IN HOUSE TRAINING AND PLACEMENT PROGRAMME 2019-20

CONTENTS
Topic No. Topic Name Page No.
1. Alphanumeric series 3-6
2. Reasoning Analogy 7-13
3. Blood Relation 14-19
4. Calendars 20-25
5. Clocks 26-31
6. Coding & Decoding 32-38
7. Data Sufficiency 39-42
8. Decision Making 43-49
9. Dices 50-56
10. Direction 57-66
11. Input Output 67-71
12. Puzzles 72-74
13. Ranking and Order 75-81
14. Seating Arrangements 82-89
15. Statement and Assumptions 90-93
16. Statement and Conclusion 94-96
17. Syllogism 97-107

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LOGICAL REASONING

Logical Reasoning is a part of almost all major Government exams or campus recruitment
conducted in the country and is one of the most scoring sections as well.

What is Logical Reasoning?

Logical reasoning consists of aptitude questions that require a logical level of analysis to arrive
at the correct solution. Most of the questions are constructed based on concepts and the rest are
out of the box thinking ones.

Logical reasoning is classified into two types:

1. Verbal Reasoning: It is the ability to logically understand the concepts and solve
problems expressed in words. Verbal reasoning tests the ability of extraction of
information and implications in a sentence.
2. Non-verbal Reasoning: It is the ability to logically understand the concepts and solve
problems expressed in numbers/letters/figures in combination with words. Non-verbal
reasoning tests the ability of deduction and induction of logic of information and
implications in a problem.

Steps To Solve Logical Reasoning Based Questions:

1. Read and understand the information carefully.

2. Analyze critical logical information.
3. Think of all the possible solutions.
4. Compare the answer obtained with other possibilities.
5. Come to a correct logical conclusion.

Logical reasoning section comprise of the following type of questions:

 Verbal Questions – These type of questions can be solved verbally and no pen-paper
solution is required
 Image-Based Questions – Mirror images or paper construction based images may be
given in the question and candidates may be asked to find similar or dissimilar figures.
 Puzzle Questions – This includes seating arrangement or arranging
people/days/months/places, etc. in different formats.
 Sequence Questions – In such questions a series or sequence of
people/numbers/alphabets, etc. may be given and questions based on the same may be
asked.

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TOPIC NO.1 ALPHANUMERIC SERIES

What is an Alphanumeric Series?

As the name suggests, Alpha-numeric, a series which is formed by combining both alphabets and
numbers is called an alphanumeric series. Questions from this topic are mostly asked in the
preliminary phase of all Government exams Or Campus recruitment. The questions from this
topic are easy to solve, and candidates can expect at least 1-3 questions from this topic to be
asked in the exam.

Tips & Tricks To Solve Alphanumeric Questions:

1. Missing Series: Where a series of alphabets and numbers may be given a particular
pattern and candidates may be asked to fill in the blank space with the required element
2. Alphabet-Number-Symbol: These questions may also be asked in a format where a
series with alphabets, number and different types of symbols (like &, *, $, etc.) may be
given, and questions may be asked based on them
3. Only Alphabetic Series: Series with either missing element or questions with sub-parts
may be asked which comprise only English Alphabets and no numbers, set in a specific
pattern
4. Only Numerical Series: Series comprising only numbers, set in a specific pattern may
be asked the exam. Questions based on this type may be asked in the form of
rearrangement of numbers or digits with the number in ascending, descending or any
other order.

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Solved Examples – Alphanumeric Series

Directions (Q1-Q2): Refer to the alphanumeric series given below and answer the following
questions:
A*59IN&E@#U1&

Q 1. How many vowels in the above arrangement are preceded by a symbol?

1. One
2. Two
3. Three
4. None
5. Four
Answer: (2) Two; “E” is preceded by “&” and “U” is preceded by “#”

Q 2. Which is the second element to the left of the sixth element from the right?
1. &
2. @
3. N
4. E
5. 9
Answer: (3) N; Sixth element from the right is E and second to its left is N

Directions (Q3-Q4): Find the missing element in the series given below:

Q 3. ABD EFH IJL MNP QRT ?

1. XYZ
2. VWY
3. WXZ
4. UVX
5. XZA
Answer: (4) UVX;
Solution:

Q 4. ACE ? MOQ SUW

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1. GIK
2. FHJ
3. GHJ
4. GIL
5. EFH
Answer: (1) GIK;
Solution:

Directions (Q5-Q6): Refer to the numerical series given below and answer the following
questions:
435 224 786 823 902
Q 5. When all the digits in each of the given numbers are arranged in ascending order,
which number becomes the highest?
1. 435
2. 224
3. 786
4. 823
5. 902
Answer: (3)786
Solution: When the digits are arranged in ascending order within the number, the new numbers
formed are:
435 – 345
224 – 224
786 – 678
823 – 238
902 – 092

Q 6. When the digits within the number are multiplied with each other, the product of
which number is the lowest?
1. 435
2. 224
3. 786
4. 823
5. 902
Answer: (5)902; any number multiplied with 0 will give the answer 0, which is the least.

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Directions (Q7-Q8): Based on the digit-alphabets-symbols series given below, answer the
following questions:
@18HLI6K*&?UE
Q 7. How many such consonants are there in the series which are immediately followed by
a symbol and preceded by a number?
1. One
2. Two
3. Three
4. None
5. Four
Answer: (1) One; K is followed by “*” and preceded by “6”

Q 8. How many numbers are there in the series which are preceded by a vowel and
succeeded by a consonant?
1. Two
2. Four
3. Three
4. None
5. One
Answer: (5) One; 6 is preceded by “I” and succeeded by “K”

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TOPIC NO.2 REASONING ANALOGIES

What is Reasoning Analogy?

An analogy is a word used in terms of comparing two things or finding a relation between two
things. Similarly, in questions related to Analogy in reasoning, options are given, which may or
may not be associated with each other and candidates need to find the odd option out.

Various forms of Analogy Questions:

1. Numerical Analogy (Odd One Out) – A set of options may be given based on a certain
pattern, and one of them may be unlikely to follow the pattern and candidates need to
choose the odd one out.
2. Numerical Analogy (Choose a similar pair) – An analogy may be given in the question
and candidates may have to find a similar analogy, based on the same pattern from the
given options.
3. Alphabetical/Word Analogy (Odd One Out) – Options for different word analogy may
be given, in which one may not be following the set pattern, candidates need to find that
odd one out from the given options.
4. Alphabetical/Word Analogy (Choose a similar pair) – An analogy may be given based
on a set pattern and candidates may have to find the word analogy pair from the given
options, which follows the exact same pattern.

Tips & Tricks to Solve Reasoning Analogy:

 The first thing to solve an analogy question is to judge the pattern that is being followed
in the given analogy.
 If a candidate is unable to analyse the pattern followed, he/she must refer to the options
given. It shall simply analysing the pattern.
 For numerical questions, squares, cubes, multiplication, addition, etc. based patterns may
be followed. So ensure that you recheck these pattern as well.
 It is easy to score marks in questions based on analogy as they are direct and not very
complicated.
 Having knowledge of basic static GK shall also be important for these questions.

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Solved Examples – Reasoning Analogies

Q 1. From the given options, find the pair which is similar to the given pair: 8:4
1. 27:9
2. 216:32
3. 72:24
4. 45:5
5. 37:13
Answer: (1) 27:9
Solution:
The pattern followed is “Cube of a number: square of the same number”
So, (2×2×2) : (2×2)
= 8:4
Similarly, (3×3×3) : (3×3)
= 27:9

Q 2. From the given options, choose the odd one out.

1. Bangladesh: Taka
2. Brazil: Real
3. Cyprus: Dollar
4. Iran: Rial
5. Japan: Yen
Answer: (3) Cyprus: Dollar; All the other options given are correct in terms of country and
their currency. The currency of Cyprus is Euro

Q 3. What shall come in place of (?) Questions mark?

Flow : River :: Stagnant : ?
1. Canal
2. Dam
3. Ocean
4. Pool
5. Sea
Answer: (4) Pool; Water in river flows whereas the water in a pool is stagnant

Q 4. Find the odd one out from the given options.

1. Book: Author
2. Art: Artist
3. Invention: Scientist
4. Potter: Potter

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5. Patients: Doctors
Answer: (5) Patients: Doctors; In all the other options, the creation is given in the first half and
the creator in the second half

Q 5. Find the odd one out from the given pairs.

1. 5:15
2. 24:70
3. 33:99
4. 121:363
5. 1:3
Answer: (2)24:70
Solution:
The pattern followed is 3 multiplied by the first digit gives the second digit
5×3 = 15 which gives 5:15
24×3 = 72 and the given option is 24:70
33×3 = 99 which gives 33:99
121×3 = 363 which gives 121:363
1×3 = 3 which gives 1:3

Q 6. Which of the given options is correct with respect to the given pair: “Fire: Death”
1. Hunger: Starvation
2. Rain: Snow
3. Fire: Extinguisher
4. Black: Board
5. Pen: Pencil
Answer: (1) Hunger: Starvation
Solution: The cause is Fire and the effect is death. Similarly, the cause is hunger and the effect is
Starvation

Q 7. Find the out one out from the given options.

1. Kathakali: Kerala
2. Mohiniyattam: Tamil Nadu
3. Sattriya: Assam
4. Kuchipudi: Andhra Pradesh
5. Bharatnatyam: Tamil Nadu
Answer: (2)Mohiniyattam: Tamil Nadu
Solution: Mohiniyattam is a dance form of Kerala and all the other options have a correct pairing
of dance forms and the state of origin.

Q 8. Out the given pairs, which of the following is incorrect?

1. Sardar Patel Stadium: Ahmedabad

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2. Eden Garden: Kolkata

3. Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium: New Delhi
4. M. Chinnaswamy Stadium: Chennai
5. D.Y.Patil Stadium: Mumbai
Answer: (3) Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium: New Delhi
Solution: Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium is in Guwahati

Q 9. From the set of pairs given below, find the odd one out.
1. Australia: Kangaroo
2. Bangladesh: Tiger
3. Canada: North America Beaver
4. Finland: Brown Bear
5. India: Peacock
Answer: (5) India: Peacock
Solution: Peacock is the National Bird of India. In all the other options, countries along with
their National Animal have been given.

Q 10. What will come in place of question marks in the given series?
ABD: FGI : : PQS : ?
1. TUW
2. UVX
3. XYZ
4. TUV
5. UVW
Answer: (2) UVX
Solution: Pattern followed for “ABD: FGI” is two alphabets placed in continuation and the third
alphabet after a gap of one. Followed by one gap and again the same pattern. The same is done
with “PQS:UVX”

Q 11. Which of the following analogies does not the pattern as for 9:3?
1. 16:4
2. 12:4
3. 121:11
4. 144:12
5. 81:9
Answer: (2) 12:4
Solution: The pattern followed in 9:3 is that the first number if the square of the second number
42=16
112=121
122=144
92=81

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Q 12. Which of the given analogies is incorrect?

1. Algophobia: phobia of pain
2. Bibliophobia: phobia of books
3. Chronophobia: fear of time
4. Hematophobia: fear of water
5. Pharmacophobia: phobia of medication
Answer: (4) Hematophobia: fear of water
Solution: Hydrophobia is fear of water and Hematophobia is fear of disease

Q 13. Find the missing number in the given analogy.

27: 3:: 64: ____
1. 6
2. 4
3. 7
4. 3
5. 5
Answer: (2) 4
Solution: 33 = 27 and 43 = 64

Q 14. Which of the given analogies is correct?

1. Australia: Vienna
2. Canada: Ottawa
3. Chile Bejing
4. Croatia: Split
5. Egypt: Giza
Answer: (2) Canada: Ottawa
Solution: The capital of Canada is Ottawa and the capital for all the other countries given above
is wrong

Q 15. What shall come in place of questions mark (?) in the given analogy?
Painter: Painting::Architect:?
1. Embroidery
2. Statue
3. Building
4. Sculptor
5. Stone
Answer: (3) Building
Solution: Painter makes paintings and Architect makes buildings

Q 16. Find the odd one out in the given options

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1. Doctor: Patients
2. Shopkeepers: Customers
3. Teacher: Students
4. Painter: Paintbrush
Answer: (4) Painter: paintbrush
Solution: Painter uses a paintbrush to make paintings and for all the other options, the first
person deals with the second person

Q 17. Which of the given numbers is a part of the given set?

Set: (13, 39, 65, 117)
1. 139
2. 168
3. 253
4. 156
5. 651
Answer: (4) 156
Solution: The given set comprises of numbers which are multiples of 13. From the given options,
only 156 is a multiple of 13.

Q 18. Based on the given set, which of the following numbers does form a part of the set?
Set: (11, 7, 13, 37, 41)
1. 113
2. 109
3. 87
4. 89
5. 127
Answer: (3) 87
Solution: The given set has numbers which are all prime. From the given options, only 87 is not
a prime number

Q 19. Based on the given analogy, find the incorrect analogy from the given options
BACK: 17
1. ROAD: 39
2. OBEY: 47
3. SAFE: 31
4. NAME: 33
5. QUIZ: 73
Answer: (1) ROAD: 39
Solution:
The sum of the place value of each alphabet in the word,
BACK = 2+1+3+11 = 17

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Similarly, for all the words given in the options can be done
ROAD = 18+15+1+4 = 38

Q 20. Based on the given analogies, find the odd one out
1. National Anthem: Jana Gana Mana
2. National Tree: Indian Neem
3. National Calendar: Saka Calendar
4. National Bird: Peacock
5. National Animal: Royal Bengal Tiger
Answer: (2) National Tree: Indian Neem
Solution: The national symbols of India have been given in the question and the National Tree of
India is the Indian Banyan

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TOPIC NO.3 BLOOD RELATION

What is blood Relation?

Any relation in the world which either by birth or by marriage is called a Blood Relation.
Ex: Any relation by birth will be mother, father, son, daughter, etc. and any relation by marriage
will be father-in-law, mother-in-law, etc.

Types of Questions on Blood Relation:

 Dialogue/ Conversation Based – In such questions, one person describes his/her relation
with another person (this may or may not be related to the person with whom the
conversation is being made).
 Based on Puzzles – To make the questions complex, blood relation questions are also
being asked in the form of a puzzle. A piece of brief information about multiple people
being interrelated is given and sub-questions based on the same may be asked.
 Coding-Decoding – The relationship between two people may be denoted using symbols.
This has become a common method of asking blood relation questions in competitive
exams, nowadays.

Family Tree:

To solve the problems in blood relation, one should know how to draw a family tree. A family
tree is a pictorial representation of genealogical data. The following points help in drawing a
family tree.

1. All the female members of the family are represented by a circle. The name of the person
is written inside the circle for convenience.
2. All the male members of the family are represented by a square. The name of the person
is written inside the square for convenience.
3. The relation between two members of the family is shown by connecting a double-
headed arrow.
4. The spouse relation is represented by the two ends of a double-headed arrow.
5. All the family members of the upper generation are represented above in the family tree.
Ex: father, mother, uncle, aunt etc. The logic can be extended by representing the
grandparents above the parents in the family tree. Ex: grandfather and grandmother.
6. All the family members of the same generation are represented in the middle of the
family tree. Ex: brothers, Sisters, cousins, wife, husband, etc.
7. All the family members of the next generation are represented below in the family tree.
Ex: Daughter, son, niece, nephew.

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Type of Relationship Terminology in Use

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Mother’s or Father’s son Myself/Brother

Mother’s or Father’s daughter Myself/Sister
Mother’s or Father’s brother Uncle
Mother’s or Father’s sister Aunt
Mother’s or Father’s father Grandfather
Mother’s or Father’s mother Grandmother
Son’s wife Daughter-in-law
Daughter’s husband Son-in-law
Husband’s or wife’s sister Sister-in-law
Husband’s or wife’s brother Brother-in-law
Brother’s son Nephew
Brother’s daughter Niece
Uncle or aunt’s son or daughter Cousin
Sister’s husband Brother-in-law
Brother’s wife Sister-in-law
Grandson’s or Granddaughter’s daughter Great-granddaughte

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Solved Examples – Blood Relation

Question 1: Pointing to a photograph of a boy Mr.Ram said, “He is the son of the only son of
my mother.” How is Mr Ram related to that boy?
A. Brother
B. Uncle
C. Cousin
D. Father

Solution:
Step 1: There is a photograph and Mr.Ram. The photograph is of a man and hence two squares
are represented. But the relationship of Mr.Ram with the person in the photograph is not known
yet.
Step 2: The second line says Mr Ram has a mother. Mr Ram is the only son of his mother and
Ram has a son and that photograph belongs to Mr Ram’s son.
The boy in the photograph is the only son of the son of Ram’s mother i.e., the son of Ram.
Hence, Ram is the father of the boy.
Hence, option D is the correct answer.

Question 2: Rita told Mani, “The girl I met yesterday at the beach was the youngest daughter of
the brother-in-law of my friend’s mother.” How is the girl related to Rita’s friend?
A. Cousin
B. Daughter
C. Friend
D. Aunt

Step 1: There are two girls in the scenario Rita, and a girl. The gender of the Mani is not known
yet (as of now it’s taken as male).
Step 2: The end of the next statement reveals there is also another person in the scenarios i.e.
Rita’s friend. Since the statement says “daughter” Rita’s friend is represented with the help of
circle.
Step 3: Rita’s friend has a mother who’s brother-in-law is the father of the girl whom she met at
the beach yesterday. Hence from the family tree, it is clear that the girl at the beach is a cousin to
Rita’s friend. One need not find out the gender of Mani as it is not necessary to solve this
question.
Hence, option A is the correct answer.

Question 3: Ravi is a son of Aman’s father’s sister. Sahil is the son of Divya who is the mother
of Gaurav and grandmother of Aman. Ashok is the father of Tanya and grandfather of Ravi.
Divya is the wife of Ashok.
How is Ravi related to Divya?

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A. Nephew
B. Son
C. Grandson
D. Data inadequate

Solution: There is no requirement for drawing a family tree to solve this question. Since Divya is
the grandmother of Aman and Aman and Ravi are cousins (from the first statement). Ravi should
be a grandson to Divya.
Hence, option C is the correct answer.

Question 4: Read the following instructions:

1. A + B indicates A is the brother of B;
2. A – B indicates A is the sister of B and
3. A x B indicates A is the father of B
Which of the following means that C is the son of M?
A. M – N x C + F
B. F – C + N x M
C. N + M – F x C
D. M x N – C + F

Solution:
Option A: According to this option NxC indicates N is the father of c. Hence it is wrong.
Option B: According to this option C is the brother of N who is the father of M. Hence it is
wrong.
Option C: According to this option Fx C indicates F is the father of C. Hence it is wrong.
Option D: According to this option M is the father of N who is the sister of C hence C and N are
siblings and C is the brother of F so, C is male, Hence C is the son of M.
Option D is the correct answer.

Question 5: Read the following instructions:

1. P $ Q means P is the brother of Q;
2. P # Q means P is the mother of Q;
3. P * Q means P is the daughter of Q
If the code of family is A # B $ C * D, who is the father in them?
A. D
B. B
C. C
D. A

Solution:
A # B indicates A is the mother in the family
B $ C indicates B is the brother of C.
C * D indicates C is the daughter of D.
Since B and C are siblings and A is the mother of B and D is the father of C, D is the father in
the family. Hence, option A is correct.

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Question 6:
Directions: Study the following information carefully and answer the questions given beside:
The Mishra family went to the photographer for their family photograph. The photographer
arranged them in a straight row facing the North. The family members were Anshu, Rama,
Krishna, Deva and Sonu.
1. Anshu was sitting third to the right of his daughter
2. Rama was sitting on the immediate right of Krishna, whose husband was the brother of
Rama.
3. Anshu and Sonu were immediate neighbours.
4. Deva was not an immediate neighbour of Anshu’s son.
5. Deva was sitting at the left end and the mother of Deva is Krishna, who was the wife of
Anshu.
6. Rama and Anshu were immediate neighbours.
How is Deva related to the person who sits in the middle of the row?
A. A.Daughter
B. B.Son
C. C.Aunt
D. D.None of these

Solution: Drawing a family tree first will help in seating arrangement as one should know the
relations among the members.
Step 1: From statement two it can be concluded that Rama and Anshu are siblings and hence
appear at the same level as the family tree. Among them, Rama is the sister and Anshu is the
brother.
Step 2: From statement five it can be concluded that deva is the child of Krishna and since
Krishna is the wife of Anshu and statement one says Anshu sits third to the right of his daughter,
then Deva has to be the daughter of Anshu and Krishna as Rama is the sister of Krishna and
Sonu is the son because they are immediate neighbours.
Hence the family members will be Anshu and Krishna are husband and wife or parents of Deva
and Sonu, Rama is the sister of Anshu. And the person who can sit in the middle Rama,
therefore, Deva should be niece to Rama. Hence, the answer is option D.

Question 7. Introducing a boy to her mother, Richa said that he is the son of the daughter of the
father of her uncle. How is Richa related to the boy?
A. Brother-in-law
B. Brother
C. Father
D. Uncle
E. Son

Answer: (B) Brother

Solution:
Father
↕
Uncle ↔ Mother
↕

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Son ↔ Richa
Where ↕ defines children, ↔ defines siblings

Question 8. Ejaz is the son of Kismat. Bharat is the brother of Dharmesh and Garima is
Dharmesh’s daughter. Kismat is married to Dharmesh. Fatima is the maternal aunt of Ejaz. What
is the relation between Bharat and Ejaz?
A. Uncle & Nephew
B. Brothers
C. Father & Son
D. Father-in-law & Son-in-law
E. None of the above

Answer: (A) Uncle & Nephew

Solution:
Fatima ↔ Kismat ∼ Dharmesh ↔ Bharat
↕
Ejaz ↔ Garima
Where ↕ defines children, ↔ defines siblings, ∼ defines a married couple

Question 9. Ajit pointed at Abhijeet and said “I am the only son of one of the sons of his father.”
How is Ajit related to Abhijeet?
A. Brother
B. Grandfather
C. Nephew
D. Brother-in-law
E. None of the above

Answer: (E) None of the above

Solution: Ajit is either the Father or Uncle of Abhijeet

Question 10. While looking at old photographs, Sangeeta came across a photo and pointing
towards a boy in it, Sangeeta said “He is the only son of the only daughter of my Grandfather.”
How is Sangeeta related to that boy?
A. Mother
B. Daughter
C. Sister
D. Grandmother
E. Niece

Answer: (C) Sister

Grandfather
↕
Boy’s Mother
↕
Boy ↔ Sangeeta

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TOPIC NO.4 CALENDARS

What is Calendar?

A Calendar is a chart or series of pages showing the days, weeks and months of a particular
year, or giving particular seasonal information.

Given below is the list of topics under the Calendar section:

 A basic structure of a calendar and a concept of an odd day.

 Decoded days of the weeks.
 Evaluation of a leap year.
 Evaluation of odd days in a century.
 Type 1 problems: Finding the day when another day is given.
 Type 2 problems: Finding the day when another day is not given.
 Type 3 problems: Matching the calendars of a month.

Basic Structure of a Calendar:

 Ordinary year: Any year which 365 days is called an ordinary year.Ex: 1879, 2009,
2019, etc.
 Leap year: Any year which has 366 days is called a leap year.Ex: 2012, 2016 2020 etc.
 The division of the number 365 by 7 gives the quotient 52 and remainder 1 which
indicates that an ordinary year has 52 weeks and one extra day. This extra day is referred
to as an “odd day” throughout the calendar topics.
 A leap year has 366 days, the division of the number 366 by 7 gives the quotient 52 and
remainder 2. This indicates that a leap year has 52 weeks and 2 extra days. These two
extra days are also referred to as “odd days”.

Concept of an Odd Day:

A number of odd days in a month-

January has 31 days, irrespective of whether it’s an ordinary year or leap year. The division of
the number 31 by 7 provides the remainder 3 hence January has 3 odd days. On generalising, any
month which has 31 days has 3 odd days and any month which has 30 days has 2 odd days.
The only exception happens is in the case of February. The February month of an ordinary year
has 28 days, division of 28 by 7 provides zero as remainder. Hence, the number of odd days in
February of an ordinary year will have 0 odd days and that of leap year will have 1 odd day as
February in a leap year has 29 days.

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The below table depicts the number of odd days in different months of a calendar year:

Month Number of odd days

January 3
February(ordinary/leap) (0/1)
March 3
April 2
May 3
June 2
July 3
August 3
September 2
October 3
November 2
December 3

Decoded day of the week:

The week always begins with Monday and hence Saturday and Sunday are referred to as weekends. In
order to make the calculation easier and reduce its time during the exams.

The days of the week are coded as follows:

Code of the day Day

0 Sunday
1 Monday
2 Tuesday
3 Wednesday
4 Thursday
5 Friday
6 Saturday

Solved Examples – Calendars

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Question 1: Which year in the future will have the same calendar exactly as 2009?
A. 2010
B. 2013
C. 2015
D. 2017

Solution: If the total number of odd days between any years is zero or it’s a multiple of seven.
Then, those two years will have the same calendar.

The total number of odd days is listed below:

Year Odd days
2009 1
2010 1
2011 1
2012 2
2013 1
2014 1
Total number of odd days = 7

Hence, 2015 will have the same calendar as 2009. Option C is the correct answer.

Question 2: It was Sunday on Jan 1, 2006. What was the day of the week Jan 1, 2010?
A. Sunday
B. Saturday
C. Friday
D. Wednesday

Answer: Option C
Explanation:
On 31st December, 2005 it was Saturday.
Number of odd days from the year 2006 to the year 2009 = (1 + 1 + 2 + 1) = 5 days.
On 31st December 2009, it was Thursday.
Thus, on 1st Jan, 2010 it is Friday.

Question 3: What was the day of the week on 28th May, 2006?
A. Thursday
B. Friday
C. Saturday
D. Sunday
Answer: Option D

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Explanation:
28 May, 2006 = (2005 years + Period from 1.1.2006 to 28.5.2006)
Odd days in 1600 years = 0
Odd days in 400 years = 0
5 years = (4 ordinary years + 1 leap year) = (4 x 1 + 1 x 2) 6 odd days
Jan. Feb. March April May
(31 + 28 + 31 + 30 + 28 ) = 148 days
148 days = (21 weeks + 1 day) 1 odd day.
Total number of odd days = (0 + 0 + 6 + 1) = 7 0 odd day.
Given day is Sunday.

Question 4: What was the day of the week on 17th June, 1998?
A. Monday
B. Tuesday
C. Wednesday
D. Thursday

Answer: Option C
Explanation:
17th June, 1998 = (1997 years + Period from 1.1.1998 to 17.6.1998)
Odd days in 1600 years = 0
Odd days in 300 years = (5 x 3) 1
97 years has 24 leap years + 73 ordinary years.
Number of odd days in 97 years ( 24 x 2 + 73) = 121 = 2 odd days.
Jan. Feb. March April May June
(31 + 28 + 31 + 30 + 31 + 17) = 168 days
168 days = 24 weeks = 0 odd day.
Total number of odd days = (0 + 1 + 2 + 0) = 3.
Given day is Wednesday.

Question 5: What will be the day of the week 15th August, 2010?
A. Sunday
B. Monday
C. Tuesday
D. Friday

Answer: Option A
Explanation:
15th August, 2010 = (2009 years + Period 1.1.2010 to 15.8.2010)
Odd days in 1600 years = 0
Odd days in 400 years = 0

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9 years = (2 leap years + 7 ordinary years) = (2 x 2 + 7 x 1) = 11 odd days 4 odd days.

Jan. Feb. March April May June July Aug.
(31 + 28 + 31 + 30 + 31 + 30 + 31 + 15) = 227 days
227 days = (32 weeks + 3 days) 3 odd days.
Total number of odd days = (0 + 0 + 4 + 3) = 7 0 odd days.
Given day is Sunday.

Question 6: Today is Monday. After 61 days, it will be:

A. Wednesday
B. Saturday
C. Tuesday
D. Thursday

Answer: Option B
Each day of the week is repeated after 7 days.
So, after 63 days, it will be Monday.
After 61 days, it will be Saturday.

Question 7: If 6th March, 2005 is Monday, what was the day of the week on 6th March, 2004?
A. Sunday
B. Saturday
C. Tuesday
D. Wednesday

Answer: Option A
The year 2004 is a leap year. So, it has 2 odd days.
But, Feb 2004 not included because we are calculating from March 2004 to March 2005. So it
has 1 odd day only.
The day on 6th March, 2005 will be 1 day beyond the day on 6th March, 2004.
Given that, 6th March, 2005 is Monday.
6th March, 2004 is Sunday (1 day before to 6th March, 2005).

Question 8: On what dates of April, 2001 did Wednesday fall?

A. 1st, 8th, 15th, 22nd, 29th
B. 2nd, 9th, 16th, 23rd, 30th
C. 3rd, 10th, 17th, 24th
D. 4th, 11th, 18th, 25th
Answer: Option D
We shall find the day on 1st April, 2001.
1st April, 2001 = (2000 years + Period from 1.1.2001 to 1.4.2001)
Odd days in 1600 years = 0

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Odd days in 400 years = 0

Jan. Feb. March April
(31 + 28 + 31 + 1) = 91 days 0 odd days.
Total number of odd days = (0 + 0 + 0) = 0
On 1st April, 2001 it was Sunday.
In April, 2001 Wednesday falls on 4th, 11th, 18th and 25th.

Question 9: The last day of a century cannot be

A. Monday
B. Wednesday
C. Tuesday
D. Friday

Answer: Option C
Explanation:
100 years contain 5 odd days.
Last day of 1st century is Friday.
200 years contain (5 x 2) 3 odd days.
Last day of 2nd century is Wednesday.
300 years contain (5 x 3) = 15 1 odd day.
Last day of 3rd century is Monday.
400 years contain 0 odd day.
Last day of 4th century is Sunday.
This cycle is repeated.
Last day of a century cannot be Tuesday or Thursday or Saturday.

Question 10. On 8th Feb, 2005 it was Tuesday. What was the day of the week on 8th Feb, 2004?
A. Tuesday
B. Monday
C. Sunday
D. Wednesday

Answer: Option C
Explanation:
The year 2004 is a leap year. It has 2 odd days.
The day on 8th Feb, 2004 is 2 days before the day on 8th Feb, 2005.
Hence, this day is Sunday.

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TOPIC NO.5 CLOCKS

What is clock?

Clock is a circular device provided with three hands viz. an hour hand, minute and second hand.
The study of the clock is known as “horology”.

Structure of a Clock:

A clock is composed of 360 degrees and divided into 12 equal divisions. The angle between the
consecutive divisions is obtained by dividing the total angle of clock 360° by the number of
divisions i.e. 12.

Twelve equal divisions of a clock.

The angle between any two consecutive divisions = (360°)/12= 30°

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Angle divisions of a clock:

A close observation of a clock reveals that an angular space between any two consecutive
divisions has further five more divisions. The area between the two divisions corresponds to a
value of 5 minutes. Hence, dividing the 30° by five will result in the angular value of a minute.
Angular value of a minute = (30°)/5= 6°

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Angle equivalence of a minute:

The table given below demonstrates the angular values of the first ten minutes:
Minute(s) Angular values
1 6°
2 12°
3 18°
4 24°
5 30°
6 36°
7 42°
8 48°
9 54°
10 60°

Speed of the hands:

A clock has three hooks and all three move at different rates. The speed of moving object
depends on the distance travelled and the time taken to cover a specific range.
The speed is calculated by:
Speed = Distance/(Time taken)

The speed of a minute hand:

A minute hand travels 360° in one hour. i.e. it travels through all the 12 divisions around the
clock every hour. (1 hour = 60 minutes)
Speed of a minute hand = (360°)/(60 minutes)
Speed of a minute hand = 6° per minute.

The speed of an hour hand:

An hour hand travels 30° in an hour. i.e. it covers a distance of 5 minutes (the gap between
consecutive divisions) in 60 minutes.
Speed of an hour hand = (30°)/(60 minutes)
Speed of an hour hand =1/2 ° per minute.

Solved Examples – Clocks

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1. An accurate clock shows 7 a.m. Through how many degrees will the hour hand rotate when
the clock shows 1 p.m.?
A. 154° B. 180°
C. 170° D. 160°

Solution:
We know that angle traced by hour hand in 12 hrs. = 360°
From 7 to 1, there are 6 hours.
Angle traced by the hour hand in 6 hours =6*(360/12)=180°
Option B is the correct answer.

2. By 20 minutes past 4, the hour hand has turned through how many degrees? If then the clock
is 12 p.m.
A. 100° B. 110°
C. 120° D. 130°

Solution:
At 4 o’clock the hour hand is at 4 and has an angle of 30°*4=120°
An Hour hand travels 1/2° per minute In 20 minutes it will travel 20 *(1/2°) = 10°. Adding both
we get 120° + 10° = 130°
Option D is the correct answer.

3. At what time between 5.30 and 6 will the hands of a clock be at right angles?
A. 44 minutes past 5 B.44 ( 7/11) minutes past 5
C.43 ( 7/11) minutes past 5 D. 43 minutes past 5

Solution:
Given: H = 5 and A = 90, since 5 and 6 lies in the first half, a positive sign is considered.
T = 2/11 [H*30±A]
T = 2/11 [5*30+90]
T = 2/11 [240] = 480/11= 43( 7/11)
Option C is the correct answer.

4. What is the angle between the minute hand and the hour hand of a clock at 5.30?
A. 05° B. 15°
C. 25° D. 35°

Solution:
At 5 ‘o’clock the hour hand is at 5 and hence has made 30° angle.

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From 5 to 5.30 its will travel for 30 minutes with a speed of ½ ° Therefore the total distance
travelled will be 30 minutes* 1/2 = 15°
The full angle made by the hour hand will be 150°+15° = 165°.
The minute hand at 5 o’clock is at 12, and hence the angle made is zero. In 30 minutes, it will
travel a distance of 30 minutes with a speed of 6° per minute. Therefore, the total distance
travelled will be 30 minutes*6° = 180 °.
The angle between the minute and hour hand is 180 – 165 = 15
Option B is the correct answer.

5. How many times in a day, the hands of a clock are straight?

A. 22 B. 24
C. 44 D. 48

Solution:
The hands of clocks make a straight line of 180° about 22 times in 24 hours. Also, the hands
coincide 22 times in 24 hours, the coincidence of the hands also forms a straight line. Hence, the
total straight lines are 22+22 = 44.
Option C is the correct answer.

6. A house has two wall clocks, one in kitchen and one more in the bedroom. The time displayed
on both the watches is 12.A.M right now. The clock in the bedroom gains five minutes every
hour, whereas the one in the kitchen is slower by five minutes every hour. When will both the
watches show the same time again?

Solution:
The faster clock runs 5 minutes faster in 1 hr.
The slower clock runs 5 minutes slower in 1 hr.
Therefore, in 1 hour, the faster clock will trace 5+5=10 min more when compared to the slower
clock.
The table given below depicts the time difference between the slower and faster clock:
Correct time Slower clock Faster clock
12:0:0 12:0:0 12:0:0
1:0:0 12:55:0 1:5:0
2:0:0 1:50:0 2:10:0
3:0:0 2:45:0 3:15:0
4:0:0 3:40:0 4:20:0
5:0:0 4:35:0 5:25:0
6:0:0 5:30:0 6:30:0
In 6 hours, the faster clock will trace 10×6=60 minutes (an hour) more when compared to the
slower clock.

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In 6×12=72 hours, the faster clock will trace an hour more when compared to the slower clock
since the quicker clock determines 12 hours more than, the slower clock. At this point, both the
clocks will show the same time. i.e., both the clocks will show the same time after exactly 72
hours (or 3 days).

7. An accurate clock shows 8 o'clock in the morning. Through how may degrees will the hour
hand rotate when the clock shows 2 o'clock in the afternoon?
A. 144°
B. 150°
C. 168°
D. 180°

Answer: Option D
Explanation:
Angle traced by the hour hand in 6 hours = (360/12x 6)= 180°.

8. A clock is started at noon. By 10 minutes past 5, the hour hand has turned through:
A. 145°
B. 150°
C. 155°
D. 160°

Answer: Option C
Explanation:
Angle traced by hour hand in 12 hrs = 360°.
Angle traced by hour hand in 5 hrs 10 min. i.e.,31/6=360/12*=155

TOPIC NO.6 CODING DECODING

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What Is Coding, Decoding and Reasoning?

 Coding is a part of the logical reasoning section used to encrypt words, numbers in specific
patterns or codes using particular rules and regulations.
 Decoding is the process that is used to decrypt the patterns into original forms from the given
forms.
 The Reasoning is designed to measure the aptitude or ability of a person logically.

There are various types of coding decoding questions which are asked. These include:

1. Alphabet Coding
2. Numerical Coding
3. Symbol Based Coding
4. Alphabet-Symbol-Numerical Coding
5. Values Coding
6. Substitution Coding
7. Decipher Coding

Preparation Tips for Coding-Decoding Section:

 Read the question carefully and write down key codes

 Try to decode the coding given in the question. Candidates must note that similar type of
decoding can be applied to various questions
 Try to simplify the code by using the elimination method and remove the unwanted
values
 Solve more and more practise questions to understand the concept even better and to
score more in questions based on this topic easily. For coding-decoding questions,
candidates can visit the linked article and enhance their Government exam preparation.

Types of Coding-Decoding With Examples-

The types are classified in several categories, but this tutorial deals with the types which have a
huge impact at the present in this coding, decoding, and reasoning scenario.

1. Letter Coding
Letter Coding is a type in which the letters are replaced with other letters.
Take an example of Letter Coding:
Q) MONKEY is coded as "KMLICW", then what should be the code for ORANGE.
Explanation: To solve these kinds of problems, you have to remember that every alphabet has a
specific number.

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So, according to the question,

MONKEY - the code for money is

M is coded as 13
O is coded as 15
N is coded as 14
K is coded as 11
E is coded as 5
Y is coded as 25
In the same way, "KMLICW" is coded as
K is coded as 11
M is coded as 13
L is coded as 12
I is coded as 9
C is coded as 3
W is coded as 23
If you observe both the given word and, it is coded by decreasing 2 for each alphabet.
So, in the same way, to code "ORANGE", the same number should be decreased.
So you code "ORANGE" as:
O is coded as 15
R is coded as 18
A is coded as 1
N is coded as 14
G is coded as 7
E is coded as 5
So, in the same way, it decreased each alphabet by 2
The final solution for Orange would be 13, 16, 25, 12, 5, 3
And you should code the word as "MPYLEC".

2. Number Coding

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In the Number Coding section of reasoning ability, the candidate will have to observe and guess the
hidden code of two or more sets of numbers. Once the parent code is known, the candidate will have to
use this code to generate other numbers.
Q) If “HOUSE” is coded as 35842, and LEMON is coded as 12659, then what would be the code for
HELEN?

Explanation: The code of every letter is already specified in the question itself, so no need to use fixed
codes of the letters.

Now, specify the number of each letter to solve the problem. If you observe the two words, some of the
letters are repeated, so no need to write the repeated letters.
Now, code the letters.
H is coded as 3
O is coded as 5
U is coded as 8
S is coded as 4
E is coded as 2
L is coded as 1
M is coded as 6
N is coded as 9
Using these codes, "HELEN" is coded as 3,2,1,2,9.

3. Substitution Coding
In substitution coding, it assigns particular objects to code names. Then a question is asked to
solve the answer in the same pattern.
Now, have a look at the example for a clear understanding.
You have
Q) If 'white' is called 'red', and 'red' is called 'blue', 'blue' is called 'green', 'green' is called
'yellow', 'yellow' is called 'black', and what is the colour of blood?

Explanation: As we know, the blood is red. So if you observe the above question, it is mentioned
that white is called red and red is called blue.
So blood is red by using the substitution method, the answer would be blue.

4. Mixed Letter Coding

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In this type of question, three or four complete messages are provided in the coded language, and
the code for the particular word is asked. To analyze such codes, and if any two messages
bearing the common word, are picked. The common code word will be that word.
Q) In the code language,
1) 'Ha ka bow' means How are you
2) 'ka te ma' means where are they
3) 'se re tho' means good and bad
What does ‘are’ stand for?
Explanation: If you observe the question, it is mentioned that both the 1st and 2nd statements are
repeated.
So the common word in both these statements is KA. The rest of each word is different. So, "are"
stands for ka.
So, according to mixed letter coding, "are" stands for "ka".

5. Mixed Number Coding

In this mixed number-coding question, three or four complete messages are given in the coded
language, and the code number for a particular word is asked.
Q) If 'the monster hunter' is coded as 324,and 'will be the' is coded as 476, and 'they are in' is
coded as 158. Which digit represents the?
Explanation: If you observe the question in two statements, the is repeated, and in both the two
statements, the only repeated letter is 4.
So, as per mixed number coding, the exact code for "the" is "4".
These are a few types of coding and decoding types. Now, walk through learning some tricks and
tips to learn reasoning in this coding, decoding, and reasoning tutorial.
In this tutorial about coding, decoding, and reasoning, you have covered 12 reasoning-type
concepts and their examples.

6. Number Series
Number Series is a sequence of numbers that follows some pattern where candidates need to find
the missing or wrong number in the provided series.
Let's have a look at an example to enable your clear understanding of the concept.
Question: Look at the series 10, 50, 15, 40, 20, 30, …… what should come next?
Explanation: As mentioned, the numbers in the series are 10, 50, 15, 40, 20, 30, ….

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If you observe the series deeply, the alternate numbers are increased and decreased. 1st and 3rd
numbers are increased by 5, and it decreased 2nd and 4th by 10.
In the same way, all the alternate numbers are increased and decreased.
So according to order, it should increase the following number by "5" so the next number in the
series is "25".

7. Verbal Classification
In this type of reasoning question, you have four words. All words, except one, are related to
others in the same manner. Three words among the four words will be with the same
classification. You have to select the odd one.
Q) Pick the odd one in the list
1. Handsome
2. Attractive
3. Bottle
4. Charming
Explanation: In the above question, all the answers are related to beauty except the third option.
It is not related to beauty.
So the odd one on the list is "Bottle".

8. Logical Deduction
Logical Deduction in Reasoning which constructs or evaluates deductive arguments. A deductive
argument is valid only when the conclusion follows from the premises; the conclusion must be
true provided that the premises are true.
Q) Statement: Some kings are queens. All queens are beautiful.
Conclusions:
1. All kings are beautiful
2. All queens are kings
Explanation: As mentioned in the above question, only one premise is particular. So the
conclusion should also be particular.
So the answer would be neither 1 nor 2 follows the given statement.

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Solved Examples – Coding Decoding

Question 1: If EARTH is written as FCUXM in a certain code. How is MOON written in that
code?
Solution:

Question 2: If DELHI is written as EDMGJ in a certain code. How is NEPAL written in that
code?
Solution:

Question 3: If SYMBOL is written as NZTMPC is a certain code. How is NUMBER written in

that code?
Solution : Acc. to question

Question 4: In a certain code, COMPUTER is written as PMOCRETU, how is DECIPHER

written in that code?
Solution : Acc. to question

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Question 5: In a certain code, NEWYORK is written as 111, how is NEWJERSEY written in

that code?
Solution : In NEWYORK
N = 14, E = 5, W = 23, Y = 25, O = 15, R = 18, K = 11
Total = 14 + 5 + 23 + 25 + 15 + 18 + 11 = 111
In NEWJERSEY
Total = 14 + 5 + 23 + 10 + 5 + 18 + 19 + 5 + 25
= 124

Question 6: In a certain code, HARYANA is written as 8197151, how is DELHI written in that
code?
Solution : We used the number of alphabets here.
H=8
A=1
R = 18 = 1+8 = 9
Y = 25 = 2+5 = 7
For DELHI
D=4
E=5
L = 12 = 1+2 = 3
H=8
I=9
Hence, DELHI is written as 45389.

Question 7: In a certain code BOMB is written as 5745 and BAY is written as 529, how is
BOMBAY written in that code?
Solution : Use the numbers to relate the words
BOMB BAY -> BOMBAY
5745 52 9 574529

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TOPIC NO.7 DATA SUFFICIENCY

What is Data Sufficiency?

In questions based on Data Sufficiency, candidates are given a piece of information followed by
a few conditions and then a few options where they have to answer which of the given conditions
shall be necessary to answer the question.

Tips and Tricks To Solve Data Sufficiency Questions:

 Since the questions are lengthy, candidates must not panic and carefully read the entire
question. At times, the different data sufficiency questions can also be solved verbally,
especially for the quantitative aptitude questions
 Do not look for the final answer (if not asked). You mostly have to only answer which
conditions will satisfy your requirements to meet the answer to the question
 Make sure that you do not make any assumptions. The information given in the question
is the only fact that needs to be considered to answer the question
 While going point by point, try solving the answer with the first condition given. Then,
keep adding on the next conditions given until you get an answer
 Generally, no data sufficiency question asked for a calculative answer. It mostly demands
the candidates to know which conditions will help you reach the answer. So first read
before answering

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Solved Examples – Data Sufficiency

Directions (Q1-Q4): For each of the questions given below, two statements I & II have been
given. Analyse and answer whether the data provided in the two statements are sufficient to
answer the question or not.
Read the statements and choose from the options given below:
A. If the data alone in statement I is sufficient to answer the question, while the data alone in
statement II is not sufficient to answer the question
B. If the data alone in statement II is sufficient to answer the question, while the data alone in
statement I is not sufficient to answer the question
C. Data in either statement I or statement II is sufficient to answer the question
D. If data in the two statements together is also not sufficient to answer the question
E. If data in both statements is necessary to answer the question

Q 1. How many children are there between Priya and Rashmi in a row of children?
Statement I: Priya is fifteenth from the left in the row
Statement II: Rashmi is exactly in the middle and there are ten children towards his right
a) A
b) D
c) E
d) C
e) B
Answer: (3) E

Q 2. How is A related to B?
Statement I: Q’s sister A is married to B’s father
Statement II: B and X are children of P who is wife of A
a) D
b) E
c) A
d) C
e) B
Answer: (4) C

Q 3. When will Mohan celebrate his birthday this year?

Statement I: Mohan’s birthday is between March 13 and 15, March 13 is Wednesday.
Statement II: It is not on Friday.
a) A
b) B
c) C

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d) D
e) E
Answer: 5 (E)

Q 4. What is the code for ‘clouds’ in the code language?

Statement I: In the code language, ‘clouds is blue’ is written as ‘se ra fa’.
Statement II: In the same code language, ‘make it blue’ is written as ‘se ga zo’.
a) A
b) C
c) E
d) D
e) B
Answer: (4) D

Directions (Q1-Q4): For each of the questions given below, two statements I & II have been
given. Analyse and answer whether the data provided in the two statements are sufficient to
answer the question or not.
Read the statements and choose from the options given below:
A. If the data alone in statement I is sufficient to answer the question, while the data alone in
statement II is not sufficient to answer the question
B. If the data alone in statement II is sufficient to answer the question, while the data alone in
statement I is not sufficient to answer the question
C. Data in either statement I or statement II is sufficient to answer the question
D. If data in the two statements together is also not sufficient to answer the question
E. If data in both statements together is necessary to answer the question

Q 1. In which year was Rahul born?

Statement I: Rahul at present is 25 years younger to his mother.
Statement II: Rahul’s brother, who was born in 1964, is 35 years younger to his mother.
a) A
b) B
c) D
d) C
e) E
Answer: (5) E

Q 2. If the current year is 2020, In which year was Gopal born?

Statement I: Gopal is 6 years older than Dev.
Statement II: Dev was born in 1982.
a) B
b) A

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c) D
d) E
e) C
Answer: (4) E

Q 3. How much money was invested by Ajay?

Statement I: Total amount received by Bharat after 3 years is Rs.4800 at compound interest.
Statement II: Bharat and Ajay invested their amount at the rate of 10% per annum.
a) A
b) E
c) B
d) C
e) D
Answer: (5) D

Q 4. Number of females from village C in all the years together is what percent of the total
number of employees from village C in all the years together?
Statement I: Total number of employees from village C in 2017 is 280 and the ratio of the
number of females to males from C in 2017 is 4: 3.
Statement II: 60% of the total number of employees from village C in 2014 to 2017 is males.
a) A
b) B
c) C
d) E
e) D
Answer: (4) E

TOPIC NO.8 DECISION MAKING

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The Concept of Decision Making:

Under the decision making questions, candidates need to analyse and review the given
information and based on the same need to answer the question.

There two types of questions which may be asked as a part of decision making. These include:

 Direct Questions: In such questions, a condition may be given and based on the same the
final decision has to be made
 Complex Questions: In such questions, a set of eligibility criteria are given. Candidates
need to analyse the eligibility details given and based on it, answer what candidates can
qualify/ appear/ register for an exam or a post

Solved Examples – Decision Making

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Directions (Q1 – Q2): Refer to the information given below and answer the following questions:
In a school in New Delhi, a panel of three senior teachers has been formed to elect the Head Boy
of the school. Thre probable candidates have been selected by the students: Ajay, Veer and Nitin.
Each teacher has to vote either in against or for each student.
The following criteria are known to us about the selection:
 Exactly two teachers vote for Ajay
 Exactly one teacher votes for Veer
 Exactly one teacher votes for Nitin
 Teacher 1 votes for Ajay
 Teacher 2 votes against Ajay and Nitin
 Teacher 3 votes against Nitin

Q 1. Which of the given statements is definitely true?

1. Teacher 2 votes against Nitin
2. Teacher 3 is in support of Ajay but against Nitin
3. Teacher 1 is against Ajay
4. Teacher 3 is against Veer
5. None of the above

Answer: (2) Teacher 3 is in support of Ajay but against Nitin

Q 2. Based on the given information, which of the statements is completely false?

1. If Teacher 3 votes against Veer, then Teacher 2 would have voted for Veer
2. Teacher 1 was against making Veer the Head Boy of the school
3. Teacher 3 voted for Ajay
4. Veer was not supported by Teacher 1
5. None of the above

Answer: (5) None of Above

Directions (Q3 – Q4): Analyse the information given below about an election campaign strategy
and answer the following questions:
You are supposed to prepare a strategy for election campaigning which is going to start in 6
months time. This is to be done at multiple constituencies involving many agencies. There would
be a huge amount of logistical support which would be required once the format has been
decided. The Minister has called for a meeting to hear your action plan and you need to be
prepared for it.

Q 3. What would be the most effective answer?

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1. Concentrate on coordinating with the different agencies and having them approve the
strategy
2. Concentrate on setting deadlines, targets and checkpoints in order to meet the deadlines.
3. Concentrate on getting an immediate feel for the contents design and layout of the
strategy.
4. Concentrate on logistics: how to move people and equipment from one place to another
smoothly

Answer: (3) Concentrate on getting an immediate feel for the contents design and layout of the
strategy.

Solution: The question clearly states that the logistics team need to contact after the format has
been decided, thus eliminating the 4th option. Only when the strategy is ready the agencies can
be contacted and then deadlines can be set, thus eliminating the 1st and 2nd option.

Q 4. What would be the least effective answer?

1. Concentrate on coordinating with the different agencies and having them approve the
strategy
2. Concentrate on setting deadlines, targets and checkpoints in order to meet the deadlines.
3. Concentrate on getting an immediate feel for the contents design and layout of the
strategy.
4. Concentrate on logistics: how to move people and equipment from one place to another
smoothly.

Answer: (4) Concentrate on logistics: how to move people and equipment from one place to
another smoothly.
Solution: Moving the equipment is the last step. Only once the entire strategy is set and the
agencies agree to the strategy, then based on the deadlines the equipment shall be moved from
one place to another

Direction Q5: You have been using a certain computer system to perform your role for years
and it has proved to be stable and reliable. Recently, you were informed that it is to be updated
next month with new functionality and applications. You are concerned about the time it would
take to have a trouble free system as the current system took six months to become trouble free.
You now need to decide your response to this news.

Q 5. What would be the least effective answer?

1. Find out all you can about the system and volunteer to be the first to trial run it.
2. Voice your concern to your superior and recommend that all possible upgrades be
delayed until all possible issues have been identified and resolved.
3. Ask All other colleagues to run the new systems for errors so that the quality of your
work is not compromised, but seek their reviews.

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4. Believe that the appropriate checks have been carried out and wait for the introduction of
the upgrade so that you can assess its functionality.

Answer: (4) Believe that the appropriate checks have been carried out and wait for the
introduction of the upgrade so that you can assess its functionality.

Solution: First the existing work needs to be reviewed to secure the data and only then the new
upgrades can be enjoyed

Q 6. As a relatively small part of your role, you are responsible for the maintenance of a database
of statistical information regarding meteorological data and its link to road traffic levels at the
Indian met department. This is drawn upon every three months for analysis, although for the past
few years the results have been consistent and predictable and some people have questioned the
need for such detailed data. In order to compile the information, you rely on daily input of
information from a number of people in different localities. One day, one of these individuals
comes to you to request that data be submitted on a weekly rather than daily basis, to save time.
Your boss is on holiday and you are left to make the decision. Which of the given options must
not be considered by the employee?
1. Inform them that you cannot authorize it until your boss is back from leave.
2. Make the change as it seems more sensible, and inform your boss when he returns.
3. Inform him that there is no chance of any change in the reporting pattern.
4. Ask the other person involved in it and what is their take and tell this to your boss once
he comes back.

Answer: (2) Make the change as it seems more sensible, and inform your boss when he returns.
Solution: Since the Boss is on leave the employee must not take the decision immediately
without informing him. Thus, option 2 is the least effective answer

Q 7. You are new to your department and your boss has handed you a brief for a presentation
that covers what you should tell your department about the new IT system that is being
introduced. Your boss would have done it himself, but he has annual leave for the next few days.
It contains a lot of facts and you are aware that your boss prefers a more factual dry presentation
style. However, you are concerned that the audience would find the content dull and you want to
make a good first impression on them. What would be the least effective answer?
1. Respect the approach that your superior would have taken and present just the facts, but
try to do so quickly so that the audience doesn’t get too bored.
2. Introduce a range of interactive, entertaining elements to the briefing that increase
audience engagement with the content prepared by your boss, but might not reflect the
style of your boss.
3. Send a brief around in email form prior to the meeting and then engage in a two-way
discussion with the audience about the system.

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4. Suggest to your boss that he may like to present the content when he returns, as this will
ensure that it is delivered in the way he intended.

Answer: (4) Suggest to your boss that he may like to present the content when he returns, as this
will ensure that it is delivered in the way he intended.
Solution: If an opportunity has been given, the employee must not let it go and make the most of
it

Q 8. You have been asked by your boss to meet with a representative from another unit to
present the findings from your team’s latest piece of research. After giving you the briefing, your
boss advises you to ‘tone down’ your ‘usual style’ as she thinks this will work better. You are
not quite sure what she meant by this and feel a little offended: your style has always worked
well in the past. How would you respond? What would be the most effective answer?
1. Make your boss understand that your tone is good for the presentation.
2. Ask your boss for more detail on what they meant by the comment.
3. Ask your colleagues what they meant by the comment.
4. Self-reflect upon what your boss meant then change your behaviour accordingly.

Answer: (4) Self-reflect upon what your boss meant then change your behaviour accordingly.
Solution: Self-analysis will help the employee understand what the boss meant by her statement
and accordingly give the presentation

Q 9. The public sector where you are working for is to be included for a major restructure. Some
posts will vanish, some roles will change and there will be some new opportunities created. The
announcement has created some concern within the PSU, especially as it has been performing
well up to this point. Your CMD has arranged for a one on one meeting with everyone to discuss
the restructuring. You need to decide how best to prepare for the meeting. Which of the given
statements must definitely be followed with reference to the information?
1. Spend time planning how accurately to convey your strengths so that your position is safe
within the firm.
2. Plan to ask questions about what new opportunities are available and how you can
position yourself to take advantage of it.
3. Aim to get as much information from your CMD about the restructure: timescale and
impact.
4. Prepare a convincing case concerning why the company should not be included in the
restructuring.

Answer: (1) Spend time planning how accurately convey your strengths so that your position is
safe within the firm.
Solution: Work on ensuring how to convince your boss that you are efficient for the job and post

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Q 10. You work in an office where the work being carried out in different departments is visible.
You have noticed that an engineering trainee in another department spends most of the time
‘lost’ with little work to do. You have already brought this issue to the notice of your head of the
department but nothing seems to have happened to solve the situation. In addition, the boss is
often out of office so does not see it himself. What would be the least effective answer?
1. Go over to the person in question and set them tasks to complete for your department.
2. Speak to someone else in the department and ask them if there is any work the person
could complete for them.
3. Speak to the person in question and tell him to find some work to do as they are currently
giving a bad impression.
4. Schedule a meeting for tomorrow with the person’s head of the department where you
can suggest some work for him.

Answer: (1) Go over to the person in question and set them tasks to complete for your
department.
Solution: Without the Manger’s approval you cannot go to a person from another department and
assign him work

Q 11. You have sent a survey to multiple units in order to gauge levels of job satisfaction as part
of a wide internal survey across the organization. When the results arrive back, you see that by
far the biggest cause of dissatisfaction seems to be the pay levels. However, your manager has
suggested that in reality staff are content with their pay: this survey is just seen as an opportunity
to ask for more. There is no time or budget to repeat the survey and you need to decide how to
proceed. What would be the most effective answer?
1. Conduct some online research into other surveys of this nature to see whether this is a
common pattern: include this observation in the report and recommendations.
2. Accept your manager’s views and highlight this in your summary report and
recommendations
3. Accept the original data and avoid including your manager’s interpretation when
collating the summary report and recommendations.
4. Declare the results of the survey around pay levels to be ‘ambiguous’ and instead
concentrate on the second most important area of the survey.

Answer: (1) Conduct some online research into other surveys of this nature to see whether this is
a common pattern: include this observation in the report and recommendations.
Solution: This will ensure that both, the Manager and the employee’s point is presented to the
organisation

Q 12. A new director was recently appointed to manage your directorate after being managed by
the previous person for a couple of years. In her introductory speech, the new director states that
there will be a number of changes to be made now she has arrived: some will happen quickly and

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others will be introduced over the next few months. She does not give more detail than this but
reassures everyone that people will be informed as soon as possible about the changes. Which of
the following is the best step that any employee working under her must take?
1. Request a meeting straight away with the new director and say that you need to know
more about the planned changes.
2. Wait a few weeks and then request a meeting with the new director and find out more
about the planned changes.
3. Be alert to the news about the changes, but continue to work as usual until more is
announced.
4. Try to find out more about the changes that the new director made in other parts of the
organization in order to gain an insight into what she might be planning for your area.

Answer: (3) Be alert to the news about the changes but continue to work as usual until more is
announced.
Solution: Since the information is given clearly states that when any further changes shall be
introduced, people shall be informed. Thus, employees must continue to work as usual and stay
updated with any new information.

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TOPIC NO.9 DICES

What is a dice?

Dice is a cube having different numbers on all its faces. The numbers are usually a single digit,
from 1 to 6.

A schematic representation of dice with numbers-

Numbers on a die:
The scheme of numbering on a die is specific. The sum of the number on the opposite faces will
be equal to ‘7’ always. The number 1 will be opposite to number 6. The number 2 is opposite to
5 and 3 is opposite to 4. Such that:
1+6=7
2+5=7
3 + 4 =7.

Numbering scheme of a dice

Classification of dice:
There are two types of dice:
 Base dice: The base dice is further classified into two types.
 Standard dice
 Ordinary dice

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When the dice are rolled, if the number on the faces of the two dice do not match each other,
they are called as standard dice.

Example for standard dice:

If one or more than one number matches between two dice than it is called as an ordinary dice.
Example:

In the above dice, the number ‘3’ is common in both the dice.

Open dice: In an open dice all the six faces of the dice are shown. The dices show the opposite
position of rows and columns.
Example:

A schematic representation of an open die.

Constructed and Deconstructed Dice:

Constructed dice: This section of dice gives the constructed version of dice, the questions will
be based on the visualization of the flattened-out version of dice.

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Conversion of constructed to flat end die

Deconstructed Dice: This section of dice gives the flattened-out version of dice, the questions
will be based on the visualization of what is at the other end of the constructed dice.

Conversion of flat end to constructed die

Rules to remember-
There are a few rules that will help in solving the questions on dices in the easiest way. The rules
are as follows:
Rule #1:
If one of the numbers is common in both the dice when two dice have the same surface, then the
remaining surfaces of both dice are opposite to each other.
Example:

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In the above two dice, the number 4 is common and the numbers 3 and 5 on one die and 1 and 2
on the surface of the other die are opposite to each other respectively. I.e. The number 3 is
opposite 1 and 5 is opposite to 2.

Rule #2:
If any two numbers are the same in two dices irrespective of their position on the dice then the
remaining third number in both the dice are opposite to each other.
Example:

In the above scenario, irrespective of their place or position the two numbers 6 and 2 are
common in both the dice. Then the third number 5 on one first die and 3 on the second die are
opposite to each other.

Rule #3:
If there is one element common on both the dice at the different position, then rotate the dice in a
clockwise direction to get the opposite surface.
Example:

The number ‘2’ is common in both the dice, but it is occurring at a different position. In order to
find out, the number appearing on the opposite face, rotate the die in a clockwise direction with
the common number as the reference.

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The rotation of the first die in the clockwise direction gives ‘6’ at the front face. Now the rotation
of the second die in the clockwise direction gives ‘4’ in the front face. Hence the number ‘6’ is
opposite to ‘4’. A similar operation gives the result that the number ‘5’ is opposite to ‘1’.This
also indicates that the number ‘3’ is opposite to ‘2’.
An Open die:

A flat end version of a die

Observations of an open die:

The faces E & F, A & C, B & D are opposite to each other and their surfaces never touch each
other.

Variations of open dice-

Open die Opposite faces
1 is opposite to 5.
2 is opposite to 4.
3 is opposite to 6.

1 is opposite to 6
2 is opposite to 4
3 is opposite to 5

1 is opposite to 3
2 is opposite to 5
4 is opposite to 6

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Solved Examples – Dices

Example 1: Possible combinations of die.

Observe the open die

The number of a possible combination is:

a) Only A
b) Only B
c) Only C
d) Only D
Solution:
Option 1 is not possible as 3 is not opposed to 5. The second option is also wrong as 2 is not
adjacent to 4. Option 3 is possible. And option 4 is not possible as 1 is not adjacent to 6.
Hence the correct answer is option 3 i.e. only C.

Example 2: Finding the opposite side.

Observe the die

If the surfaces of the above die are reconstructed to form a perfect die. How many dots lie
opposite to the face having three dots?
a) A.2

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b) B.4
c) C.5
d) D.6
Solution:
Since 4, 5 and 2 are adjacent to 3, six is the only possibility.
Hence the correct answer is option D.

Example 3:
Choose the die that is similar to the die, formed from the open die.

a) Only 1
b) Only 2
c) 1 and 3
d) 1, 2 and 3
Solution:
The figure number 1 is possible as the top face is shaded and adjacent faces are blank. Figure 2 is
not possible as the surface with a dot should lie between shaded one, but here it is blank. Figure
3 is possible but the 4th one is impossible as the two shaded faces cannot be adjacent to each
other. Hence, the correct answer is option C.

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TOPIC NO.10 DIRECTION

What is Direction?

Direction is the information contained in the relative position of one point with respect to another point
without the distance information. Directions may be either relative to some indicated reference or
absolute according to some previously agreed upon frame of reference.

Cardinal directions:
The four cardinal directions or cardinal points are:
1. North
2. East
3. South
4. West

Their initials commonly denote these directions: N, E, S, W. East and West are at right angles to
North and South, with east being in the clockwise direction of rotation from north and west being
directly opposite east.

Representation of all 16 cardinal directions

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The intermediate directions of the four cardinal directions are:

Cardinal directions
1 North – West
2 North – East
3 South – West
4 South – East

The intermediate directions are further classified as:

Intermediate directions
North-North-West West-North-West
North-North- East East -North-East
South-South-West West-South-West
South-South-East East-South-East

Topic 1: The Right and Left directional movement

The right and left movement of a person is always with reference to the body moving in the
scenario. It is not with respect to the person who is solving the questions.

Right and left directions

Direct yourself-
A person is walking towards you, and after walking for a few meters, he takes a right turn.
Which direction is he moving?
Solution: The direction we are facing is always assumed as North. Hence, if a person is walking
towards us, he is walking facing (towards) South.

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Solved Examples – Direction

Example 1:
Mr Deepak Mohan walks 5 km towards the south and then turns to the right. After walking 3 km
he turns to the left and walks 5 km. What direction is he facing right now?
A.West
B.South
C.North-East
D.South-West

Solution:

The path traced by Deepak Mohan

The right and left movements are with respect to Mr. Deepak Mohan. After walking 5 km
towards the South, he takes a right turn and now will be facing West. After walking 3 more km
he turns left and walks 5 more km. Now he is facing South.
Hence, the answer is option B.

Example 2:
Sowmya Krishnan walked 20 m towards the north. Then she turned right and walks 30 m. Then
she turns right and walks 35 m. Then she turns left and walks 15 m. Finally she turns left and
walks 15 m. In which direction and how many meters is she from the starting position?
A.15 m West
B.30 m East
C.30 m West
D.45 m East

Solution:

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The path traced by Sowmya Krishnan

Topic 2: The directional reference point

Observe the five cities on the map shown below. The five cities are New Delhi, Mumbai,
Bengaluru, Chennai, and Kolkata.

The directional reference point of five cities

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The city Bengaluru is exactly below New Delhi, Hence, Bengaluru is in the South direction with
respect to New Delhi whereas it is in the West direction with respect to Chennai. Mumbai is in
North West direction with respect to Bengaluru whereas Bengaluru is in the South-East direction
with respect to Mumbai. One should draw a cardinal direction at a reference city/place to find the
direction of the other city.

Example 3:
Mrs.Veena wants to go to the Krishna Rajendra market. She moved northwards and after
covering some distance turned left and moved 4 km and reached a crossing. The road in front of
her led to Jaynagar while the road on to her left led to Bangalore Medical College and the road
on to her right led to the Krishna Rajendra market. In which direction the Krishna Rajendra
market is located with reference to the starting point?
A. West
B. North-West
C. South-West
D. East

Solution:
Option B is the correct answer.

Topic 3: The directions of sun rays and shadow

A boy is playing with a skipping rope in the playground and is facing North in the morning then,
he observes that his shadow was towards his left as the Sun appeared in the East. The boy turned
180 degrees while playing, he is facing the South now. His own shadow will be towards his right
as the Sun is in the east.

Sunrise/sunset and the shadow

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He does this every day once in the morning and evening. He plays facing south and observed that
his shadow was towards his left and then turns and faces North he observed that his shadow was
towards his right. The direction of one’s’ shadow depends on the direction and time she/he is
facing.

The table below summarises the relation of shadow with respect to the direction and time:

Direction v/s Time Morning Evening

North Left Right
South Right Left

Example 4:
One morning after sunrise, Nandita and Ravi were sitting in a lawn with their backs towards each
other. Nandita’s shadow fell exactly towards her left-hand side. Which direction was Ravi
facing?
A. East
B. West
C. North
D. South

Solution:
Since it was morning and Nandita’s shadow fell exactly to her left-hand side, Nandita was facing
North and hence Ravi should be facing South. Hence the answer is option D.

Topic 4: Correct map v/s Wrong map

This section involves the comparison of two maps between which one is definitely wrong. One
has to find the correct direction in the wrong map by applying logical analysis.

Example 5:
At a crossing, there was a direction pole, which was showing all the four correct directions. But
due to the wind, it turns in such a manner that now West pointer is showing South. Harish went
in the wrong direction thinking that he was travelling East. In what direction he was actually
travelling?
A. South
B. North
C. West
D. East

Solution:

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The correct answer is option B, i.e., North.

Topic 5: Directions in Clocks

All the pirates and travellers during the 16th and 17th Centuries used the compass as a navigation
device which helped them in the discovery of the land that was unknown to mankind. The clocks
were lacking directional information as the main task of the clock was just to tell the time.
Adding the directions to the clock paved the way to the invention of many ideas in the future.
The direction in which the number ‘12’ exists was considered as the North for the reference. And
all the remaining directions were marked accordingly. Hence, the numbers ‘3’, ‘6’ and ‘9’ were
considered to be at East, South, and West, respectively.
North

South
Pictorial representation of clocks with all the directions

Example 6:
A clock is so placed that at 2:00 p.m. the minute hand points towards North-west. In which
direction does the hour hand point at 6:00 p.m.?
A. North-West
B. West

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C. North-East
D. South-East

Solution:
If the Minute hand is at 12 which is North-West, then at 6.00 p.m. the hour hand will be pointing
at the number 6. Since the numbers 12 and 6 are exactly the opposite. The opposite of North-
West should be South-East. Hence, option D is the correct answer.
Topic 6: Directions in board games
In this section, the directional concepts are applied to popular board games like Chess and
Carrom board or Snake and ladder to solve the questions.

Example 7:

General placement of the chessboard

A chess piece undergoes the following motion during the game. It starts from D-8, and reaches
H-5, from there it reaches A-3, finally, it moves to the position H-8 and dies. In what direction
the piece was when it died if the chess board is assumed to be placed in front of you?

Solution:
The H-8 is the position where the chess piece died. If the chessboard is assumed to be placed in
front of us, then the position H-8 will lie in between North and east. Hence, the answer is North-
East.

Example 8:

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General placement of carrom board

P, Q, R, and S are playing a game of carrom. P, R, and S, Q are partners. S is to the right of R
who is facing west. Then Q is facing?
A. North
B. South
C. East
D. West

Solution:
Since R is facing West and P is the partner of R P is facing East. Also, S is to the right of R, so S
will be facing South and Q is the partner of S. Therefore, Q will face North. Hence, option A is
the correct answer.

Topic 7: Directions of Seating arrangement

This section involves the combination of directional logic with the seating arrangement.

Example 9:
J,K,L,M,N,O,P and R are eight huts. L is 2 km east of K. J is 1 km north of K and Q is 2 km
south of J. P is 1 km west of Q while M is 3 km east of P and O is 2 km north of P. R is situated
right in the middle of K and L while N is just in the middle of Q and M.
Distance between K and P is
A. 1.0km
B. 1.23 km
C. 1.41 km
D. 1.5 km

Solution:
Since K and P forms the diagonal of the right angle triangle KQP the distance between KP is
1.41 km. Hence, option C is the correct answer.

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Distance between K and R is:

A. 1.41 km
B. 3 km
C. 2 km
D. 1 km

Solution:
Since R is in the middle of K and L which are 2 km apart. The distance between K and R is 1km.
Hence, option D is the correct answer.

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TOPIC NO.11 INPUT-OUTPUT

What is Input-Output?

Similar to the computer concept of Input-Output, the reasoning questions based on this topic
involves an Input which is given in the form of numbers and words and then gives out an Output
following a certain format.

Input → Machine → Output

Tips & Tricks to Solve the Input-Output Reasoning Questions:

 The first and the most important thing is to read the question carefully and analyse the
steps based on which the Output is given. Once you carefully see the steps. You shall be
able to apprehend the pattern that is being followed to get the Output.
 At times, just looking at Step 1 and step 2 only candidates shall be able to understand the
pattern followed.
 Use tabular form while solving the question as the length of the Input may be longer and
may make the solution even more confusing.
 Do not try solving this type of question verbally as you may miss a few terms and steps
and end up answering the questions wrongly.
 Once you understand the pattern that is being followed in the question, then try applying
the same to the Input given to be solved.

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Solved Examples – Input-Output

Example 1:
INPUT: Train Car Airplane Ship Bus Cycle Autorickshaw
Step 1: Train Ship Car Airplane Bus Cycle Autorickshaw
Step 2: Train Ship Cycle Car Airplane Bus Autorickshaw
Step 3: Train Ship Cycle Car Bus Airplane Autorickshaw
Step 4: Train Ship Cycle Car Bus Autorickshaw Airplane

Based on the above-mentioned Input, Find what should be the Output of the following Input?
INPUT: Diver Actor Astronaut Engineer Therapist Sportsperson Doctor
Solution: If we carefully examine the Input “Train Car Airplane Ship Bus Cycle Autorickshaw”,
Step 4 is the final step and the Output clearly shows that all the words have been arranged in
descending order of their appearance in the Alphabetic Series.

Thus, the Output for “Diver Actor Astronaut Engineer Therapist Sportsperson Doctor” shall be:
Step 1: Therapist Diver Actor Astronaut Engineer Sportsperson Doctor
Step 2: Therapist Sportsperson Diver Actor Astronaut Engineer Doctor
Step 3: Therapist Sportsperson Engineer Diver Actor Astronaut Doctor
Step 4: Therapist Sportsperson Engineer Doctor Diver Actor Astronaut
Step 5: Therapist Sportsperson Engineer Doctor Diver Astronaut Actor
Step 5, is the final step.

Now, based on the above example, given below are a few sample questions:

Q 1. How many steps does it take to get the final output?

Answer: 5 steps

Q 2. What is the 3rd word from the left in Step 4?

Answer: Engineer

Q 3. What will be Step 2?

Answer: Therapist Sportsperson Diver Actor Astronaut Engineer Doctor

Q 4. What is the position of the word “Astronaut” from left in Step 3?

Answer: 2nd from left

Example 2:
Now, let’s take an example of an Input comprising numbers only.
INPUT: 56 72 33 98 12 15 29 49

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Step 1: 12 56 72 33 98 15 29 49
Step 2: 12 15 56 72 33 98 29 49
Step 3: 12 15 29 56 72 33 98 49
Step 4: 12 15 29 33 56 72 98 49
Step 5: 12 15 29 33 49 56 72 98
Step 5 is the last step.

Based on the above-mentioned Input, what shall be the Output of the following Input?
INPUT: 74 32 45 90 21 77 80 82

Solution: Based on the input given in the question, it is clear that in the final step, the numbers
are arranged in ascending order. So, the answer to the input “74 32 45 90 21 77 80 82” will be as
follows:
Step 1: 21 74 32 45 90 77 80 82
Step 2: 21 31 74 45 90 77 80 82
Step 3: 21 31 45 74 90 77 80 82
Step 4: 21 31 45 74 77 90 80 82
Step 5: 21 31 45 74 77 80 90 82
Step 6: 21 31 45 74 77 80 82 90
Step 6, being the final step.

Example 3:
Now, moving to a bit complex input-output question, comprising both numbers and words.
INPUT: Herb 30 Shrub 10 Grass 20 40 Tree Planter 50
Step 1: 10 Herb 30 Shrub 20 40 Tree Planter 50 Grass
Step 2: 10 20 30 Shrub 40 Tree Planter 50 Grass Herb
Step 3: 10 20 30 40 Shrub Tree 50 Grass Herb Planter
Step 4: 10 20 30 40 50 Tree Grass Herb Planter Shrub
Step 5: 10 20 30 40 50 Grass Herb Planter Shrub Tree
Step 5, is the last step.

Based on the above Input, what will be the Output of the following information?
INPUT: 11 55 Green Blue Red 33 Orange 22 44 Pink

Solution: If we analyse the input “Herb 30 Shrub 10 Grass 20 40 Tree Planter 50” and then each
step carefully, we will observe that the change in order is happening both from the left corner
and from the right corner.
In step 1, the smallest number “10” is placed at the 1st position from the left and “Grass” which
begins with “G” and alphabetically comes first in comparison to the first alphabet of other words
moved to the last.

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Then, in step 2, the second smallest number, “20”, follows 10 and the alphabetical “H”, i.e.
“Herb” is placed after Grass and so on.
In the final step, all the numbers are arranged in ascending order, followed by the words which
are arranged in the Dictionary-order, i.e., alphabetically.
So, the output for “11 55 Green Blue Red 33 Orange 22 44 Pink” is as follows:
Step 1: 11 22 55 Green Red 33 Orange 44 Pink Blue
Step 2: 11 22 33 55 Red Orange 44 Pink Blue Green
Step 3: 11 22 33 44 55 Red Pink Blue Green Orange
Step 4: 11 22 33 44 55 Red Blue Green Orange Pink
Step 5: 11 22 33 44 55 Blue Green Orange Pink Red
Step 5, being the final step.

Given below are a set of questions, with respect to example 3, which have been framed in a
similar manner as may be asked in the final exam. Candidates can refer to these:

Q 1. How many steps does it take to get the final Output?

Four
Six
Eight
Seven
Five
Answer: (5) Five

Q 2. What is the second last word/number in Step 2?

Pink
44
Blue
Green
55
Answer: (3) Blue

Q 3. What will be the second step of the Output?

11 22 33 55 Red Orange 44 Pink Blue Green
11 22 55 Green Red 33 Orange 44 Pink Blue
11 33 22 Green Red 33 Orange 44 Pink Blue
11 22 33 44 Red Orange 55 Pink Blue Green
None of the above
Answer: (1) 11 22 33 55 Red Orange 44 Pink Blue Green

Q 4. What is the third number/word from left in Step 3?

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44
33
Blue
Red
Pink
Answer: (3) Blue

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TOPIC NO.12 PUZZLES

The puzzle-based questions may be asked in different formats. These formats include:

 Floor-based Puzzle
 Tabular Puzzles
 Miscellaneous Puzzles which may include three or more categories

Tips to Solve the Reasoning Puzzle Questions:

 The first and the foremost thing that a candidate needs to remember is that the entire
information given in the puzzle is all you know. No assumptions must be made while
solving the puzzle.
 Never panic, seeing the length of the question. This may increase the chances of making
silly mistakes which may result in wastage of time. One wrong step in the puzzle may
result in re-doing the entire thing.
 Ensure that you solve the entire puzzle at once and then start answering questions. This is
because accuracy in answers can only be obtained at the end of the solution.
 To solve the puzzle, start reading the given information line by line and based on that
form a diagram for a chart-like figure for the same.
 As you move on, keep cancelling the data whose possibility has ended.
 For puzzles where multiple data is given for multiple people, ensure that you carefully
detect the gender, singular, and plural forms while reading the question.
 The information that does not fit in anywhere write it aside as it may be required later on.
 Do not make very confusing images. Ensure that the figure you draw to answer the
question is clear and no mistake is made while answering the questions’ subparts.

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Solved Examples – Puzzles

Example 1:

Question: Eight persons Piyush, Qureshi, Rekha, Sunil, Trisha, Vandana, Wajahat, and
Aradhana attend the lecture in January, August, November, March, October, April, September
and June. Each one of them like different colours: White, Pink, Brown, Yellow, Orange, Green,
Red and Black. More than five persons attend the lecture between Piyush and the one who likes
Black.

Wajahat attends the seminar before the one who likes Green. As many persons attend the lecture
after Aradhana is same as many persons attend the lecture before the one who likes Orange.
Qureshi does not attend the lecture immediately before or after Aradhana. Qureshi does not like
Orange. As many persons attend the lecture after the one who likes Green is the same as the
number of people attending the lecture before Wajahat. Aradhana attends the lecture
immediately before the one who likes Black. Wajahat does not like Orange.

Only one person attends the lecture between Trisha and the one who likes Yellow. Vandana
attends the lecture immediately before the one who likes Yellow. The one who likes Yellow
attends the lecture before the one who likes Red. Two persons attend the lecture Qureshi and the
one who likes Pink. Only one person attends the lecture between Rekha and the one who likes
White. Qureshi does not like White.

Solution:

Based on the data given above, the solution is as follows:

January Piyush Brown

March Vandana Orange
April Qureshi Yellow
June Wajahat White
August Trisha Green
September Rekha Pink
October Aradhana Red
November Sunil Black

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Example 2:

Question: Eight friends-Sakshi, Twinkle, Unnati, Varun, Wasim, Xavi, Yusuf, and Zain will
have to take leave in different months in the same year, March, April, May and June. Each will
take the leave on two different dates, either 14th or 19th of the given months. Each of them
wishes to visit the different Indian States, viz. Uttrakhand, Maharashtra, Tamil Nadu, Rajasthan,
Madhya Pradesh, Karnataka, West Bengal and Uttar Pradesh, but not necessarily in the same
order. Varun will take leave on one of the days before Zain.

Only three persons will take leave between the one who wants to visit Uttar Pradesh and Xavi.
Only two persons will take leave between Twinkle and the one who wishes to visit Rajasthan.
The number of persons will take leave before the one who wants to go to Tamil Nadu is the same
number of persons who will take leave after the one who likes Madhya Pradesh. Sakshi will take
leave on one of the days before Wasim. Only two persons will take leave between the one who
likes Rajasthan and the one who likes Tamil Nadu. Neither Varun nor Zain will take leave on
19th of the given month.

Only two persons will take leave before the one who wants to visit Uttar Pradesh. The one who
likes Uttrakhand will take leave immediately after Zain. The number of people will take leave
between Varun and Zain is the same number of people who will take leave between the one who
wants to visit Tamil Nadu and the one who is planning to go to Maharashtra. Only two persons
will take leave between the one who likes Madhya Pradesh and Yusuf. Wasim does not take
leave in June. The number of people who will take a leave after Xavi is as the same number of
the person will take leave before Twinkle. Only three persons will take leave between the one
who wants to visit Uttarakhand and who wants to visit West Bengal.

Solution:

March 14 Varun Madhya Pradesh

March 19 Twinkle West Bengal
April 14 Sakshi Uttar Pradesh
April 19 Yusuf Maharashtra
May 14 Zain Rajasthan
May 19 Wasim Uttarakhand
June 14 Xavi Karnataka
June 19 Unnati Tamil Nadu

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TOPIC NO.13 RANKING AND ORDER

Ranking and order is an important topic of banking question paper under logical reasoning
section; it involves an arrangement of position or ranks of an object or a person either from left
to right or top to bottom.

An orderly arrangement of books

Steps to solve the questions:

 Don not read the complete banking question paper in one go, read sentence by sentence
and construct the logic accordingly.
 Order or Position will be either horizontal or vertical. Decide the direction of the
arrangement.
 Consider all possible cases, but discard all except the correct one at the end to get the
correct order or ranking.
 Non-consideration of all the possible cases will lead to the wrong order or ranking.
 Either use the ranking to get the total number of objects/people or use the total number to
evaluate the ranking.
 Follow the processor arrangement in aright way; reverse engineering technique doesn’t
work all the time to get the correct answer.

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Solved Examples – Ranking and Order

Seven rules to remember to solve ranking and order-

Rule #1.
The total number of a person/objects in a group or class is equal to one less than the sum of the
positions of the same person from both the ends (either right and left or top and bottom). Since
the same person is counted twice in the sum, the final answer is one less than the total sum.

1. Total number of objects/persons

= [(sum of positions of the same person/object from both sides) – 1]

Example 1:
In a row of persons, the position of Saket from the left side of the row is 27th and position of
Saket from the right side of the row is 34th. Find the total number of students in the row?
1. 60
2. 61
3. 62
4. 59

Solution:
Total number of students
= (Position of Saket from left + Position of Saket from right) -1
Total number of students = (27 + 34) – 1 = 61 – 1 = 60.
Hence the correct answer is option A.

Rule#2
The total number of person/object in a group is the sum of before or after the given person in a
row and the position of the same person from the other side.
Total no. of persons/objects = No. of persons/objects before or after the given person in a row +
Position of the same person from the other side.

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An orderly arrangement of pencils in a linear way.

Example 2:
In a row of persons, the position of Aparna Nair from the left side of the row is 27th and there
are 5 persons after her in the row. Find the total no. of persons in the row?
Solution:
No. of persons in the row = Position of Aparna from left + No. of persons after Aparna
⇒ Total no. of persons = 27 + 5 = 32

Rule#3
If the positions of two objects/persons are given from the opposite ends and also the total number
of persons/objects, then the problem can be addressed in two different ways to determine the
number of persons between these two persons/objects.

Case 1:
Overlapping:
The total number of objects or persons in a group is always lesser than the addition of the
position of two objects or persons from ends.

Example 3:
The number of objects between two different persons = Total number of books – (Sum of
positions of two different persons from opposite sides)
There are 24 students in dance class, and the teacher is planning for an arrangement of students
on stage. Sampratha is 9th from the left side of the row and Supreetha is 22nd from the right side
of the row. Find the number of dancers standing between the sisters Sampratha and Supreetha?
A.4
B.5
C.6
D.7

Solution:

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Adding the position of Sampratha and Supreetha we get:

= 9 + 22 = 31
The result ‘31’ is greater than the total number of students in a dance class.
Therefore the number of dancers standing between the sisters will be = [(Position of Sampratha
from left + Position of Supreetha from right) – Total number of dancers – 2]
The number of dancers between Sampratha and Supreetha
= (9+22) – 24 – 2 = 31 – 24 – 2 = 5.
Hence the correct answer is option B.

Case 2:
Non – overlapping:
The total number of objects or persons in a group is always greater than the addition of the
position of two objects or persons from ends.

Example 4:
There are 64 history books arranged in a row at central library Bangalore. Ancient history is 25th
from the left side of the row and Middivel history is 30th from the right side of the row. What is
the total number of books between Ancient and Middivel history?
A.6
B.7
C.8
D.9

Solution:
Adding the position of ancient and midlevel history books, we get:
Ancient histroy+ Middivel history = 25 + 30 = 55
Hence the number ‘55’ should be less than the total number of books.
∴ The number of books between ancient and midlevel history = Total number of books – (Place
value of Ancient history book from left + Place value of Middivel history from right)
The number of books between ancient and midlevel history = 64 – (25+30) = 64 – 55 = 9
Hence the correct is option D.

Rule #4
Non-predictable order/ranking.
If the data in the question provides only then information of position different objects or persons
then it is impossible to find the total number of objects or people in a group or class. As the cases
can either be an overlapping or non-overlapping one. In such a situation, the final answer will
always be found. Save the time by not trying to solve these type of questions.

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Example 5:
Deepavali or Diwali a festival lights in India. One can find the row of lamps in every house these
days. Chaitra lights a row of the lamp in her home. A square-shaped lamp is at 18th from left,
and a circular-shaped lamp is at 25th position in a row from right. Find the total number of lamp
Chaitra had lit?
A.27
B.30
C.43
D. Cannot be determined.

Solution:
The scenario can be either be of Overlapping or non-overlapping one. Hence the correct answer
is option D.

Rule#5
Swapping of position to find the order/ ranking
In this section, the placement or the position of the two objects/persons are interchanged. The
position of the two people or objects is examined before and after the interchanged.
The place value or the position of the second person from the same side as before interchanging
= Position of 2nd person from the same side before interchanging + (Position of 1st person after
interchanging – position of 1st person before interchanging from the same side)

Example 6:
Soldiers Punita and Mitali and are standing in a row of female soldiers. Punita is 18th from the
left side of the row, and Mitali is 24th from the right side of the row. If they interchange their
positions, Punita becomes 31st from left. Find:
The new position of Mitali from the right side
The total number of female soldiers in a row.
Number of soldiers standing between Punita & Mitali

Solution:1
The new position of Mithali from right side = Position of Mithali from the right side before
interchanging + (Position of Punita from the left side after interchanging – Position of Punita
from the left side before interchanging)
New position of Mithali from right side = 24 + (31 – 18) = 24 + 13 = 37
The new position of Mithali is 37th.

Solution 2:
The total number of person between A and B can be found in two different ways.
Total no. of persons = (A’s position from right before interchanging + A’s position from left
before interchanging) – 1

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or
Total no. of persons = (B’s position from right after interchanging + A’s position from left before
interchanging) – 1
Since we don’t know the position of Punita from right before interchanging. We can’t use the
first method. We can use the second method as we know both the values.
The Total number of female soldiers = (Mithali’s position from right before interchanging +
Punita’s position from left before interchanging) – 1
= 37+18 -1 = 54.

Solution 3:
To find the total number of people between any two persons.
No. of persons between A & B = (Position of A from left after interchanging– Position of A from
left before interchanging) – 1
The total numbers of soldiers between Punita & Mithali = (Position of Punita from left after
interchanging– Position of Punita from left before interchanging) – 1
= (31 – 18) – 1 = 13 – 1 = 12

Rule#6
If positions of two objects from opposite sides of the row are known there is a third object right
in the middle of the two, then the total number of objects can be evaluated based on the position
of the third object.

Case 1:
The position of the third object is known from both the sides

Case 2:
The position of the third object is known from either of the sides.

Example 7:
There is a pride of lions and its cubs in a row, the position of eldest lioness from the left side of
the row is 9th & position of youngest lioness from the right side of the row is 8th. If the newborn
cub is sitting just in the middle of eldest & youngest and position of cub from the left side of the
row is 15th. Find the total number of lions the row?

Solution:
Position of a cub from left is 15th, and the eldest lioness from left is 9th so there are 15 – 9 – 1 =
5 lions are sitting between eldest and youngest lioness. As the cub is sitting in the middle of the
eldest and youngest lioness so there must also be 5 persons sitting between the youngest lioness
and a cub.
Thus position of a cub from right =
Position of youngest from right + 5 + 1 =

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= 8 + 6 = 14
Total number of lions = (Sum of positions of cubs from both sides – 1)
= (15 + 14) – 1 = 29 – 1 = 28

Rule#7
To find the minimum number of members in the group.
The Minimum number of persons = Sum of positions of persons from both sides – Persons
between them – 2.

Example 8:
If the position of A from the left side of a row is 15th and position of B from the right side of a
row is 19th and only 1 person is sitting in the middle of A & B. Find the minimum number of
persons that can be seated in this row?

Solution:
The total number of persons = 15 + 19 – 1 – 2 = 31.

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TOPIC NO.14 SEATING ARRANGEMENTS

Seating arrangement questions are the most common problem types in all entrance exams
containing the Logical Reasoning section. These concepts involve the arrangement of objects/
people in many possible ways.

The advantages of attempting the seating arrangement questions in the examination are one
question of seating arrangement is followed by five to six subquestions.

Hence, fetching more marks by solving one single question.

What is a Seating Arrangement?

The seating arrangement is the logical arrangement of either objects or people in a logical
manner. One has to either perform the arrangement to answer the questions or decode the
predefined arrangement by applying the logical analysis.

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Solved Examples – Seating Arrangements

Topic 1: Assumptions
Unless specified the direction at the top page is always assumed as North.
The right side of the page is the viewer’s left side and vice versa.

Topic 2: Linear Arrangement

Any logical arrangement of objects or people either horizontally or vertically or diagonally is
known as Linear arrangement.

Ex: The row of the travellers in a train, students in a prayer hall, etc.

A schematic representation of a linear arrangement

Topic 3: Circular Arrangement

The arrangement of physical quantities in a circular manner is called a Circular arrangement.

There are two types of circular arrangement:

Facing the center: In this arrangement, every object or a person in the arrangement will be
facing the center of the circle.
Examples of circular seating arrangement questions include Group discussion and playing cards
etc.

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Schematic representation of type 1 circular seating arrangement

Facing outwards: In this arrangement, every object or a person in the arrangement will be
facing outwards.
A perfect example of circular seating arrangement questions would be playing musical chairs.

Schematic representation of type 2 circular seating arrangement

Topic 4: Seating arrangement in a photograph

Question 1: How different is the seating arrangement in actual and in the picture?
Five friends Deepthi, Bhagya, Ramya, Sushil, and Akash request Sugjna, their friend, to take
their photograph. Bhagya, who is an attention seeker, is always in the middle of Ramya and
Deepti. There is no one to the left of Akash. Ramya always stands next to Sushil. There is no girl
between two boys. Who is at the extreme right end in the photograph?

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Solution:
The seating arrangement in actual would be Deepti- Bhagya-Ramya-Sushil, and Akash. But
when the photograph of the above arrangement is taken a right and left references are changed.
Since the photograph is held in front of us. The viewer’s right will be the photograph’s left, and
the photograph’s right would be the viewer’s left. Hence, Deepti will be at the extreme right end
in the photograph.

Topic 5: Complex Arrangement

Complex arrangements are very similar to linear arrangement problems in terms of arrangement
and properties. But unlike linear arrangement, where the objects had only one property – their
positioning, objects in the complex arrangement have multiple properties.
There are two methods to solve the problem:

Table Formation: The data is tabulated to match the properties based on the logical conditions
provided in the questions.

Matric Tabulation: The Properties are matched in the form of a matrix with the help of symbols
and special characters to solve the questions.
Among both the methods, the number of rows and columns depends on the complexity and the
number of properties in the questions.

Given below is an example of complex seating arrangement:

Question 2: Amit, Bharati, Cheryl, Deepak, and Eric are five friends sitting in a restaurant. They
are wearing caps of five different colours — yellow, blue, green, white and red. Also, they are
eating five different snacks — burgers, sandwiches, ice cream, pastries, and pizza.
The person wearing a red cap is eating pastries.
Amit does not eat ice cream, and Cheryl is eating sandwiches.
Bharati is wearing a yellow cap and Amit wearing a blue cap.

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Eric is eating pizza and is not wearing a green cap.

Solution:

There are five people in the scenario and each person is associated with two properties, viz.
Colour of the caps, and the dish they are eating. Hence the tabulation method is easier to apply.
Amith Bharati Cheryl Deepak Eric
Colour Blue Yellow
Dish Sandwiches Pizza

The properties can be tabulated as shown from the given information.

We know that a person wearing a red cap is eating pastries. There is only one place possible in
the table to fit this combination. That will be Deepak.
Amith Bharati Cheryl Deepak Eric
Colour Blue Yellow Red
Dish Sandwiches Pastries Pizza

We also know that Eric is not wearing a green cap. Hence, the one who is wearing a green cap
should be Cheryl. Since Amith does not eat Ice Cream, it should be Bharati who is eating it. That
leaves us with the fact that Amith should be eating burgers as that’s the only dish left. And
hence, Eric should be wearing a white cap.
Amith Bharati Cheryl Deepak Eric
Colour Blue Yellow Green Red White
Dish Burger Ice cream Sandwiches Pastries Pizza

Question 3: The king Akbar’s court – Navratnas Nauratan (Sanskrit dvigu Nava-Ratna- or “nine
gems”) was a term applied to a group of nine extraordinary people in an emperor’s court in
Emperor Akbar’s “Darbar” The Mughal ruler Akbar, despite his illiteracy, was a great lover of
the artists and intellectuals. His passion for knowledge and interest in learning from great minds
attracted him to men of genius to his court, known as the nine courtiers of Emperor Akbar or
Navratnas (Nine Jewels):
1. Birbal
2. Faizi
3. Todar Mal
4. Man Singh I
5. Abdul Rahim Khan-I-Khana
6. Fakir Aziao-Din
7. Tansen
8. Mulla Do-Piyaza
9. Abu’l-Fazl ibn Mubarak

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Arrange them in an order of their seating pattern based on the following instructions:

The Nine gems and Akbar always made a circular arrangement when they sat in a court.
1. Akbar always sat opposite to his favourite advisor.
2. A singer always sat opposite to a poet, there were two poets in his court among them one
was a tutor.
3. Mulla Do-Piyaza never sat next to Birbal as he was his rival.
4. Abdul Rahim Khan-I-Khana is neither general nor finance minister.
5. Maan Singh sat in between a poet and a finance minister.
6. Tansen was at third to the right of Birbal
7. An adviser was in great jealous of another advisor Birbal hence he made Birbal his rival.
8. Faizi is a poet who was third to the left of the finance minister.
9. Fakir Aziao-Din a chef minister sat in between a singer and an author Abu’l-Fazl ibn
Mubarak.

Solution:

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Solved examples: Linear seating arrangement

Question 4: Meenakshi and Anupama two best friends wanted to arrange books in their small
library. They arranged these books as a pile one over the other. There are 3 computer science
books, 3 reasoning books, 2 math books, 2 interview books, and 2 English books. A Computer
science book is either at the top or bottom-most level.

Starting from the top a reasoning book is between a math book and computer science book
(either of the mentioned Math or Computer Science books may be at the top of reasoning book),
an English book is between a maths book and computer science book. A reasoning book is the
third book from the bottom. An interview book is between a math book that is in sixth place
from the top and a reasoning book. Another interview book is in between two reasoning books.
A computer science book is in between reasoning and English.

Which book is in fourth place from the bottom?

A. A.Computer Science
B. B.English
C. C.Reasoning
D. D.Interview

Solution:
There are 3 computer science books, 3 reasoning books, 2 maths books, 2 interview books, and 2
English books. Hence the total number of books is twelve.

The arrangement of these books as shown below:

Position of the book Category of the book

1 Computer science
2 Reasoning
3 Math
4 English
5 Computer science
6 Math
7 Interview
8 Reasoning
9 Interview
10 Reasoning
11 Computer science
12 English

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Hence the fourth book from the bottom will be Interview. Option D is the correct answer.

Solved example: Seating arrangement in a photograph

Question 5: Eight female members of the family decides to have a family photo and are sitting
on a bench to be photographed. Read the following instructions to perform the seating
arrangement to answers the questions.

1. Mrs. Divya is to the right of Mrs. Anne.

2. Akshata is the middle if Myra and Mrs. Banumathi.
3. Mrs. Veena is standing at one of the ends and is second to the right of Mrs. Divya.
4. Myra always wants to stand next to her mother Mrs. Anne and is third to the left of Mrs.
Sandhya.
5. Who is standing at the left extreme end in the photograph?
6. Mrs. Veena
7. Mrs. Usha
8. Mrs. Banumathi
9. Akshata

2. Who is third from the left in the photograph?

A. A.Mrs. Divya
B. B.Akshata
C. C.Mrs. Veena
D. D.Mrs. Sandya
Solution:
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

Veena Sandhya Divya Anne Myra Akshata Banu Usha

The seating arrangement of the scenario is as shown:

Answer 1: From the seating arrangement, it can be seen that Mrs. Usha is at one of the ends.
Hence, the correct answer is option B.
Answer 2: The seating arrangement in the photograph changes its directions of right and left.
Since the question is about the seating arrangement in the photograph; third to the left from the
photograph will be Akshata.
Hence, the correct answer is option B.

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TOPIC NO.15 STATEMENT AND ASSUMPTIONS

Statement & Assumption – Concept

In a statement and assumption question, a statement is given in the question followed by a few
assumptions made on the basis of them. Candidates need to pick the assumption which most
appropriately and logically is correct.

Questions based on statement and assumption can either help you score more if answered
logically or else result in losing marks if candidates choose to guess in such questions. Thus
more and more questions must be solved so as to ensure that you are able to understand what is
the correct approach to such questions.

Assumption: One of the most important things to know about assumptions is that when a
statement is given, the author of the statement believes the assumption to be true and this same
approach must be used by candidates while answering the questions based on this topic.

Tips To Solve Statement & Reasoning Questions:

 Read the statement with an approach that the assumptions would be true with regard to
the statement
 Do not go too logical with the statements. Analyse the information given and the
assumption must only be made based on the information in the statement. Do not
overcomplicate it
 Common assumptions can always be followed but other than that do not align the
statement with General Knowledge or other facts
 Use the elimination method if you are unable to apprehend the answer. Read the
statement and then the assumptions given in the options, you shall notice that a few of
them will most definitely not follow. Eliminate them and then choosing from lesser
options may prove to be more convenient
 One thing to make a note of is that the assumption is something which the Author
believes to be true so while choosing the correct option, keep this thought in mind as
well. If any option contradicts the statement, then that assumption will not follow

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Solved Examples – Statements and Assumptions

Q 1.
Statement: The advisable age for a child to join a school is 5 years.
Assumption I: At this age, the child is familiar to adaptability
Assumption II: After this age, kids do not like to go to school
Assumption III: Schools do not take admission of children who are more than 5 years old

1. Only Assumption I follows

2. Both Assumptions I & III follow
3. Assumption I, II & III follow
4. Only Assumption II follows
5. None of the Above

Answer: (1) Only Assumption I follows

Explanation: In the given statement it is mentioned that 5 years is an advisable age for kids to
join the school. The only sensible assumption which proves the statement to be true is that
chances of kids getting more adaptable to the school at this young age are very high
Q 2.
Statement: Food poisoning due to the consumption of liquor is very common in rural areas
Assumption I: There are more illegal and unauthorised shops selling liquor in villages and rural
areas
Assumption II: The ratio of people drinking liquor in villages is much more than that in towns

1. Both Assumption I and II follow

2. Neither Assumption I nor Assumption II follows
3. Only Assumption I follows
4. Assumption II follows but Assumption I does not follow
5. Either Assumption I or Assumption II follows

Answer: (3) Only Assumption I follows

Explanation: The statement is talking about food poisoning due to liquor so the number of
people consuming liquor in towns or villages is not the main concern here. Which is why the
only assumption I follow
Q 3.

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Statement: Divya was advised by the Doctor that she should not take part in the dance
competition
Assumption I: The Doctor did not want Divya to take part in the competition because he was
afraid that she might lose
Assumption II: Divya had major surgery because of her injury
Assumption III: Divya did not have the money to go for the auditions

1. All Assumption I, II & III follow

2. Only Assumption I follows
3. Assumption II follows but Assumption I and III do not follow
4. None of the three assumptions follow
5. Only Assumption III follows

Answer: (3) Assumption II follows but Assumption I and III do not follow
Explanation: Based on the statement given, the Doctor would only advice a patient to not do
certain things if they are unwell, in this case surgery. Which is the only suitable assumption why
the doctor would advise Divya to not take part in the dance competition
Q 4.
Statement: In an election conducted in Village X, only 20% of the total number of women in the
village came to vote.
Assumption I: The number of men in the village is more than the number of women in the
village X
Assumption II: Women had to cook food and could not come to vote

1. Only Assumption I follows

2. Only Assumption II follows
3. Neither Assumption I nor Assumption II follows
4. Either Assumption I or Assumption II follows
5. Both Assumption I and Assumption II follow

Answer: (3) Neither Assumption I nor Assumption II follows

Explanation: The statement clearly indicates that out of the total number of women in the
village only 20% came around to vote so the ratio between the number of men and women is not
applicable here and the second assumption is not applicable as well.
Q 5.
Statement 1: The school has decided to cancel the summer camp this year

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Assumption I: No entries have been received by the Institution for students willing to join the
summer camp
Assumption II: It is being cancelled because the weather is too hot

1. Only Assumption I follows

2. Only Assumption II follows
3. Neither Assumption I nor Assumption II follows
4. Either Assumption I or Assumption II follows
5. Both Assumption I and Assumption II follow

Answer: (1) Only Assumption I follows

Explanation: Because the school was not receiving any student entries for participation in the
summer camp, that is why it was cancelled. The second option is not implicit because the camp
is being conducted in summers, so the weather is expected to be hot.

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TOPIC NO.16 STATEMENT AND CONCLUSION

Questions from the statement and conclusions topic comprise a statement followed by a set of
conclusions for the same. Candidates need to choose the most appropriate conclusion regarding
the statement given.

Mostly the biggest mistake which is made by candidates while solving the statement-conclusion
questions is that they make assumptions while answering questions which ultimately leads to
marking the incorrect option as a conclusion for the given statement.

The statement and conclusion concept is common for all major exams conducted in the country
and aspirants need to emphasize on the logical aspect of the concept. No assumptions, facts or
information can be used to answer questions based on this concept and the data given in the
statement is the only fact.

Tips and Tricks to solve Statement and Conclusion Questions:

 If there are two or more sentences which are used to frame a statement, then, the
sentences must be interrelated, and mutual contradiction should be there.
 Do not look for truthful notions. The information provided in the statement is the only
requirement for a candidate to answer the question. No assumptions must be made.
 Read the statement carefully and look for keywords which are common between the
statement and the conclusions
 If there is more than one conclusion which is applicable for the statement, candidates
must ensure that the conclusions they opt have some relation with each other.
 Do not go by the length of the statement or statements. Make sure that you read the
statement carefully before you make a conclusion.
 Candidates happen to lose a lot of marks in negative marking in such questions. So
ensure that you do not guess the answers in this topic.

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Solved Examples – Statements and Conclusion

Q 1.
Statement: In a T20 match played between India and Australia, the total runs made by the
Indian team were 200. 160 runs out of 200 runs were made by spinners.
Conclusion I: 80% of the team consists of spinners
Conclusion II: The opening batsmen were spinners

1. Only Conclusion I is true

2. Only Conclusion II is true
3. Both Conclusion I and II are true
4. Neither Conclusion I nor II is true
5. Either Conclusion I or II is true

Answer: (4) Neither Conclusion I nor II is true; Neither conclusion is logically correct with
regard to the statement

Q 2.
Statement: The Team Manager humiliated Varun in front of his colleagues on a Monday
morning.
Conclusion I: The Team Manager did not like Varun
Conclusion II: Varun was not as popular as his other colleagues

1. Only Conclusion I is true

2. Only Conclusion II is true
3. Both Conclusion I and II are true
4. Neither Conclusion I nor II is true
5. Either Conclusion I or II is true

Answer: (4) Neither Conclusion I nor II is true; None of the conclusions gives a valid reason
for the statement to be correct.

Q 3.
Statement: A metal producing Company in India has moved from a position where there was a
shortage of metal production to a position where there is the self-sufficiency of metal.

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Conclusion I: India was previously importing metal

Conclusion II: at this speed of self sufficiency, India can soon become a foreign exchange
earner

1. Only Conclusion I is true

2. Only Conclusion II is true
3. Both Conclusion I and II are true
4. Neither Conclusion I nor II is true
5. Either Conclusion I or II is true

Answer: (3) Both Conclusion I and II is true

Q 4.
Statement: Only good dancers are invited to the competition. No one without dancing
techniques is a good dancer.
Conclusion I: All invited dancers in the competition dance well
Conclusion II: Those dancers who do not have good dancing techniques are not invited to the
competition

1. Only Conclusion I is true

2. Only Conclusion II is true
3. Both Conclusion I and II are true
4. Neither Conclusion I nor II is true
5. Either Conclusion I or II is true

Answer: (3) Both Conclusion I and II are true

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TOPIC NO.17 SYLLOGISM

What is Syllogism?

The word syllogism is derived from the Greek word “syllogismos” which means “conclusion,
inference”. Syllogisms are a logical argument of statements using deductive reasoning to arrive
at a conclusion. The major contribution to the filed of syllogisms is attributed to Aristotle.

The questions of syllogisms of three main parts.

1. Major premise
2. Minor premise
3. Conclusion

 The central premise is a statement in general, believed to be true by the author.

Example: All women are smart.
 The minor premise is a specific example of the major premise.
Example: Amanda is a woman.
 The conclusion is a specific statement which logically follows both major and minor
statement.
Example: Amanda is smart.
 Application of Venn diagrams
To identify whether the given conclusion is correct or not draw the Venn diagrams
according to major and minor statements.

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The above represents the combination of major and minor statements in two different ways. In
the first case, the statement “ All women are smart “ the Venn diagram of women is inside the
Venn diagram of smart. Hence the major statement is true. And since Amanda is a woman, the
Venn diagram representing Amanda should be inside Woman. In the second case, the only
difference is, the major statement “ All women are smart “ the Venn diagrams of Women and
smart are overlapping with each other. Because that’s another possibility. Since Amanda is
women, it is represented inside it. Observing both the cases, we can agree that the conclusion
given “ Amanda is a smart “ is true from both the case.
Note: The conclusion should be true according to all the possible cases. One should draw all
possible cases before arriving at a conclusion. Below the table that provides that correct
combination of Venn diagrams of major and minor premises.
Logical deduction
Major premise Minor premise Conclusion Conclusion True/false

All dogs are cats. All cats are bulls. All bulls are dogs. False(it’s true only according to 3rd case)

All dogs are cats. All cats are bulls. All dogs are bulls. It’s true( In all the three cases)

Steps to solve syllogism questions:

1. Note the number of variables present in the given statements

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Ex: Man, doctor, pilot, etc.

1. Draw a Venn diagram corresponding to each variable; several Venn diagrams is equal to
the number of variables.
2. Deduce the logical level by reading the statements and draw the corresponding Venn
diagram
3. Check the conclusions given by comparing it with the Venn diagram obtained
4. Select the correct conclusion.

The following table gives the correct representation of Venn diagrams applying the above
rules.

Variables Number of variables Best possible representation

Thief, Robber 2

Women, 3
Mothers, and
Engineers.

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Bangalore, 4
India, Asia,
Karnatka.

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Solved Examples – Syllogism

Type 1 questions of syllogisms

Instructions: Observe the following statements and select if the conclusion is
Correct/ Incorrect

Example 1:
Major premise: All Actors are right-handed.
Minor premise: All right-handed are Artists.
The conclusion is: Some Artists are Actors.
A. Correct
B. Incorrect

Solution:
Explanation:
Case 1:
The Venn diagram of actors is inside right-handed and which in turn is inside the Venn of artists.
According to the diagram, the portion of the red Venn diagram overlapping with green indicates
that some actors artist are actors. Hence the conclusion is correct according to this diagram, but
can not be concluded as the final answer until the second case is checked.
Case 2: Since all the Venn diagrams are overlapping with each other, according to the diagram
all the artists are actors or all the actors are artists. Hence the conclusion is “ some artists are
actors” is wrong. Since the conclusion is wrong according to the second Venn diagram. The
correct answer will be option B incorrect.

Instructions: Observe the following premises and select if the conclusion is

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Correct/ Incorrect

Example 2:
Major premise: No pencil is cloth.
Minor premise: No sweaters are pencils.
The conclusion is: All sweaters are cloth
A. Correct
B. Incorrect

Solution:
Explanation:

In this case, as can be seen, there are three possible scenarios.

Since “ No pencil is cloth” The diagram of pencil and cloth do not have any overlapping. Hence,
they are just touching each other( the diagram can also be represented by keeping them apart, but
that will not affect the logical conclusion). According to the minor premise, since no sweaters are
pencils, the diagrams of sweaters and pencil do not overlap.
Case 1: If no sweaters are pencil, one possibility is there can be no sweater which is no cloth
also.
Case 2: There can be a sweater which is also cloth. Hence a part of sweater and cloth overlap
with each other.

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Case 3: All clothes can be a sweater, as there is not any promise which says this combination is
not possible.
The conclusion “all sweaters are cloths” is correct only according to 3rd case but not with respect
to the 1st and 2nd case. Hence the conclusion is incorrect.

Type 2 questions of syllogisms.

Observe the following premises and select the correct conclusion.

Example 3:
Major premise: All engineers are innovative.
Minor premise: All students are engineers.
Conclusions:
1. All innovative are students
2. All students are innovative
3. No innovative are students
4. No engineers are students

Solution:

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Explanation:
The first conclusion “ All innovative are students” is wrong according to case 1 and case 2. The
second conclusion is correct in all three cases. Conclusion 3 and 4 are not correct according to all
the three cases. Hence the correct answer is option B.

Example 4:
Major premise: No computers are televisions.
Minor premise: All radios are televisions.
Conclusions:
1. All radios are computers
2. No radios are computers
3. All computers are radio
4. None of the above

Explanation:
The conclusion “ All radios are computers” is not true according to both the Venn diagrams. The
second conclusion is true, according to both the diagrams. As both the Venn diagrams do not
overlap with each other anywhere. The conclusion “ All computers are radio” is also wrong
according to both the diagrams. Hence the correct answer is option B.

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Type 3 questions of syllogisms.

Example 5:
Statements:
All Stones are Hammers
No Hammer is Ring
Some rings are doors
All doors are windows
Conclusions:
1. Some hammers are stones
2. Some windows are rings
3. Only (1) conclusion follows
4. Only (2) conclusion follows
5. Either(1) or (2) follows
6. Neither(1) nor (2) follows
7. Both (1) and (2) follow

Solution:

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Explanation:
The first conclusion “Some hammers are stones” is not true according to case 5, where all the
shammers are stones. The second conclusion” Some windows are rings “ is true in all the three
cases. Hence the correct answer option is B.
Example 6:
Statements:
All cups are books.
All books are shirts.
Conclusions:
i. Some cups are not shirts.
ii. Some shirts are cups.
Only (1) conclusion follows
Only (2) conclusion follows
Either(1) or (2) follows
Neither(1) nor (2) follows
Both (1) and (2) follow

Solution:

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Explanation:
Four combinations of Venn diagrams are possible according to the two premises. The first
conclusion “some cups are not shirts” is not true in all the three cases, as all the cups are shirts in
every case. The second conclusion “some shorts are cups” is true only in the first three cases,
whereas in the last case it’s not true (all the shirts are cups). Hence neither conclusion 1 nor 2 is
correct. Hence the correct answer is option D.

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