software process model

In software engineering, a software process model is the mechanism of dividing software

development work into distinct phases to improve design, product management, and project
management. It is also known as a software development life cycle.SDLC is the development
lifecycle that is used in each and every project. The Software Development Life Cycle (SDLC) is
a structured process that enables the production of high-quality, low-cost software, in the
shortest possible production time.

Waterfall model
https://technotrice.com/what-is-waterfall-model-software-engineering/#:~:text=Planning%20is
%20even%20used%20to,and%20how%20to%20use%20them.
Incremental process model
The incremental process model is also known as the Successive version model.

First, a simple working system implementing only a few basic features is built and then that is
delivered to the customer. Then thereafter many successive iterations/ versions are
implemented and delivered to the customer until the desired system is released.

A, B, and C are modules of Software Products that are incrementally developed and delivered.

Rapid application development model (RAD)

The Rapid Application Development Model was first proposed by IBM in the 1980s.
The RAD model is a type of incremental process model in which there is extremely
short development cycle. When the requirements are fully understood and the
component-based construction approach is adopted then the RAD model is used.
Various phases in RAD are Requirements Gathering, Analysis and Planning,
Design, Build or Construction, and finally Deployment.

The critical feature of this model is the use of powerful development tools and
techniques. A software project can be implemented using this model if the project
can be broken down into small modules wherein each module can be assigned
independently to separate teams. These modules can finally be combined to form
the final product. Development of each module involves the various basic steps as
in the waterfall model i.e. analyzing, designing, coding, and then testing, etc. as
shown in the figure. Another striking feature of this model is a short time span i.e.
the time frame for delivery(time-box) is generally 60-90 days.
 ⚫ Multiple teams work on developing the software system using RAD model
parallely.

The use of powerful developer tools such as JAVA, C++, Visual BASIC, XML, etc.
is also an integral part of the projects.

Evolutionary Process Models

An evolutionary model involves breaking down the software development process

into smaller, manageable increments or iterations. Each iteration involves the
completion of a subset of the overall software requirements, allowing for continuous
testing, feedback, and refinement. This approach enables the software to evolve
and improve over time, as new requirements and insights emerge.

Types of Evolutionary Process Models

Iterative Model.

Incremental Model.

Spiral Model.

Software Project Management (SPM) is a proper way of planning and leading

software projects. It is a part of project management in which software projects are
planned, implemented, monitored, and controlled.

Types of Project Management Software

1 - Desktop
There are two types of project management software available for project
managers. The first category of such software is the desktop software.
Microsoft Project is a good example for this type. You can manage your
entire project using MS Project, but you need to share the electronic
documents with others, when collaboration is required.
All the updates should be done to the same document by relevant parties
time to time. Therefore, such desktop project management software has
limitations when it should be updated and maintained by more than one
person.

Web Based
As a solution for the above issue, the web-based project management
software was introduced. With this type, the users can access the web
application and read, write or change the project management-related
activities.

This was a good solution for distributed projects across departments and
geographies. This way, all the stakeholders of the project have access to
project details at any given time. Specially, this model is the best for virtual
teams that operate on the Internet.

Good software is characterized by several key attributes, including:

Functionality: The software meets the requirements and specifications that it was
designed for, and it behaves as expected when it is used in its intended
environment.

Usability: The software is easy to use and understand, and it provides a positive
user experience.

Reliability: The software is free of defects and it performs consistently and

accurately under different conditions and scenarios.

Performance: The software runs efficiently and quickly, and it can handle large
amounts of data or traffic.

Security: The software is protected against unauthorized access and it keeps the
data and functions safe from malicious attacks.

Maintainability: The software is easy to change and update, and it is well-

documented, so that it can be understood and modified by other developers.

Reusability: The software can be reused in other projects or applications, and it is

designed in a way that promotes code reuse.

Scalability: The software can handle an increasing workload and it can be easily
extended to meet the changing requirements.

Testability: The software is designed in a way that makes it easy to test and
validate, and it has a comprehensive test coverage.
 Software is a set of instructions, data or programs used to operate computers and
execute specific tasks. It is the opposite of hardware, which describes the physical
aspects of a computer. Software is a generic term used to refer to applications,
scripts and programs that run on a device.

Software engineering is the branch of computer science that deals with the
design, development, testing, and maintenance of software applications. Software
engineers apply engineering principles and knowledge of programming languages
to build software solutions for end users.

characteristics of software?
Functionality, usability, efficiency, flexibility, reliability, maintainability, portability, and
integrity are key characteristics that software engineers should consider throughout the
development lifecycle.

Software Processes is a coherent set of activities for specifying, designing,

implementing and testing software systems.

project estimation?
Project estimation is the process of forecasting the time, cost, and resources needed to
deliver a project. It typically happens during project initiation and/or planning
Project Estimation Techniques
Top-Down Estimate. ...
Bottom-Up Estimate. ...
Analogous Estimating. ...
Parametric Estimate. ...
Three-point Estimating. ...
What-If Analysis.

Software engineering metrics are a way to measure the quality and health of your
software development process.
A measurement represents the size, quantity, volume, or dimension of a specific
attribute of a product or process.

Software needs.
Software engineering is the process of designing, developing, testing, and
maintaining software. It is needed because software is a complex and constantly
evolving field that requires a structured approach to ensure that the end product
is of high quality, reliable, and meets the needs of the users.

The crisis manifested itself in several ways:

 ● Projects running over-budget.
● Projects running over-time.
● Software was very inefficient.
● Software was of low quality.
● Software often did not meet requirements.
● Projects were unmanageable and code difficult to maintain.
● Software was never delivered.

Cohesion
computer programming, cohesion refers to the degree to which the elements inside a
module belong together.

Low coupling refers to a relationship in which one module interacts with another
module through a simple and stable interface and does not need to be concerned with
the other module's internal implementation.