An Assessment of the Causes and Effects of Abandonment of Road Construction

Projects in Osun State Nigeria

Olumide F. Odeyinka*; Olalekan Adedamola Oluwaji; and Falade Omokolade D.

Department of Management Technology, Bells University of Technology, Ota, Nigeria.

Email: olumideodeyinka@gmail.com*

ABSTRACT In many countries, the development process in

the construction industry plays an important role.
The results from the study show the causes of It is both growth-initiating and growth dependent.
road construction abandonment to be corruption, The industry establishes buildings and
lack of adequate funding allocation, inconsistency infrastructure works required for socio-economic
in government policy, improper project planning growth. The success of economic development
and scheduling, lack of stakeholder involvement, will further lead to increase in disposable income,
project manager incompetence, natural disasters, thereby generating demand for additional
improper project estimates, delays in making construction activities.
payments, inadequate planning, unexpected bad
economic conditions, and communication gaps El-Rufai (2012) attributed the reasons for project
among personnel. Effects of road construction abandonment to poor planning, haphazard
project abandonment are impacts to the free flow procurement practices, incompetent project
of traffic, loss of economic value, increased management, lack of coherence and consistency
unemployment, and waste of financial and with other programs and pervasive lack of
material resources. continuation in policies as occupiers of political
offices change.
(Keywords: construction management, road
development, project abandonment, public works) The expected prominence of any earmarked
development projects is to be completed, while at
the same time, adding values to the built
INTRODUCTION environment aesthetics. Although, development
projects are temporary endeavors undertaken to
The construction industry plays a very important create a unique product and services with a
role in the economy of any nation. A healthy defined beginning and ending date (Ihuah et al.,
economy usually experiences an increase in 2014). However, road construction being a
construction activities but in a depressed capital-intensive undertaking should be critically
economy, the incidence of project abandonment analyzed to ascertain its feasibility and viability
tends to be more prevalent. Abandoned projects before embarking on it. But, on several occasions
and construction failures including road as observed, governments, contractors and
construction projects and other civil engineering agencies have abandoned road projects mid-way
infrastructure development litter the whole of into construction and completion.
Nigeria.
The causes and effects of these road
The fast modernization of living city life has paved construction abandonments are not just related to
way to the increased demand of construction a single reason but rather cut across several
industry. In Osun State, more roads are reasons (Ayodele and Alabi, 2011). Most of these
constructed in order to provide space for the abandoned road projects turn to death tolls,
growing population of people and industries. hideouts for criminals, etc. The failure of projects
Nowadays, there are already numerous from a cost perspective is a worrisome trend in
abandoned construction projects within the study the road construction industry in Nigeria.
area. According to Tijani and Ajagbe (2013), the Whereas in many cases, project cost variation is
most striking indication of neighborhood decline is inevitable because of inflation and other
abandonment of property. unforeseen events, more often than not, poor

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project conception and design by themselves the environment, real properties and its negative
make it impossible to make credible estimates of impact on the economy cannot be
the costs of materials and of the project itself. This overemphasized since some of the development
trend has become a handy excuse for corrupt projects provide the basic services that should
contractors and administrators who resort to meet the needs of the people.
varying the cost of ongoing projects in order to
make money from the situation. Technical
competence in architecture, or building, civil
engineering or management alone cannot qualify
one as a professional project manager without the
requisite training.

The inability to complete projects on schedule or

to cost projections has sometimes led to total
project abandonment. This has been encountered
in road construction projects, where initial
excavation and grading work can worsen the state
of pre-existing roads, only for the project to be
abandoned for one reason or other. This has
created untold hardship in many rural and urban
road construction projects, because such roads
serve entire communities and could affect their
economic fortune (Nzkwe, et al., 2015). Plate 1: Map of Osun State Showing Local
Governments across the State.
Source: www.nigerianmuse.com
STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM

The abandonment of road construction projects

has resulted into many adverse effects which had
affected the economic growth, social and
environmental conditions of Osun State Nigeria.
According to Nzekwe, et al. (2015), the rate at
which infrastructure construction projects fail, or
are abandoned, are retrogressive in most
developing economies.

One of the biggest problems associated with most

of the road construction projects in Nigeria today Plate 2: Abandoned Road Project in Ajagba
is the problem of delays and disruption at both the Village in Iwo Local Government Area.
pre-contract and post-contract stages of and civil
engineering work. The cost of construction
increases as the delays and disruption in
construction increases. Many construction
projects in Osun State Nigeria needs huge capital
outlay and time to execute them and disrupting
the construction proper will result to terrible
consequences that will affect the cost.

The unceasing abandonment and failure of

development projects is so shocking in developing
countries such that Nigeria has remained one of
the countries in such difficulty (Ayodele and Alabi,
2011; Kotangora, 1993; Osemenan, 1987). Plate 3: Abandoned Road Project in Ilawo Town
Therefore, the significance that the incessant in Ejigbo Local Government Area.
abandonment of projects and construction failure
would bring several effects on the aesthetics of

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LITERATURE REVIEW end of construction to battle with the curative
measure (Adejimi, 1998).
Longman Dictionary defines abandonment as the
act of giving up an action on something According to Cornick (1996) “the root cause of
completely, with no certain intention of when to the problems that the construction industry and
resume. When actions and activities on its clients experience lie in the division of the
development projects are suspended without any responsibilities between the design aspects and
stated time of resumption the projects are said to the construction aspect”. Cusing (2002) was
be abandoned. In most rural communities, this direct in his criticism of the organization of the
experience is not strange. There are traceable construction industry noted that the industry is
projects which were aimed at improving the lives unique in that the design process is separated
of the members of the community in such from production. The successful completion of
condition. In some cases, most of the materials any construction projects depends on many
used for the project are already out of use due to things, few of which are as important as the
delay in completion. Furthermore, a project is designer-contractor relationship. The two parties
confirmed abandoned when the time lag between must be willing to work together so that the
suspension and resumption is so much to attract clients’ get maximum benefit from their joint
loss and weakening of materials. According to expertise. The contract should be able to
Tamonu and Otto (2000), there are two time lags, contribute to the design process in matters
the short-term and long-term. The short term lag , relating to construction practice and the designer
for short-term projects is between 1-2 years, long- should be willing to receive, analyze and
term project is between 3-5 years. Where subsequently act on such recommendations.
applicable, a project is termed abandoned when
some of the physical features are seen wearing Project abandonment is not a new thing in
out and becoming out of use, such that will attract Nigeria. The incessant abandonment of projects
cost, for replacement. is so alarming in so many states in Nigeria,
especially Osun State in such that the state
According to Sidney (1991) permanent structures remained one of the states in such difficulty
requires less attention than temporary ones, but (Ayodele and Alabi, 2011; Kotangora, 1993). The
as any house owner will confirm that even the abandonment of projects is the act of
best constructed construction projects need discontinuing any activities or an act of
constant attention. Similarly, Gardiner (2005) unplanned suspension of the work progress
asserted that no construction projects can exist especially at the execution stage such as refusal
throughout its span without one form of or failure to complete a project at the required
maintenance or the other; it is to say that much time.
can be done at the design stage in order to
reduce the amount of subsequent maintenance Abandoned and failed projects are highly
work. predominant in Nigeria today. However, there are
several government abandoned projects in
The necessity for maintenance work on almost all the local government of Osun State.
construction projects is noted in the fact that all This phenomenon cuts across many economic
construction projects, as well as the materials and sectors including the construction, manufacturing
components therein, deteriorate or suffer loss in or industrial and service sectors. There had been
aesthetic, strength, and/or functional value, with cases which non-functional, unusable or
exposure to the elements of weather over time. unserviceable projects have been commissioned
The appearance and life span of a construction as “completed” (Ojo and Aroge, 2016).
projects and also the quality of the materials
would be affected depending on the manner to Dubem, et al. (2014) are of the view that it is
which maintenance is adhered to, in the difficult to define exactly what constitutes a failed
construction projects (Gardiner, 2005). If the project. The Project Management Institute (2004)
design process is to be enhanced, the posits that the success or failure of a project is
construction projects team need to come together measured by the difference between what is
and contribute towards the construction project’s expected of a project both during and after its
maintainability at the project inception rather than completion and the actual observed performance
leaving it for the maintenance personnel at the of the project when it is put to use. In other
words, when the expectations of the client and

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other stakeholders in terms of cost, completion planning, project mismatch, over-ambitious
time and quality are not matched by the actual projects, political influence in establishing
construction by contractors and other project projects, the ‘Nigerian Factor’, disbursement
teams, the project is adjudged a failure. The constraints, failure for successive regimes to
search for factors that can affect the success or issue appropriate white papers on failed
failure of an infrastructure project like road contracts and granting of injunctions under
construction has caught the attention of many exparte motions by Nigerian courts.
scholars and construction practitioners over the
years. This is because the ability to develop a set Johnson, (2001) identified the lack of executive
of project failure factors could aid the project team support, the lack of user involvement, the lack of
and contractors alike in evaluating their projects, if experienced project managers, the lack of clear
not objectively at least systematically. Several business objectives and the minimized scope as
studies relevant to the identification of factors factors that could hamper the IT project success.
contributing to project failures for infrastructure In knowledge management projects, Lam and
projects are found in the literature. The following Chua (2005), identified three main categories of
gives a summary of some of the studies to causes of Knowledge Management project
establish a theoretical framework for testing the abandonment (KM project abandonment),
theory empirically. namely poor project implementation,
organizational mismatch and content
There is a large number of studies written to deficiencies.
pinpoint the causes and effects of road
construction abandonment. In road construction In public/government project abandonment, in an
projects, a vast number of recognized risk factors article on causes of abandoned projects in the
that have been identified to be responsible for Ministry of Housing and Local Government in
failure include, project leadership and Malaysia, New Straits Times Newspaper stated
management, organizational culture and structure, that the MHLG findings have shown that abandon
commitment and patterns of belief, user projects are due to financial problems of
involvement and training, developer expertise, developers, poor marketing and sales strategies,
technology planning, scope and objectives setting, poor company management and disputes
estimation and choice/use of methodology. between developers and contractors or with
landowners. In their comment on abandoned
McFarlan (1981) and Cusing (2002). Citing Fichter housing projects in Malaysia, National House
(2003), Al-Ahmad, Al-Fagih, Khanfar, Alsamara, Buyers Association attributed the increase in the
Abuleil, and Abu-Salem (2009) stated that from an number of abandoned housing projects on
investigative study carried out by The Coverdale inadequacy of the enabling housing law of
Organization; seven major factors were reported December 1, 2002. Akuta (2011), posited that
to play a tremendous role in putting a road policy continuation is something lacking and
construction project in trouble. These are stated contributing to project abandonment in Nigeria.
as follows: poor planning, unclear goals and He stated that once a new government takes
objectives, having objectives changed during over power, they usually abandon previous
project implementation, unrealistic estimation of government policies or programs.
time and resources, and lack of executive support
and user involvement. The failure to communicate For road construction not to be abandoned, the
and act as a team and inappropriate skills were choice of the site is very important. Since the
spotted as having a negative effect on host community must of necessity be the
construction project success (Jenster and Hussey, custodian of the project, consensus must be
2005). reach on where the project is to be sited before
embarking on it. This situation becomes more
This was collaborated by Ewa, (2005) who dangerous if the project is to be handled by
identified that many projects are conceived government agencies or external bodies. To
without a well-defined objective in mind, poor achieve the desired result, the institutions in the
costing, no specific start and end points, poor community such as the chiefs, youths, women
documentation of contract, lack of performance and CDC members, (development stake holders)
criteria and properly developed monitoring and or beneficiaries need be consulted on the choice
evaluation template by supervising organizations, of the project site.
fluctuation in government policies, lack of

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The guiding principle for the success of any deliberately lower their quotation, only to apply
project is that it is based on the felt need of the for variations/modifications later. Some may go
people. Any choice of project that did not on as bid in the project but will resort to the use
represent the need of the majority of the members of inferior materials or even deviate from the
of the community is already heading for original project plan.
abandonment. The principle of need analysis
stresses the identification of the needs of the Most of the road projects require technical inputs
community and prioritizing same in the order for which must be attended to by experts. Where this
which the members would expect them met, in the aspect is not taken into consideration and the
accomplishment of their development desires. local crafts men are not able to handle it, the
project would be put to a halt.
Road construction projects which ignore the
traditional values, and social organization of the
intended beneficiaries, has very low success RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
prospect and could be abandoned. No matter how
important and most desired a project may be, to Research Design
the members of a community, if the project goes
against the culture practices of the community, the Design describes the techniques and procedures
project could be abandoned. used by the researcher in conducting the study,
the process of data collection, collating and
By contemporary standards, for a road analysis employed in the course of the study. It
construction project to be executed without any comprises of the description of the population of
hitch, it must have been initiated by the citizens. the study, sampling techniques, sample size,
When road construction projects are initiated by sources of data, method of data collection and
the members of the community, there is the method of data analysis and testing hypothesis
assurance that it had past the acid test of felt with a view to be able to answer the research
need and consultation already disused. The questions that were formulated at the beginning
possibility of abandonment is no easier. But when of the study. The research design must be
community development projects are planned by tailored to meet the objectives of the study using
government without any input by the community relevant and appropriate statistical and scientific
members the projects are seen as been imposed methods. For this study the descriptive survey
on the community and it could be abandoned at design was adopted. This involved sampling the
any time. opinion of the eligible respondents that can
proffer the required answer to the question of
Good Enough (1963) quoted in Hanactor (2010) interest to the researcher.
points out that “development project undertaken in
the spirit of imposing our will on others and getting
them see the folly of their way and the wisdom of Sample and Sampling Procedure
our counsel invariably meets with resistance”.
This account for the failure or abandonment of Due to the limitation of time and resources, the
most federal and state projects in Nigeria. researcher could not reach the entire population
eligible to provide answer to the research
Financial analysis is very important for the questions of the study; this necessitated the use
execution of a road construction project. No of a sample. By definition, a sample is a part or a
matter the type of project, sufficient funds are small representative portion of the population
needed for the completion of the project. Most upon which a research is carried out and the
road construction projects usually require outcome of the research is generalized for the
counterpart funding, when one or more parties to whole population. One of the steps taken by the
the finding fails the resultant effect will be researcher to get a sample was to choose an
insufficient funds for the project, and the project area where the research would be carried out.
definitely will be abandoned. Two local government areas in the State of Osun
were chosen to understudy the abandoned road
In most countries, road construction projects are construction projects there.
usually contracted out to specialists, either from
within the country or from outside the country.
Most contractors, in order to win the contract,

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Procedure for Data Analysis Table 2: Analysis of the Distribution of Age.

Data analysis has been defined as those AGE

techniques used whereby the researcher extracts Frequency Percent Valid Cumulative
relevant information from the data which would Percent Percent
enable a summary description of the subject
<20 yrs 2 2.0 2.0 2.0
studies to be made.
21-40 yrs 51 51.0 51.0 53.0
In analyzing the data collected for the purpose of Valid
carrying out this research, the statistical tool >40 yrs 47 47.0 47.0 100.0
known as descriptive statistics and the Relative Total 100 100.0 100.0
importance index (RII) were used. The use of Source: Research Survey 2017
sample percentage was also employed.

Table 3: Analysis of the Distribution of

DATA ANALYIS AND PRESENTATION OF Educational Qualification
RESULTS
EDUCATIONAL QUALIFICATION
Data Analysis Frequency Percent Valid Cumulative
Percent Percent
The questionnaire is divided into two sections A Secondary 13 13.0 13.0 13.0
and B. Section A covers personal data of Tertiary 86 86.0 86.0 99.0
Valid
respondent and are analyzed using the None 1 1.0 1.0 100.0
descriptive method of analysis while section B Total 100 100.0 100.0
covers the subject matter and are analyzed using Source: Research Survey 2017
both Relative Importance Index method.
Table 3 above shows that 13% of the
respondents are O’level holders, 86% attended
Analysis of Personal Data (BIO-Data) of tertiary institutions and 1% attended none which
Respondents indicate that most of the respondents that
participated attended tertiary institutions.
Table 1: Analysis of the Distribution of Gender.
Table 4: Analysis of the Distribution of Marital
GENDER Status.
Frequency Percent Valid Cumulative MARITAL STATUS
Percent Percent Frequency Percent Valid Cumulative
Percent Percent
MALE 67 67.0 67.0 67.0 Married 84 84.0 84.0 84.0
Divorced 3 3.0 3.0 87.0
Valid FEMALE 33 33.0 33.0 100.0
Valid Single 12 12.0 12.0 99.0
Total 100 100.0 100.0 Widowed 1 1.0 1.0 100.0
Source: Research Survey 2017 Total 100 100.0 100.0
Source: Research Survey 2017
Table 1 above shows that 67% of the respondents
are male while 33% are female which indicate that Table 4 above shows that 84% of the
most of the respondents that participated are respondents are married, 3% of the respondents
male. divorced, 12% of the respondents are single and
1% of the respondent is widowed which indicates
Table 2 shows that 2% of the respondents are that most of the respondents that participated are
below 20 years, 51% of the respondents are married.
within the age range of 21-40 years and 47% are
above 40 years which indicate that most of the Table 5 shows that 16% of the respondents are
respondents that participated are within the age self-employed, 37% are civil servants, 14% are
range of 21-40 years. engineers, 19% are contractors, 5% are
unemployed and 9% are privately employed
which indicates that most of the respondents that
participated are civil servants.

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 allocation, inconsistency in government policy,
Table 5: Analysis of Employment Status. improper project planning and scheduling, lack of
stakeholder’s involvement, project manager
EMPLOYMENT STATUS incompetence, natural disaster, improper project
Frequency Percent Valid Cumulative estimate, unavailability of materials and
Percent Percent equipment, delaying in making payment,
Self-employed 16 16.0 16.0 16.0 inadequate planning, unexpected bad economic
Civil servant 37 37.0 37.0 53.0 conditions, and communication gap among the
Engineers 14 14.0 14.0 67.0 personnel.
Valid Contractors 19 19.0 19.0 86.0
Unemployed 5 5.0 5.0 91.0
Effects of road construction abandonments are: it
Private 9 9.0 9.0 100.0
Total 100 100.0 100.0 affects the flow of traffic, it leads to loss of
Source: Research Survey 2017 economic value, abandoned projects increase
unemployment, cost of rehabilitation is always
high, it becomes a waste of financial and material
CONCLUSION resources, it increases the negative effects of
environmental issue and decrease in revenue
Abandonments of road construction projects are accruing to government.
caused by corruption, lack of adequate fund

Table 6: Causes of Road Construction Project Abandonment.

S/N CAUSES OF ROAD PROJECT ABANDONMENT SA A SD D R.I.I

1 Corruption 71 25 1 3 0.91
2 Lack of adequate fund allocation 30 57 6 7 0.775
3 Inconsistency in government policy 40 55 3 2 0.8325
4 Improper project planning & scheduling 34 53 5 8 0.7825
5 Lack of stakeholders involvement 24 53 9 14 0.7175
6 Project manager incompetence 22 50 7 21 0.6825
7 Natural disaster 22 39 13 26 0.6425
8 Improper project estimate 24 54 5 17 0.7125
9 Unavailability of materials and equipment 20 38 13 29 0.6225
10 Delaying in making payment 27 62 6 5 0.775
11 Inadequate planning 36 50 5 9 0.7825
12 Unexpected bad economic conditions 26 55 8 11 0.74
13 Communication gap among the personnel 16 43 10 13 0.565

Table 7: Effects of Road Construction Project Abandonment.

S/N EFFECTS OF ROADS CONSTRUTION PROJECT ABANDONMENT SA A SD D R.I.I

1 It affects the free flow of traffic 60 37 1 2 0.8875
2 It leads to loss of economic value 31 58 4 7 0.7825
3 Abandoned projects increase unemployment 26 61 6 7 0.765
4 Cost of rehabilitation is always high 30 54 6 10 0.76
5 It becomes a waste of financial and material resources 35 54 7 4 0.8
6 It increases the negative effects of environmental issue 31 57 6 6 0.7825
7 Decrease in revenue accruing to government 24 54 5 17 0.7125

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Odeyinka, O.F., O.A. Oluwaji; and F.D.

Omokolade. 2018. “An Assessment of the Causes
and Effects of Abandonment of Road Construction
Projects in Osun State Nigeria”. Pacific Journal of
Science and Technology. 19(2):187-195.

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