ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

This project would not have been possible without considerable

guidance and support.
We would like to acknowledge those who have enabled to complete our
Project.
In particular, we wish to express our sincere appreciation to our
supervisor, ENG. Zemete Teshome for encouragement, guidance and
critics towards to finish up the entire requirement needed in completing
the project.
Secondly, we would like to thank for all other support ENG.
Ernie ,ENG Habib Mohamed(dept head ) & Mr. Wonde (shop
assistance ) that we may have called upon for assistance since the
genesis of this project.
Their opinions and suggestions have helped in realizing this project.
Our sincere appreciation also extends to all our colleagues and others
who have provided assistance at various occasions.
Finally, we would like to express our appreciation to our family for their
understanding, encouragement and support towards the completion of
our project.

III. Abstract

Keywords

 Ultrasonic sensor
 Transducers
Chapter 1-Introduction
Ultrasonic RADAR is basically one of the applications of the RADAR system. It
consists of a set of ultrasonic transmitter and receiver, both of which operate at the
same frequency. When something moves in the area covered by the system, the fine
balance of the circuit is disturbed and the alarm system connected at the receiver side
is triggered. The circuit is sensitive and can be adjusted to reset itself automatically
or to stay triggered until it is manually reset after an alarm.
RADAR is an acronym for Radio Detection and Ranging. It uses electromagnetic
waves to remote sense the position, velocity and identifying characteristics of targets.
This is accomplished by illuminating a volume of space with electromagnetic energy
and sensing the energy reflected by objects in that space.
Radar is used to extend the capability of one’s senses for observing the environment,
especially the sense of vision

1.1. Background of the project

Human, animal or any other thing can produce sound. This sound is creating by
the physical movement which is not matter whether the movement is fast or slow. It
depends on the medium that create the sound. The sound movements that been
producing can be detected by using an ultrasound sensor. Ultrasonic sound waves are
waves that are above the range of human hearing and have a frequency above about
20,000 hertz. So, anything that has frequency above 20,000 hertz may be considered
ultrasonic.
Usually, an ultrasonic sensor consists of at least one ultrasonic transducer
which converts the electrical energy into sound and vice versa. Ultrasonic sensors
have been used in applications such as detecting and identifying solid objects,
measuring the shape and orientation of an object, detecting possible collisions
between objects to avoid the collisions from happening, room surveillance, flow
measurement and determining a type of material by measuring the absorption of
sound. An ultrasonic sensor is also called as a sonar sensor is widely used in
application involving range finding and object detection and avoidance. It also
known as transducers when they both transmit and receive data detected. An
ultrasonic transducer is a device that converts energy into ultrasound or sound
waves above the normal range of human hearing.
There are several ways to measure distance without contact. One way is to use
ultrasonic waves at 40 kHz for distance measurement. Ultrasonic transducers
measure the amount of time taken for a pulse of sound to travel to a particular surface
and return as the reflected echo. The circuit calculates the distance based on the
speed of sound at 25ºC ambient temperature .By using this kind of circuit, distance
up to at some meters can be measured. In this project, the ultrasonic transmitter unit
will excite with a 40 kHz pulse and expect an echo from the object whose distance
that wants to be measured. The transmitted burst will travels to the object in the air
and the echo signal is picked up by another ultrasonic transducer unit which is
receiver, that also a 40 kHz pre-tuned unit. The received signal, that is very weak, is
amplified several times in the receiver circuit.

The ultrasonic transducer works as a sensor to interpret the echoes from the objects
or human. While the RF transmitter and receivers are the devices that transmit and
receive the signal from the transducer. This system calculated the range detected by
receiving information from the sensor that detects the object and it is very useful to
find object even though it will be in a darker environment. The transmitter and
receiver operate using radio frequency signal that can penetrate the wall, so the
system can be used by contractors to find the obstacle in the tunnel.
1.2. Rationale

We came up with the idea because it could help us and others protect property and privacy.
Traditional household security systems often require installation and detect based on opening of
doors and windows. In the cases where installation is not possible and/or the area of interest has
no door, our ultrasonic security system will come in handy because it requires no installation,
and detects intruders based on their physical presence.

1.3. Scope of the project

1.3.1. Project Objective

The objective of this project is:

 To detect the object by ultrasonic sensor in adistance.

 To enhance practical activity for students in wireless communication courses and mainly
used as replacement for experimental radar system in the workshop
 To use security protection system in every organization

1.3.2. Project Description

This is a very interesting project with many practical applications in security and alarm systems
for homes, shops and cars. It consists of a set of ultrasonic receiver and transmitter which operate
at the same frequency. When something moves in the area covered by the circuit the circuit’s
fine balance is disturbed and the alarm is triggered. The circuit is very sensitive and can be
adjusted to reset itself automatically or to stay triggered till it is reset manually
 Fig-1: Circuit diagram of ultrasonic radar

The Working of Ultrasonic Sensors

The unimorgh disc consists of a disc made up of piezoceramic material fixed to a metal disc.
Piezoceramic materials convert the electrical signals to the ultrasonic waves and vice versa.
When voltage is applied to the piezoceramics, mechanical distortion is generated in accordance
with the voltage and frequency. The peizoceramic disc is shaped round in transmitter and
squared in receiver in order to produce vibrations efficiently.

Working of Ultrasonic Sensors

Ultrasonic transmitter uses a piezoceramic crystal attached with a conical metal sheet. When an
electrical voltage is applied to the piezoceramic, it vibrates with continuous expansion and
contraction. Resultantly, as per the property of piezoelectric material, ultrasonic waves are
generated which propagates straight because of the conical shape of the resonator.

Ultrasonic receiver works on the just reverse concept. When ultrasonic waves strike with the
resonator, the attached vibrator (metal plate) vibrates. With the vibration of the piezoceramic
disc pasted on the vibrator, an electric current is produced as per the property of piezoceramic
material. This electric current is further taken out from the two external leads.

Distance Calculation
The ultrasonic sound travels in the atmosphere and by striking with the target object, a fraction is
reverting back. Once the ultrasonic waves are transmitted through the transmitter and echo is
sensed by the receiver the distance can be calculated using this equation:
Distance = elapsed time x speed of sound/2
As shown in the above images, a unimorgh disc and the metal cone which is the heart of the
ultrasonic sensor is glued to the base. The top most metallic conical cup also known as the
resonator is used to efficiently radiate the ultrasonic wave generated (also concentrate the waves
in case of ultrasonic receiver). The round shaped sheet is a unimorgh disc and also called
vibrator generates the ultrasonic waves. The resonator is soldered on the vibrator.

The ultrasonic sensors are covered with a metal case to protect it from rain, dew and dust
RADAR (Radio Detection and Ranging)
Radar is an object detection system that uses electromagnetic waves to identify the range,
altitude, direction, or speed of both moving and fixed objects such as air craft, ships, motor
vehicles, weather information and terrain.
The term RADAR was coined in 1941 as an acronym for Radio Detection and Ranging. .
A long -range radar antenna, known as ALTAIR.

RADAR SIGNAL TRANSMISSION

The value of radar lies in not being a substitute for the eye but in doing what the eye cannot do.
Transmitter radiates high power EM signal towards target. The target intercept small part of this
signal and radiates back towards the transmitter .The receiver collects reflected signal and
process it to collect information about the target i.e. range, velocityand angle information of the
target.
The distance to the target is measured by measuring the time taken for the radar signal to travel
to the target and back. The distance is nothing but the total round trip delay divide by two.

RADAR EQUATION
Where,

Rmax:
Maximum range of the RADAR upto which the target is detectable.
S min:
 Minimum discernible signal.
Antenna Gain[G]: Focusing effect versus Omni-directional antenna.
Antenna Aperture [Ae] affected by Carrier frequency, Antenna physical size, Antenna
construction. S is cross section area of target.
Pt: Peak power & can be influenced by maintenance.

RADAR CLASSIFICATION
Based on nature of signal
1. Continuous Wave Radar
2. Pulsed Radar
 1. Continuous Wave Radar
Continuous Wave radars are those that continuously emit electromagnetic energy. They can
use both modulated and un modulated waveforms. Modulated Continuous Wave radar transmits
signals in constant amplitude but modulated in frequency and can extract
Both distance and speed information. However, un modulated Continuous Wave radar transmits
signals in constant amplitude and frequency and can only obtain speed measurements.

2. Pulsed RADAR
Pulsed Radar uses a train of pulsed waveforms which can use frequency modulated or pulse
modulated, in order to determine distance or speed.
In Pulse Radar the angle information is obtained from the radar antenna and range information is
determined from the time taken by the pulse to travel from the radar to the target and back to the

receiver .
 MONOSTATIC RADAR
When we use single antenna for both transmission and reception purpose such a radar called as
mono static radar.

 BISTATIC RADAR
If two separates antennas are used for Transmission and reception , then such a radar is called as
bi static radar.

Main parts of the hardware

In this hardware basically there are four main parts as
Listed below.
 Power supply
 Transmitter
 Receiver
 Alarm System

Block diagram
Transmitter circuit diagram

This circuit works on 9-12 VDC and can be used with batteries or a power supply.
Transmitter sections comprises of waveform generator and ultrasonic transducer which is
nothing but like a speaker with 40 kHz frequency.
In transmitter section, piezo -electric transducer is used to transmit the ultrasonic frequency.

There are several oscillator circuits suitable for driving ultrasonic transducer .
  The two main types of commonly used drives are sine Wave drive and pulse drive.

1. Sine wave drive: Sine wave drive can be used to provide the electrical signal to transducer.
This sine wave drive minimizes harmonics that may excite transducer in an overtone mode
(vibrate at multiple of the resonate frequency).

2. Pulse wave drive: We can also use pulse drive to drive the transducer. Application of the dc
pulse of 1020V will cause the transducer to “ring” at the selected resonant frequency.

In this project, we have used pulse wave drive. Pulse waves are generated by Schmitt trigger
circuit using NAND gate IC 4093 by forming multi vibrator. Thus, ultrasonic frequency is
generated by the multi vibrator circuit and is given to the transducer. Transducer acts as a
speaker but it produces only ultrasonic frequency. The trimmer P2 adjusts the output frequency
of the transmitter and for greater efficiency it is made the same as the frequency of resonance of
the transducer in use.
Receiver circuit description

 The receiver senses ultrasonic sound that is reflected back from the transmitter. It
converts it to electrical variations of the same frequency.
 The ultrasonic receiver circuit uses an ultrasonic receiver transducer to sense ultrasonic
signals. It also uses a CE amplifier, an operational amplifier in inverting mode, in non-
inverting mode, Schmitt trigger circuit and Darlington pair.
  The circuit is adjusted in such a way as to stay in balance as long the same as the output
frequency of the transmitter. The output of the second opamp is fed to the Schmitt trigger
circuit.
 The Schmitt trigger is used to trigger the circuit and to drive the transducer whenever the
output of the IC2 changes. This component is a type of multi vibrator circuit that
produces uniform amplitude output pulses from a random amplitude input signal.

A Darlington pair amplifier is used to improve the output current gain.

The relay can be used to control any electrical or electronic equipment. If there is some
movement in the area covered by the ultrasonic emission, the signal that is reflected back
To the receiver is of a same frequency that is transmitted by the transmitter. This signal is
processed by the receiver circuit as described above and turns-on the alarm system. The alarm
system will remain on until the reset switch is on. Here, we have used push-on switch.

Hardware Analysis
We have used following instruments for the analysis:

 Digital Storage Oscilloscope

 Power Supply (9-12V)
 Function Generator

Technical Specifications

 Working voltage: 12V DC

 Current: 30 mA
APPLICATIONS

This project has many practical applications in security alarm based Systems for
 homes
 Shops
 Military purpose
 Object Detection

CONCLUSION

Through this project we aim to acquire plethora of knowledge in the field of

electronics and communication at the same time design a good security system.
In this expedition, we are working on the project ultrasonic transceiver which is
basically one kind of radar. Though, the hardware implementation based on this
application is on small scale basis, we would learn a lot. This process of gaining
knowledge has many Problems but we look forward to eventually deal with it.
Thus the journey of facing and overcoming difficulties would train us for the future
higher end projects.

Problem Statement & value chain

 2.1 Problem Statement

Now days there are many devices invented to measure the distance or range of object and it
is become popular among people especially to avoid the accident or car crash from
happening. In order to overcome this problem, the ultrasonic radarmeter is used to detect
the obstacles or object beforeanything is happen. This ultrasonic radar can help to solve
some problems in our country such as:

 To minimize the highcost of experimental radar imported from other countries

 Used for security system
 It can creates job opportunities for MSEs

2.2 VALUE CHAIN

U lt r a s o n ic r a d a r v a lu e c h a in (A S IS )

Material Testing Fixing

Designing ckt Print to ckt board
preparation components components

DMM,OSCILO
check
SCOPE Print to
IC
Preparation Glossy
paper

Testing
Design ckt Transistors
Case Solder
PREPARETIO by compo
N Multisim nents
soft ware Testing to PCB
Capacitors
Add
Ferric
Ckt board chloride
Testing
preparetion to PCB
Resistors
 U lt r a s o n ic r a d a r v a lu e c h a in (T O B E )

Material Print to ckt Testing Fixing

Designing ckt Market
preparation board components components

DMM,OSCILO
SCOP
Print to Check
Producer
Glossy IC
paper

Design ckt Solder

case by Testing compo whole
preparation Multisim nents
Transistor selers
soft ware to PCB
Add
Ferric
chlorid
Ckt board acid to Testing
distributer
preparation PCB CAPACITR
 U lt r a s o n ic r a d a r v a lu e c h a in (G A P )

Designi Print to
Testing Fixing
Mark
ckt compon compon
Material
preparation
ng ckt ents ents et
board
DMM,OSCILO
SCOP
Print to
Glossy Check Ultrasonic radar value chain(TO BE)
paper IC

Design ckt
Case by Testing
preparetion Multisim
Transistor
soft ware

Add
Ferric
chloride Testing
Ckt board
preparation to PCB CAPACITR
Chapter 3 - Methodology

For this project, there are three stages that need to be completed in order to complete the whole
project.

First, the literature review of the entire component and element in this project needed to be
understood. The concept of sensor and how the sensor work are important to make sure that the
device will work properly and can detect the obstacles.

Other than that, the suitable type of CMOS IC (4093) needed to be selected and understand to
maximize the usage of theCMOS IC. The data sheet of the IC 4093 is used as reference to know
the specification that needed by that IC and how it functioned. Furthermore, the data sheet
contain circuit diagram, the power consumption of the IC, the used of every pin and it
connection. Then, the research is done on current product in the market to make sure that the
device can be upgraded into more useful device. By doing some research, the product can be
improved and can avoid mistakes during the circuit construction process. Other than that, the
current device also can be compared to this project due to the higher or lower price offered on
market. The suitable power supply also need to be chose to avoid the overload power that will
caused the component in the circuit suffer damaged. Then, the circuit is constructed to develop
the project.
Course to be covered

 EET131 Electrical and electronics principles

 EET134 power electronics
 EET233 electronics device and their application
 EET235 fundamentals of microcontrollers/microprocessors
 EET237 communication system I
 EET238 communication system II
 ICT242 data communication and networking
 EET337 wireless communication
 EET339 Integrated electronic security system
VIII. Project schedule

Month

April May June

No Activities

1. Submission of
project proposal

2 Check the ckt by

multisim software

3. Arrange materials

4. Print the PCB

design into ckt
board

5 Solder components
to the board

6 Prepare project
research paper

7 Prepare case cover

8 Finalizing research
paperand
presentation
.

Bill of Materials

No. Components Specification Unit Quantity Price

1. Resistor R1=180 KOhm pcs 17(one each)

R2=12 KOhm
R3 &R8 = 47KOhm
R4&,R 3 =9 KOhm
R5,R 6&R16 =10KΩ
R7, R10, R12,
R14&R17 =100kΩ
R9&R11= 1 MOhm
R13 &R15= 3.3KΩ

Table 1: Project schedule

2. Potentiometer P1= 10 KOhm pcs 2
(trimmer) P2= 47 Ohm

3. Capacitor C1, C6= 10uF/16V pcs 14( one each)

C2= 47uF/16V
C3= 4.7 pF
C4& C7= 1 nF
C5= 10nF
C8 & C11=4.7uF/16V
C9= 22uF/16V
C10 =100 nF
C12= 2.2 uF/16V
C13= 3.3nF
C14= 47nF

4. Transistor TR1&TR2= BC547 pcs 6(one each)

TR3= BC548

5. IC IC1&IC2= 741 OP- pcs 6(one each)

AMP
IC3 =4093 C-MOS

6. Diode D1,D2, D3&D4= pcs 4

1N4148

7. piezoelectric ReceiverTransducer pcs 2

transducers 40KHz
TransmitterTransducer
40KHz

8. PCB 10x20cm or above pcs 1

9. Glossy paper A4 packet 1

10 Ferric chloride FeCl3.6H2O Bottle/Kg 1/0.5Kg

 11. Soldering lead 0.8mm 63/37 alloy roll 1

12. Sheet metal 0.8mm 1mx1m 1

Table 2: Bill of material

Tools/equipment needed

No Tools/Equipment Specification Quantity Price

1 Pliers Long nose, side cuter 2

2 Screwdriver Philips, flat 2

3 Soldering iron 45w 1

4 Oscilloscope Analog/digital 1

5 Multi meter DIGITAL 1

6 Signal generator 1

Table 3: Tools/equipment needed

.Reference

[1] S. Murakami, T. Hori, Y. Nishida, H. Mizoguchi,

Bg Using an Ultrasonic Tagging System to Assist with Protective Care in Nursing Homes:
Evidence-Based
Nursing Using a Patientfs Life Log (in Japanese),h in
Proceedings of the 23rd Annual Conference of the
Robotics Society of Japan, pp. 3D33(1)-(4), September
2005 (Keio University)
[2] www.transkommunikation.ch/.../ultrasonic.../Ultrasonic%20Radar.pdf

[3] www.wseas.us/e-library/conferences/2009/moscow/AIC/AIC39.pdf

[4] WWW.citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/view doc/download? Do i=10.1.1.109...pdf

[5] WWW.cache.freescale.com/files/.../doc/.../AN3481.pdf

[6] http://www.engineersgarage.com/insight/how-ultrasonic-sensors-work?page=6