idea of human rights

4. What are human rights, and why are they important for every individual in Nigeria?

PUZZLES / BRAIN TEASER:

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WEEK: 9

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TOPIC: DEMOCRATIC PROCESS

LESSON OBJECTIVES: By the end of the lesson, students should be able to:

1. define voting;

2. explain voter’s registration;

3. illustrate the processes for voting

ENTRY BEHAVIOUR: The student are familiar with the voting process.

SUB-TOPIC 1: THE MEANING OF VOTING

CONTENT:

Definition of Voting:

This is the process of choosing or electing representatives into political offices. The people elect candidates of their choice to represent

their interest, advocate for their mandates or needs and fight for their rights in democratic governance. The right of people to vote and be

voted for is called Universal Suffrage.

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A voter is a person who has the right to vote in an election and has also attained the age for voting (eg in Nigeria 18years)

Voters Education:

This is the process of educating and explaining to citizens what they are expected to know and do before and during elections. Various

information to be known by voters are:

1. That they have right to vote once they are 18 and above
2. The various electoral procedures such as registration, voters card, the day, venue and time of voting etc
3. Their preferred candidate and its manifesto or intentions.
4. The presidential system of government as being practiced in Nigeria.

PRACTICE EXERCISE:

1. Define voting.
2. Mention three information voters must know.
3. Who is a voter?

SUB-TOPIC 2: VOTERS’ REGISTRATION

CONTENT:

This is the recording of a voters personal and identification data/details. These information must be vital/very useful for computation and

recording by electoral officers for the issuance of voter’s card which will be presented on the day of election at the polling booth before

the voters can be allowed to exercise their voting rights.

A specimen of the voter’s registration card can include the following information:

Surname…………………………………………………

First name……………………………………………….

Other names……………………………………………….

Date of birth……………………………………………….

Occupation………………………………………………. PASSPORT

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Address……………………………………………….

Gender……………………………………………….

Note: Electronic voters’ registration method was adopted as an improvement to the manual registration method in use before January

2011 voters registration exercise.

SUBTOPIC3: THE IMPORTANCE OF VOTING

CONTENT: Importance of Voting

The following are the importance of voting:

1. It enables the citizen to perform his/her civic duties and exercise his/her voting right.
2. It helps citizens to partake and participate in democratic governance.
3. It enables voters take part in the issue that affects them.
4. It helps in sustaining democratic government.
5. It helps to control and checkmate abuse of power and bad governance.
6. It serves as a means of expressing rejection of political candidates.
7. It provides record of eligible voters among the entire population.

Note: there are some eligible voters who are not allowed to exercise their rights as a result of the sensitivity of their profession or the

position of their health e.g lunatics and mentally challenged citizens, judges and election umpires.

SUBTOPIC 4: THE PROCESS OF VOTING

CONTENT:

1. The independent National Electoral Commission (INEC) has the constitutional power to organize and conduct election.
2. During the election this body gives guidelines, procedures and conditions that the electoral process must follow according to the

provision of the constitution.

3. Eligible voters that is sane people who are 18 and above and also citizens of the country will register their names
4. The commission will display voters register before the date of the election for cross checking , verification and if need be

correction must be done before the day of election

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 5. On the day of the election, voters are to check their names at their various polling booths. This usually takes place between 8am

to 12 pm.
6. Once the voter is eligible and has verified his/her name, he/she is expected to queue and cast their vote peacefully
7. The method of voting is by thumb printing on the voter’s sheet for the political party/candidate of one’s choice.
8. However, the commission can use its discretion to determine the modality for the process of voting.

CONCLUSION

TOPICAL TEST:

1. What are human rights?

A) Laws made by the government
B) Privileges for wealthy people
C) Basic rights and freedoms all humans deserve
D) Rights only for adults
2. Which document outlines the Universal Declaration of Human Rights?
A) United Nations Constitution
B) Human Rights Charter
C) Universal Human Rights Document
D) Universal Declaration of Human Rights
3. Which of the following is a universal human right?
A) Right to own a car
B) Right to free education
C) Right to always win in games
D) Right to stay up late every night
4. What is the importance of human rights?
A) They only benefit certain groups of people
B) They protect the government from citizens
C) They ensure fair treatment and dignity for all individuals
D) They limit personal freedom
5. Which right ensures that every child has the right to education?
A) Right to play video games
B) Right to watch movies
C) Right to a fancy car
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 D) Right to education
11. Human rights are the_____
(A) privileges enjoyed by the citizens of a given state
(B) rights enjoyed by the people in authority
(C) rights enjoyed by the less privileged
(D) rights enjoyed by the people in authority
12. The rights that enable a citizen to participate in the government of a state is known as
(A) human rights
(B) political rights
(C) economic rights
(D) social rights
13. Which of these is not an appropriate step to protection of human rights?
(A) election of a good government
(B) violent protest match
(C) Education and public awareness
(D) Fair-play, avoidance of partiality
14. Who propounded the rule of law?
(A) Professor Henry Shaw
(B) Professor James Peters
(C) Professor A.V. Dicey
(D) Professor Smith Gold
15. ----is not a law enforcement agency?
(A) EFCC
(B) Police
(C) NGO
(D) The prison service
16. What is the definition of the rule of law?
(A) The laws that govern a society are determined by the people
(B) The laws that govern a society are determined by the government
(C) The laws that govern a society are determined by the culture
(D) The laws that govern a society are determined by the economy
17. Which of the following is a key principle of the rule of law?
(A) Equality before the law

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 (B) Equality of wealth
(C) Equality of education
(D) Equality of religion
18. What is the role of the judiciary in upholding the rule of law?
(A) To pass laws
(B) To enforce laws
(C) To interpret laws
(D) To create laws
19. What is the relationship between the rule of law and democracy?
(A) The rule of law is only necessary in democratic societies
(B) Democracy is only necessary in societies with the rule of law
(C) The rule of law and democracy are independent concepts
(D) The rule of law and democracy are closely connected concepts
20. Which of the following is a key feature of the rule of law?
(A) The government is above the law
(B) The law is arbitrary
(C) The law is retrospective
(D) The law is impartial
21. What does the right to freedom of speech mean?
(A) You can say anything without consequences
(B) You can only speak in your native language
(C) You can express your thoughts and ideas freely
(D) You can only talk about certain topics
22. Which right guarantees that no one can be treated unfairly based on their gender, religion, or ethnicity?
(A) Right to wear any clothes you want
(B) Right to choose any job
(C) Right to be treated equally and with respect
(D) Right to live anywhere in the world
23. What is the right to healthcare?
(A) The right to have the latest gadgets
(B) The right to healthy food only
(C) The right to receive medical care when needed
(D) The right to never get sick

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 24. What does the right to privacy mean?
(A) Sharing all your personal information online
(B) Keeping all your secrets to yourself
(C) The right to keep your personal life private
(D) Only talking to people you know
25. Which organization is responsible for promoting and protecting human rights around the world?
(A) United Nations
(B) World Health Organization
(C) World Trade Organization
(D) World Bank
26. _____is termed to mean enforcing obedience in a society

(a) Studying

(b) Teaching

(c) Discipline

(d) a and c
27. A disciplined child is a--- in his or her society

(a) great wealthy

(b) priceless gem

(c) reject

(d) princess
28. Taking care of school environment is ---

(a) an aspect of discipline

(b) what school authority demand of pupils

( c) a good opportunity to show good home training

(d) an aspect of co-curricular activity

29. One of the following is not the attribute of a disciplined person.

(A) Honesty and tolerant

(B) Patient

(C) Lawlessness

(D) Self-Control
30. When a person obeys the rules and regulations that guide a society, the person is said to be

(A) Disciplined.

(B) Transparent.

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 (C) Simple.

(D) Selfless.
31. All but one of the following is a way by which society can promote justice and selflessness
(A) Condoning of indiscipline

(B) rewarding of diligence and hard work

(C) respecting the rule of law

(D) Developing the spirit of selflessness in citizenry.

32. All are possible in a society where there is discipline except:

(A) attraction of foreign investors

(A) disrespect in the society

(C) healthy and clean environment

(D) National honours

33. The following are the examples of values EXCEPT ________

A) honesty

B) discipline

C) commitment

D) lack of commitment.
34. Which one is odd?

A. Order

B. Instability

C. Crime D.

Corruption
35. Doing the right thing at the right time is referred to
(E) Discipline
(F) Indiscipline
(G) Punctuality
(H) Promptly

ESSAY

1. Highlight five importance of voting.

2. Explain briefly the term voters registration
3. What is voter’s education?

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 REFERENCES

1. Sola Akinyemi ( 2009),Fundamentals of Civic Education for Basic 8 Published by Fatsoholy Ventures.

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 2. Ukegbu Merry et’al (2010), Basic Civic Education For Junior Secondary Schools JSS2.Published by Meybiks Nig.

3. Bamiteko G.O E’tal (2012), Civic Education For Junior Secondry Schools book 2,Published by spectrum Books Limited.

4. C. C. Okam Et’al (2010), Basic Civic Education For Junior Secondary Schools JSS2.Universal Basic Education Edition, Published by

Amana publishers Limited.

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