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Waves

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30 views14 pages

Waves

Uploaded by

Sutapa Naskar
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© © All Rights Reserved
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2 Superposition of Harmonic Oscillations 2.41 INTRODUCTION , In Chap. 1 wo have discussed the simple harmonic m ono degree of freedor lowing chapters we Physical situations whi /olve the simul posi Such situations are particularly common diaphragm or u human eardrum is subj vibrations. The actual motion or ponds to the re In this chapter, consider some speci process, In order to obtain the re tions, we shall make uk of sysioms having often come acroas system. . A. microphone simultaneously to various mor the eardrum cortes- In the following section, }2 THE SUPERPOSITION PRINCIPLE AND LINEARITY a that depend only on y or ~4¥ with no terms that depend on higher Powers of 4 or -“Y. Such an equation is sald to be lincer; Thus, @ i lerms that depend only ‘on. ives. On the other hand, if the” Superposition of Harmonie Oxitaions 38 ‘moving part of the system oscillates violer 4, for example, in the case of a simple pendulum when sin a cen replaced by + (see page 24) the restoring force would contain terms depend on 4, ¥, 9, ete. In other words, the restoring force would not be'lincar in } and the equation of motion Nonlinear equations arc generally dificul tako recourse to numeri 588 many interesting ion, can be described by considering a particularly simple non- mn. Let us say that the oscillations of a system with one degree of freedom are governed by an equation of the form replaced by =. ¥,¥, otc, If the constants. id that Ji (1) and $a(t) ions of Eq. (2.1". By bypothesis, $1 and }2 must each (2.2) Mie adda ahh +6it 23) Dook Company, 1965 0 Wiley and Sons Lid, x 36 The Physics of Waves and Onilations (2.1). We shall assume that it doos and then arrive at a contradiction, If wos" is also a solution of Eq. (2.1) we must have (replacing } by pH 4 Gitda) = oi ty) +e +P +o th) +... 4) ‘Adding Eqs. (2.2) and (2.3), we get FP whoa Oe. as) Tour asramption thet Yy-+Y2 is also a solution of Bq. (2.1), then Ege. (2.4) and (2.5) must both hold, These equations agreo if and ofly if all the following 7 aro satisfied = Sor yee Telit) = - ot ote Simple Harmonie Motion 16 ple harmonic motions of the same frequency at right angle: simple harmonic vibrations acting along the z-and the y-axee reepectively by 2 = 01 cos(wt + a1) and y= 02 c0s(ut + 09) y = a3 cosfut + a ~ (a1 - 2)) = a3 cos(ut + ay) cos(ay ~ a2) + ansin(wt + 01) in(or ~ a2) = a2 cos(as ~ a3) + ony ~ Esato -a) . Becos(ar =a) + aa a} = 2?sin(ai - on) or, af = #4 sin(a ~ aa) = Sty — zcos(ay ~ a2). ‘Squaring and rearranging, we obtain 2 Chea a, on) = 2+ Sy? 28g fan on 240. = 2 cena, en) = sabes - 7 ag 2 rae a) (a — a9). (157 confined inside a rectangle of side of the ellipse makes an angle 5 wit! aw =a a = Fig.1.6 An olllpse Fig.t.t Acstraight —Fig.1.8 A straight line represoutlug Eq, (1.88) Une of slope ay/ay of alope -a3/a1 16 : Vibeations, Waves, and Acoustles Case 2. Let ay = ny ie,, tho two motions aro in opposite phase. ‘Then Eq, (1.57) reduces to 24220, ( which is also a straight line passing (Fig. 18) Case 3. If ay ~ a2 = §, from Eq. (1.57) ‘slope ~98 the two m ns are in guadmture, we havo Pop atgch (1.61) which gives an ellipse of somi-axes a and a, tho axes of th ellipsocolnelding with the x and y-axes (Fig. 1.9), Ko aS Fig.1.9 An ellipse representing Eq, (1.60) 10 A elrele Case 4. If ay = a2 = 0 and ay ~ a2 = §, then Eq, (1.67) reduces to Beyed, which is a circle of radius a and centre at the orlgin, Here With cy replied by ay = ay ae 4 ~ 22 eros + (Bua)t~ a) = anton + (Aus)t~ a). iy hae eran if er 2ay ash Zany. Whi Wo hinves y 4y = com tuted = (Beet Walt whi gh eons win yi Vibrations, Waves, and Acoustics ‘Squaring we obtain G(-eoE-)a ow If 6=0, Bq, (1.68) becomes 2 (2-34) =0, (1.66) a: af ‘which gives two coincident parabolas (Fig.1.12), each’of which is represented Bs j 2 2 a= gta. If $= §,.Eaq. (1.65) reduces to Equation (1.67 i one of fourth containing two loops (Fig, 1.13). If ar Abe st °. (as7) jegree in x and fepresents a curve ‘phase difference ¢ is changed, the shape of the loops will change. — a4 O Aah Pig. 1.12 Coincident paraboles ‘Fig. 1.19 A curve containing two represented by Eq. (1.66) loops [sce Eq. (1.67) (b) Suppose that two simple harmonic oscillations of frequencies in the ratio of 1; 3 and having an initial phase difference # act simultaneously on a particle along the x and the y-axes, respectively. The components Chaplet > Simple Harmonic Maton Se eterno te displacements are then given by 2 = a; coswt and y = a2.os(ut + ¢). We have 3 7 cadutcos¢ ~ sindutsing = (4008? wt ~ 3cosut) cos $ — (Bsin “(8-)—e-f- “(d-a)m-(-§)" ‘Transposing and squaring we get ot (1.89) Equation (1.69) gives two coincident cubic curves (Fig. 1.14). If 6 = Eq, (1.68) reduces to 2) (42 \? 1-2) (#41) 4-0 170) (-3)(F-) -§ ey eth degree in and represent curve having three ‘the phase difference ¢ is changed, the shape of the ratio of the frequencies is NV, the curve representing the + path of the particle will contain V loops. tt a, GOO) Fig. 1.14 Two coincident Fig. 1.16 Path of the particle ccuble curves having three loops, 20 Vibrations, Waves, and Acoustics 1.8 Lissajous Figures two integers, itis a rational number, 1c superposition of the two motions ie frequencies of the two component simple frequency. e rectangle enclosing the figure the ratio of the amplitudes of the component oscillations. Lissajous figures can be produced in « number of ways. A suitable ‘of the CRO is the cathode are the electron gi ‘of high-speed electrous and focusses the beain on the fluorescent screen. -A Pig. 1.16 Production of Lissajous figures by CRO Qupler! > Simple Harmonic Motion le spot $ is formed on the screen where the beam strike. from the electron gun to the fuorescent screen, al plates of the CRT. The spot on the fluorescent, screen moves under the simultaneous action of the two sinusoidal vel right angles and thus traces out the desired Lissajous figure, which is 1.9 Generation of a Uniform Circular Motion from Two Simple Harmonic Motions at Right Angles Let two simple harmonic motions z= asinat and y = acosut acting falong the x and y-axes be simultaneously impressed on a particle. Since coswt = sin (ut + §), the ymotion leads the s-motion by J. We have Put + cos*wt) = a? Y ine Miysles of Waves ana Oscillations damping force — p “ » where p is the coefficient of the damping di force and SY is the velocity of the moving part of the system, From Newton's law for a rigid body in. transla with Newton's force m 2 n, these forces i + where mis the mass of the o: ion. Since, the restoring force and the damping force tion opposite to Newton's force, we have for_small displacements and_smal ;- This equation can be rewiilton a3 ay 4 Gantt Sp tet v=o G2) with v= oh 63) and o8 = Kim G4) Ss Notice that dimensionally y= 2 = fore MU the same as dimension of frequency, atin. Eq. (3.2) the damping. is-charaeterizedby the we need to solve Eq. (3.2) Wi Eqs. (3.3) and (3.4). constants y and wy given ‘0 solve Eq. (3.2) we make use of the exponential function again. Let us assume that the solution is yoda and solve for #, Constants A and « are arbitrary and as yet undetermined. 8, we bave Taste ion in Eq. (3.2) yields (@tyatag) Ae = 0 (ne oorrontion I For this equation to hold for alt-vatues of f, the term in the brackets mus attracted ‘The two roots of this —e mare as OPE 1 (240s) and asf 04 one Thus the two possible solutions of Eq. (3.2) are 1 +) Avent = Avexp [E44 (anaes )!"] a and dam Ar ete = A exp [~E—-F(?—tut) 7] iinciple is applicable. Hence, Bs) Here Ai and Azare a ‘mined ftom the initial conditions, name! jacement and the initial velocity. ture of the motion depends on the character of te roots <1 and y be real or complex dependiag on whether y > 2ue or Ta fact, threo different kinds of motion are possible, ther > 2ugy Y= 2 <2. Fach condi: jon describes a particular kind of behaviour of the system. We shall now treat each case separately. Case T™7 > 7 ong Large Damping To this case, the damping term y/2 domigates the sifiaess (etm o» andthe term (17/4—u!)!? in Eq. (3.5) is a tal quaniy wih positive value say, (ae? so that displacement Cc a8 a function of time is given by t= Ae(—b49)theer(—t4e): 39 ‘The velocity is given by @ =(CFte)ums ($40) - (f+) sem (-F4e)« : On 36. The Physics of Waves and Oscillations Equations (3.6) and (3.7) then give (setting 1 = 0) 0 = Ata: ten (“$te)o- (Jee) Vo ving Aandi ‘Thus, under the above ir onditions, Eqs. (3.6) and (3.7) become pak emn(ene Bh ere een or ont ) os) Vo yam mi Hater o Hoy, erafcosn Ga) -Z, sinh (9d } wr_of a heavily damped system when udden impulseat 1 = 0. G9) and Rr - ch ena (-2+4) Free Damped Oscllaions 98 This is a special case of a notation g = (7/4—w)' of case I, Eq. (3.6) becomes Displacement or yoBena 10) ‘ble constant artial solution, sizce the solution oT any second-order aust contain (wo adjustable ceqnstants_This-can.b 9. G.l0)-were a complete When the syster pulse (i.e. by img two equations ‘bed from equilibrium () = 0) by giving an ime city Hy) at r= 0, we have, from F 5 zer0, which is not our initial condition. Is only a partial solution in the case when ‘Wo can verify that a second solution is represented by the trial solution pace Guy aiving # -cermm(i- 3) 2 The Physics of Waves end Orcilations 2 Substituting for 4, 4b ana 2% in Bq. (9.2) with wb replaced by “i a 998 a 4 Py dye atta te yao ” We have, chen —24 8) ye ern 14 Penne gern —2 7) m4 ¥)+ hor mo o foers (2a) 9 e a ‘Thus, Eqs. (3.10) and (3.11) are both possible solutions of Eq. (3.2) in the special cate when y= 2 wo. From the superposition principle, the general solution is given by Y= Be Crem —CBHEDEM® — a) of ot nn and aa { Fercn} eve The constants B and C can be determined from the inti 7 at t= 0,¢— Oand 44 — 7, we have, from the above equations, Boo car Thus, under these initial conditions, the displacement 4 in Eq, (3.12) is given by =Votemn (3.13) and he o(1- gen 14) oO 2 Time Figure 3.3 is a graph of } against ¢ in Eq. (3.12). I! ‘ment—time behaviour of a damped system turbod from equilibrium by a sudden impulse For smal term €-”'? is very nearly unity and displacement (Eq. Freda €, 7 starls changing and the dig ly becoming zet0, The 0. From Eq. (3.14) this lacement decays exponent urning point occurs at a happens at 1 = fo given by ime f = fo, after Which it decays to zero. (3.13) reveals that the decay rate is much faster when y = 2w than when y > 2. In both cases, there is no jescribed by Eq. (3.13) is called critically dopsped. The neces- ya for critical damping is Y= 2. Suppose we are faced b rate of decay without oscillation. lently, the optimum choice is critical damping. We come across such ‘a problem in poi tion (see Sec. 3,6), Case TIT x <2uq (Small Dampir and this gives the 7H FS When y<2ue, the damping is small” int kind of behaviour, aamely, oscillatory + for then, the expresion (—at )"* in the is an imaginary quantity. Writing this as Pa a op (tenet J" = vai 8-3) damped harmonic m To compare the behaviour of a damped os which damping is ignored, we wi 58 The Passes of Waves and Oscilarions s If we choose Air = A cos 8 FAIA) = Asin where A and 3 are constants which de it find, afer su coer l il conditions, we Y= A © con (wt 2) with ote oo( 1-4)" 16) G17) we obtain the expression for the velocity of the Eq. (3.16), oscillator, which reads s dr and orf 8 sin (ut—8) +L conferi—8) Jou undamped using the periodic. 1 conditions, namely, that at ¢ = 0,4 = Oand 2% = Ye, Usiog Eqs. (3.16) and (3.18) we get 0 = A cost a * sin and Yo =~ A($ con dwt sind ) yielding re (A = 0; being a trivial case) and Using thes the above Free Danja nriscrs oy) wt ste sin ot) 320) Tat of a weakly damped oscillator. tise described by Eq. G19). Tee constant 712 jm the absense of damping (+ = 0), Le. the zeros Thi minimum of displacement, the cos w" or We 44 Diquementtie aoa of waa amet

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