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0% found this document useful (0 votes)
69 views65 pagesYash, Maths U1
Uploaded by
ShivCopyright
© © All Rights Reserved
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Available Formats
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/ 65
1.1 Introduction ...
1.2 Random Variable. oo
1.2.1 Discrete Random Voviable
1.2.2 Continuous Random Variabl.
1.3 Probability Distribution of A Discrete Random Variable
1.3.1 Probability Mass Function
1.3.2 Distribution Function «.......0.
1.4 Probability Distribution of a Continuous Random Variable .
1.4.1 Probability Density Function
1.4.2 Distribution Function
15 Two Reo] — Variables ..
1.6 Probability Mass Function of (x, y)
1.6.1 Cumulative Distribution Function .
1.6.2 Marginal Probability Distribution
1.6.3 Conditional Probability Distribution
1.6.4 Independent Random Variables ...
1.7 Probability Density
1.7.1 Joint Distrib,
1.7.2 Marginal Dens
1.7.3 Conditional Density .
1.7.4 Independent Continuous Rar
Illustrative Examples......
action of (x, y)
ion Function Exercise 1(B)
1.8 Expectation
1.9 Variance .
1.10 Measures of Central
1.10.1 Measures of Central Tendency
y and Dispersion, Skewness and Kurtos'
de
1.10.2 Measures of Dispersion ...
1.10.3 Skewness
1.10.4 Kurtosis
1.11 Moments
1.11.1 Moment About Origin
1.11.2 Moment About Mean or Central Moment
1.11.3 Moment About An Arbitrary Point
1.12 K arl Pearson B and y Coefficients...
1.13 Moment Generating Function (mgf)
1.14 Chebyshev’s Inequality
Ilustrative Examples...
Exercise 1(C) ..
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Bernoulli Distribution
2.2.1 Mean and Variance of Bernoulli Distribution
2.2.2 Moment Generating Function ..
2.2.3 Probability Generating Function
2.3 Binomial Distribution .....
2.3.1 Mean and Variance of Binomial Distribution ....
2.3.2 Moments, Moment Generating Function and Recurrence Relation
for Moments ........00..++
2.3.3 Probability Generating Function .. pee
2.3.4 Mode of the Binomial Distribution ...........-.es0 i the Prob
2.3.8 Fitting of Binomial Distribution (Recurrence Relation for ain
abilities of Binomial Distribution)
ae
Uhvstrative Examplee vs
Exercise 2(A)
seer 2.29
- 233
2.4 Poisson Distribution
itr 2.35
2.4.1 Mean and Variance of Poisson Distribution
hee ce Relation
2.4.2 Moments, Moment Generating Function and Recurrence Re
for Moments...
2.4.3 Probability Generating Function For F
2.4.4 Mode of Poisson Distribution
2.4.5 Recurrence Relation for Probabil
Fitting of Poisson Distribution ....
2.4.6 Reproductive Property of Poisson Variate
Illustrative Examples
3.2 Normal Distribution .
seen 3.1
3.2.1 Standard Form of the Normal Distribution veces. 33
3.2.2 Normal Probability Integral (Area Under the Standard Probability
Curve)
3.2.3 Mean and Variance of Normal Distribution.
3.2.4 Moment Generating Function of Normal Distribution
3.2.6 Recurrence Relation for Even Order Central Moments
3.2.6 Fitting of Normal Distribution,
3.3 Rectangular or Uniform Distribution
3.4 Exponential Distribution
sive neon 3.23
3.4.1 Moments, Moment Generating Function, Mean and Variance 3.23
3.4.2 Memoryless Property of Exponential Distribution 4 Correlation & Regression
es
4.1 Introduction ....
4.2.1 Correlation ..
4.2.3 Rank Correlation
4.2.4 Correlation of Bivariate Frequency Distribution
4.3 Curve Fitting ..
4-4 Principle of Least Squares ..
4.4.1 Fitting of a Straight Line
4.4.2 Fitting a Parabola..
4.4.3 Fitting of Other Curves
4.5 Regression ....
4.5.1 Linear Regression
45.2 Lines of Regression
4.5.3 Angle Between ‘I
Illustrative Examples
ise 4
wo Lines of Regression
«Linear Program
rmulation o|
a ea
ay
my
»
” _
Exercise 5 (B)..
Classical Optimization Techniques
6.1 Introduction ..
le Variable Optimization
6.3 Concave and Convex Functions
6.4 Multivariable Optimization without Ce
traint
6.5 Multivariable Optimization with Equality Constr
6.5.1 Solution by Direct Substituion
6.5.2 Solution by the Method of Constrained Variation
65.3 Lagrange's Multipliers Method ..
6.6 Multivariable Optimization with Inequality Constraint (Kuhn - Tucker
Conditions) 645
; Simplex Method
7.2 Mathematical Preliminaries ..
7.3 Simplex Method
7.4 Simplex Table
7.5 To Obtain an Initial BFS...
7.6 Computational Procedure of Simplex Method
‘1.7 Artificial Variables Technique ...
7.7.1 Big M-Method (Charne's M-Method) ..
/ 1..2'Two-Phase Method
Ihustrative Examples
Exercise 7 ..
8.1 Introduction .
8.2 Primal-Dual Relatis 8.3 Definition of Primal-Dual Problems .
8.4 Algorithm for Converting Any Primal into its Dual
8.5 To Read the solution to the Dual From the Final Simplex Table
and Conversely
Illustrative Exmaples
Exercise 8
"Transportation and Assignment Problem
9.1 Introduction ..
9.3 Solution of a Transportation Problem
9.4 Some Useful Terminologies ..
9.5 Transportai
v method) ....
9.6 Unbalanced Transportation Problem.
9.7 Degeneracy and its Resolution
9.7.1 Resolution of Degeneracy Occuring at the Initial Stage .....9.31
9.7.2 Resolution of Degeneracy at any Intermediate Stage .
Illustrative Examples
Exercise 9(A) ....
9.8 Assignment Problem
9.9 Unbalanced Assignment Problem .....
9.10 Travelling Salesman Problem (TSP)
Exercise 9(B) Random Vattablen
oi
Bcc Settoduetiong pcan a IS
In the last chapter, sample space is treated as the set of all possible outcomes of a random
experiment. But the outcomes of the random experiment may be numerical or non-numerical
in nature. For example the result of coin tossing experiment is non-numerical in nature while
the result of dice throwing experiment is a number.
For mathematical convenience we associate one or more numbers with each possible
outcome of an experiment. These numbers may correspond to the total number of defective
items in a batch or to the number of heads obtained on tossing two coins or to the time
of failure of a component. Hence comes the notion of random variables. The random
variables provide a more compact description of an experiment and allows us to discard
unimportant details in the outcome of an experiment; for instance we may be intrested only
in the number of heads obtained on tossing three coins and not in the actual sequence in
which head and tail are obtained.
12 Random Variable
A random variable X is a function X : S -> R that assigns a real number X(s) to each
s € S (sample space), corresponding to a random experiment E. Hence domain of the random.
variable is S, range is (0, 00) and image may be any subset of real numbers (R). Random
variables are generally denoted by capital letters X, Y, Z etc. The values taken by the random
variables X, Y, Z are generally denoted by lower case letters x, y, 2.
For example :-
(iy A drug is given to two sick patients. Let random variable X represent the number
of cures that occur. Hence X = 0,1,2.
(ii) A single fair dice is rolled and the random variable X represents the number that
turns up. Hence X can take values 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 B
ADVANCED ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS
(m) Let a comm is tossed thrice and the random variable X denotes the number of tay
that tur up. Hence X= 0, 1, 2,3
Domain of X Range of X
Figure 1.1
(is) Consider a battery with maximum life of 200 hours. Let the random variable
X denote the life of a randomly selected battery of such kind then
X = {xeR, 0< x < 200}
Suppose we are interested in measuring the weight of students of Computer Science
branch in a particular college. Then the random variable X = {xeR, 0 (-2, x1] < , x2}-
Hence P(-0t find the minimum value of c.
Bx) (Raj. IV Sem 1T-2003, RTU 2007, 2009)
() As above given is a probability distribution
(vy) Find
1
Hence D'p(x)=1 => 10k249k—1=0
x=0
=> (k+I)(10k-1)=0 = ye Ey pee
GINEKKING MATHEMATICN
a_i —@§-—aerm
A= Lis not possible ax it makes pO <0 which is impossible, a8 abory
given isa probability diatribution
'
Hence k=
jenwe 0
(i) P(X <6) = 1 P(X 26) [Loe =i)
= 1-[P(X = 6)+P(X=7)]
19281
10 100 100”
8119
P(X26)=1-P(X<6)= 1-700 = 199"
P(0< X <5) =P(X=1)+P(X=2)+ P(X =3)+P(X=4)
I
=1-(9k? +k)
(ii) The required distribution function is :-
F(x) = P(X Sx)
=0
k=1/0
3k = 3/10
5k = 5/10
8k = 8/10
8k + k?= 81/100
8k + 3k’ = 83/100
10k + 9k=1
YWAWRUN Holy
(iv) From the distribution function it is clear that
F(3)= P(X <3)= FZ =os
F)=P(Xs4)= 5 08> 3
FO)=P(X<5)= 3h
1,
Hence the minimum value of ¢ for which P(xse)>> is 4.
Therefore c= 4. (anus } —_________——/B
pissX<45) Plis2_
” '2)
P(3)+PC4)
~[P{(X=0)+P(X=1)+P(X=2)
|A continuous random variable can assume any value over an interval or intervals. Because
the number of values contained in any interval is infinite, the possible number of values
that 2 continuous random variable can assume is also infinite as well as uncountable. Hence
‘2 continuous random variable gives rise to continuous probability distribution.
‘As the number of events is infinitely large, the probability that a particular event will occur
is practically zero. Here instead of finding the probability at a particular value of x we find
the probebilty of x falling in a small interval. We thus define the continuous probebility
Gtribution of x by the function f(x) such that the probability of x lying inthe small interval
( )
-Ex-$) is fix) dx, ie, {aS creas) =feone
‘The continuous curve y = f{x) is known as probability curve.
PETA Probability, Density. Functions yiectieini anita
‘The function fx) for a continuous random variable X is said to be probability density
function (p.d.f.) provided it satisfies the following conditions :-
@ f(x) 20; -2 b).
Solution: (N20 osxsl
Also.
1
fircode =6 fc = x)dx =6 f08- x2)dx=
‘As fix) 20 and fifoodx=1, 0b)=1-P(X b)
=> 2wX 23b?-2b*)=1
= 4b? 6b? +1=0 = — (2b—1)(2b?-2b-1)=0
1 2+v4+8 _14+V3
= => or b= a
2 22 2
1403
Now b= 2 >i, hence not acceptable as 0 wwe etre
now ese nas) OH ay. § Solution
Fd @ © @ pat fix). Example 9.
rhe pata) = Ls) provided FO) i ditoena =
4
fe sus fe Sfua-of]e ann?
‘Fi ieetible for x= 1 and x
Fe ach, f0)=£0)=0
4
re wh t= £a=0
epi =| Isxs3
0, lsewbee.
tio [tigi f fend = Example 1.
Seton:
leer fan!
a *f 1
zo
bothered pdf now is
4
tiyeltw, tees
8 eewtere
I latetite Bxaonples
“Two cards re dawn wit replacement om well shuld deck of $2 ar
Deseret probably dstbton of the mabe: of ee card
Tat X dene mmr ofc cad (Le. Jack, Quen King ad Ace) ies
Tee ara de Thm X "0,1 2A deck of 52 card connie 16 ads
fod 36 rc
IX = )= pbb tht 0 fice ar cain
Cy | 36,, 35 _ 105
Bg, "ia"si Bl
seily
Hg s
nx=D= 7
6
wat PKoDIe GEE
eae te outed pba dtibwton i
wo: SB
OO: 21 tI
‘pac 10 tin set cone 3 eine A tl mae 4 de
Aes Uno FX ste mer five os pasate ye
[iain ue prota dsoecn of
rerrawom vale dene beaker offers by te Bt
sea 3 Shipman of 3 dees and? eo
Now FOX-=1)=Plcbosing exactly + defitive 5)
Picoosng + defetive and (31) spe 568)
(considering sts 8 ot replaced) ome
Soe
rent AY
wt RXSOSI-@
rhe pnt acne f «rand variable X i given y=
a oo
a cow Se-1
shee C>0
Fad @)PN<2h (a) UX),
@ Aspe pobeiy distribution therefore Bp.= 1
aac 10C8 C= 11
= O-108+9-2-0
> €-200-ac+=0
= €-28C-9C-=0
Bats poi hence 0 py 1 therefore the values C= 1
tex scpubie Hee C= 13
© Mx tnx,
Spine wl era
vere
alte
8 eve van
"pate pohbty funtion then
Solan =
ample 18.
ch aamy se A ech proba be ete tan fl
Woon
7
wa GEeo ast
162839 o>
wt ta
wa Etta ons!
tot, en be
“Toms the ae oft for whieh probability fe
Bier
rage Beast.
“Te probably dsibuton of ana varibl X 8 gen bom
eS
Poy: 01 03 0S 01
MY =¥2-12X, find the probably dtrbuon of ¥
yet 0 3 BOS
pO=mg: 01 a3 OS Ot
Hance he ried probity ditbuen of Y 8
yoo 3 8
roy; a1 03 0S
Lat pi of fice be ome sl et te ano variable X dee the st
tps Oban th pcbabiy mass tet of X
‘Pommard matin ours aie co throwing & ie are Fad 6
rps
Nee X= 284 “Aowance ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS
wow Pox =2)= PUI an Tat dice)» PUL on 2nd =)
abate Larex=1)
oe 6
pox= 3)= 2% PAL on Ist ve) PUZ on 2rd dee)
DEnge
Pex = 4) = 2+ P{L on Ist dice) x PG on 2nd dice) or
PAD on Ist dice) * P(2 on 2nd dice)
3
Find the value of k so that f(x) = kx(2-x), may be a probability density functor
of « random variable x for 0 < x $2.
Example 16.
Seaton: ss finde =
Se
=o ae 8.
a 3), ja
1 aed)
Rowe Vaan
Example 17.
Solution :
Solution :
The paf of the random variable X is given by f(x
Find
0
@
and
for0 = PEI)
nye fee* x20
o x<0
‘Show that p(x) is pat.
Find its distribution function P(x)
R20 -v x20
sat Spo foe Mas Coan fern
Hence pix) is a pdt a
@ ¥ x0 Fayre
oceo, rade fienie-fiae es
eae
see POO)
mote 19. conn ann sabe X cn a
ethan Seity fection gv by Aa) MLE 8) FE
tion: An Ra) isw pt De
ffromes [ez] 2 atest se
ete roca nfs
fo} 24 16
ace cs
ett of a conions ran vale X ve OY
ry dpeay. bere
ceample 10. The
Fo
oa tees rene HA)
. Sow bend
Franerana Marien
ay vahe beter <2 an 15
int X=)
a
—=
(Gown Vana
Suton:
we wetve nme at !)=2 nd) 0m ee eps
sect
PRIS = PEL EX FD FED 35 PS
fpecatjrmndi)ort
en of elect pe on ine of kas) random
“The iy const
ihe having pt os 1(0)=4986 "228
seal pectin i 12 milion Kors, Serine pcb that ars
{power eorge) any v=
Tose nl be a power ut fhe demand creates bee
Tce regu probably POC> 12) = 1=P(0=X = 12)
1 fFeetet- fae tea t-[
=se4=5 001315 = 000158
Lt X be the rnd varie doing the tinea re of component. Spon
‘bc dnrbaton fan of Xs Fa), Ue ths but function wo expres he
rota of lowing eves
© 95X<90 X=
(8) X90, gv hat X>9
(PG9) PRS)
eae)
w
Find he dtr tn fhe
dos variable X whe pf given by Fa)-0 (Biss Vang} grey
<0 2
x -, tg x
oa : Foo [itnide= [xd Let A and Be the events that one waits between 0 to 2 mites and 1 to'3
fe 088 4 respectively, Show that coed moans
A Fo) fitende + tote AB)?
fe 18% ae Dm MAT5
Eefieeng- (O52) ne
6 A Solution: (i) {z)- 78 s) Pe on
1_(2-x) 1 aes
Be (nt) ra ee Se
22°72" 2 Now PlIEX<
, 1d
= [todx+ ftopdxeo= ster
fe 28% F= ffovaex+o= 545 .
0 x0 h
2 .
ocx 150)
ST MX 180) 1 De
() Vence far first 150 hours P(none of the three tubes is replaced)
aa
3 27 |
yea first 15 ! es arereplaced) =txtxt=+ |
w jence for first 150 hours P(all three tubes are replaced) 3°33 27
ii) Let m tubes are inserted, given P(none of n tubes are replaced) = 0.1
2 2
=> [2] =01 =nlog==log01
(3) = nlog? =log
2.30259
= = 56788
0547
Determine which of the following can be probability distributions of a random
variable X.
a pda af x Z
PX): 04 «(04 «(02
@ x :0 1 2
PK): 06 01 02
Yes (i) No
An um contains 4 white and 6 red balls. Four balls are drawn at random from the U
Find the probability distribution of the number of white balls.
xX :0 1 2 3 4
PX): 4821 6/4435 1210
— dice is thrown twice. Find the probability distribution of the numb
X01 (Raan Vane}- —_____—_—————— 4B
25 5 1
"eae
Q4 A random variable X has the following probability distribution.
x 2 -l 0 2 3
P(X): OL k 0.2 2k 0.3 3k
Find the value of
Ot
(i) P(X < 2) and P(-2 < X< 2)
(i) cdf of X.
Ans. ket a le
os @ 75
A when-25x<-1
10
z when-1 3), PO0)= P(X <0)
POX =-3) = PIX = -2)= P(X =-1)
P(X = 1)=P(K=2)= P(X
~1, 0, 1, 2 and 3 such that aa
Tiamem) Exanrimna MaTimnanee
(Ream vam =
‘tine pb aun frei ep =2NE Kg Gy emma ie
Am X 232 na Fo ety ea piy 1 a fd PX eens PEK)
YB 6 49 wo snare hey)
Vober at am BEL
PO 5 5 8 3 8 8 OF an ae .
“ 12 Pad te aes of fr wi R=) = (1a) = 1 2 one
07 Fd wheter te hein gen y 131-222 r= 1,234 Sempre te eye Aan San a a as Pa ged ot
ecb don of Gare ate ote we wy
ee 13 The petabity mg nino 4 rao varie X & defend a8 X=) 32,
a Yee Fee y=ac~10CL Ree SC TT mse C0 and MSH O eo Le
QE Frome or of25 fem, 5 of wich re ie, an econ eam. 1% Paligitecaa
2h ober of dete fan oa th ebb etn OF Xv ens a
fe choot mocx<2/x>0)
(0 witout epccnen) ith econ (8) Se dbo tn of
fee (6) eet va of X fr wich F<
pe 9 Meno Eee panane nas one!
a (©) ate rae 0X fr wich Fin)»
eoste(S) (2). eeauzas ra 2 ie 2
(09 Fie sae re Xs va, 2,3 na eh a 2POC= 1) =3POE= 2. Fa) 0 nim 2,
= Sp fc peyton neonate ron tse fa
nee Rade Gendemdsnct, roa 2 wtentsxe?
am pile: 12 3 4 Faye when 22
‘ 0 ast
a a 14 A comput sti a fe eal aes
‘SIE Mite do ah ape ne noe of eo
eo svt nner salt upe ne Re
no facie
fm te ae
Ei ‘N= at numero
go of ible ives =F ad by es =i
Be (Anish Ay Ac AsJand (A
a :
a) Qs ar penefig v=taaes
4 1 caewhae
(Q10Aramom vaca aie ais 0,1 wba 1/9, 12, rm Fat wrt)
‘Gecrmive the Gtbaticn fico of X
Ans, PEK <1) ~ 0, PX < 0) = 1, PO = 1) = 516, OK <4) = 1 Am Oy wt
{16 Find de orton fms oh ta amb oi fr men
am Foefiyis, x52
Wie, 3
le xs
(q17 The but fnti of anon vale X gan felore
[im «esses
Ms iste
FO" Veg if2sx<3
“ease
re py hn
Oem nexs®
pmo toyed. 40)-3. 10.095 a = 0 ete
of
qn te pty pil ethene ie (2) 8 Bm
) nu seeta [0
ce qn ep IO AF 054510)
0 ewhee)
Daseine =
(G1 comin ann vr has» pu Re) 302, 0-8. Find a and sch ha
ca 2 RHENar wan
(021 comin anes varie ha he a
Fi he
am ft) |: 3) et
[Jon Getexer
0 hewhee|
(@22 The probably iy of rn vibe X
an aa
ox
25
dees
fsx O free
[wr ]29 [inet @
2 [rafal o fo Distribution | Fametio gc tems
OL Cumulative. ‘ditribution of X, given Y = y, Sumilary, the conditional probability function of Y, given
WF) we em dm ct an ils xonupeae
Hee PR Sneak S31 oft) tenn) frat}
ca amv dation fate) FY) Veen)" aikexy “pe tte tino iP
1-12.08 cll etl py ran oY en X=
ie, Fane Dev © N64 Independann, Rendoo Nerailag
ay Le (%,¥) be w two dimensional adn vale such tha
pee ney @) Ava gen pe: base
1.63" Conditional Probability Ditibution eee
Came 0 Soma! scree radon arabe (X,Y), The condone EEplsalet 2 meets wed
fancnon of X. gver Y= ¥, is gven by om y
ikon ¥oy) Py (PX =0)= p= Sp) = Por Pea + Pos I:
Py=y) Ps &
ene a nemncnl rte Enenenen
| Ae ES Teor ce cergeeecesee,- spkea)-nee Smjematha ts Ty
f
Hence marginal probity distriaton of X =
2
0 | is7
1 faan
2 [so
Foal] =
i) Silty marginal probability distribution of Y is given by =
Yo pie Dre
1 | Pau +P
x
2 |po+Pn*Pa=Mke He
3 | pa+Pa+Pes=33
Toul
(iv) Conditions distrbtion of X given ¥ = is
can be represented in tabular form as =
= Pil = Pil (using il
Pil PA (using iH
o
Conditional distribution of ¥ given Ke2 is =
wi
22 (wig)
tabular form as
La Z=Xe¥
X +Y cam have values 1, 2,3, 4,5
Z can have values as shown below Reson Vasaaras
© tuyee
Ebb ALPE ES
19) 1:4 0 dee sri aon vase hen ous dene
fection Fea POX samd¥s9}= f°" a saesy
P= 8)
o
eden bo opi cmtiay 0 3.) 2 tay
Hines the reparedpocebity Gentes is Example 33. Sra sine x nd te rightness ¥ 0 igh bl ace ing ev
[roy
' continous ano variable with Jom puf gree
TaN" oexemocyen,
Fi he jit distuton fton
Seluion : The jock dsibtion Sanction i given by
Fore ff tnecsy= Llane ray
yMevere DM etashcey magenfe
eR,» ald te op of. if enflet
0 Wey20¥ -wercn-eeyce
© Ef rnyrteeyer
Mowe Mosinee 24)e[‘Plnyeay
Fer sanple le te jotta of «0 dimes random variable be give
Menem, 02152, 05751, The ahve given pl an
7 o
AB haem otcpioe nomen
sales
a(-e|(1K€
Helle poccmocycew
a9) (Reson Vara}
wecveu] 4 “
feOnnde= {aS sxsxeS | Pla Ssxsns Sandy Yevsy+%}
: 4
yyaxey y-Wevey-)
f(xy)de dy ___ fluy)dx ay
a
“Yeexeny-Veveyed a) eons
$x]
pense 9) yb mead a coe inte eva [S44
Sioa, the codon ety oY given X denoted by fy). in by =
ie, feted [ftayiay (2-82
ss x) fC)
os api dest Yi TH: ata aasial aTSI
Lt Of, ¥) be a wodinesionl continous random varable then X and Y ae ai to
be inkpendt radon vars
Remark} PlasXsb)=PasXsb,-2<¥ 0-
Fa‘ td prove an that X and are indepen
Solution; As above given is pl, hence
Sut Mes <4) [yyy
ae = SS torynteay = e foe lacay a
PATS Coaiinal Deneity Be :
Let (X, ¥) bea two dimensional P - :
ON gre cal ae em kr, Tey ie nn eae Narnibuics
= [foe
son yo =f) ff
= fone eae =| sre? yoo
sein nf ate = texyn> 0920
Hace X tot Y ce dependent andor vari,
Examples
Branple 36. (nedyh OcxchOeyel
ite finn {3 rt
protein deny fi .
(Margate 0 a.) Cental dest of X given ¥ “1
[eva
\Yoin) (Raj IV Sem CP2006, RTU 2008
Marg estes of nd ¥ respectively are =
1 wei w eta P
Solution?)
ix yt
Serf eave f asap 2
~fle2? a2] Hoey 2tay, weet
==
ue 4
5 comeieatien
mt orf deez
Example 36. The jn probabliy mis fenton of to dice randoms vate ven by
fore Laie? 34
Poa]
— etbewise
Prove that Xa Y ae inp
smePu = Zip Pa Pas +p
PP
2 22
—_——
TRAM IC sie ae prc fmt ioe oir Let X ad Y
SOS SS Ses pec we men The
oe
Ana =107 ph 3 he aD py
fees se ay
‘Seppo hat he te denen cntinus
‘ado arte,
oe Ya ape
toageesty, 028
AO Aeon en Cm Mg 4)
: Aad
wren, & EAI °
x)
es
as
as
a w Fm Fw F
‘A compar cnt owner wants to prcase 3 campers fom sale in which there are
3 new compute, 4 used but sll wring and 5 ceive bt can be made in working
‘enon afer mir ropa IX and Y dene new ad sed ail working compu
12 the bt of 3 purchase corpus
Find () the oi probably mass frcton of X ad ¥.
9) te agin probbilty of X and
(i) te comdtonl probability of gen Y=
de ey SCs,
anY ny) SES oe x,y o.12,3and0sKr¥ <3
© Hk=nyay)= SG
20.46, Se,
rene Fe
ee
Peay) PEG ony
©
Pe,
® a fa
Yee
Pir probaly dey fan of cnn nom vets. ¥) g-a
we
ty fexz0y20.x+951
tan-fe
‘Ae X and Y independ?
Per neat Pr Of X and Y be given as MO, 0)=0.4, PO, 1)=02, P(L,0)=0.1,
PU. =03,
Find the conditional probability mass fincon of X given that Y= 1
‘Also Sth maria probability function of X and of the given random variables.
Vi xe
Be ceatiro%e| IO, Lot a Re
ria 3 as
awen Exooneesine MATHEMATICS )
aa B
wider SEDER Let
aS var X
: wer et oS ttt oat Ae X andy
gp ta 2 2 Sones a
— pede ate
Sone vents Net
=e
tee rp of en bY
Fn te capil deny Rese of Naa Y
ganleBe 01
ben pf XY) sgn HL YI “KOS
tnt oad Sty SBS
1 Standard deviation = VVan =
ani i Xb eto iy tn
oe
ho Ol k 2k 03 8
0) Cede teen of
Wan of X
Asso pit ptatiy Stace = 206 s4hat 0
He we cnn te ving: ‘Bere cainang. weft ely reese ofthe Satis
te wet be undevandng oe lan prt ofthe chapte
They sve us an ica about te concentration ofthe values in the central part of
icin Se comely cs ee EY =
Mea) Maan Mae
Mem (eed m1)
(3) Atti eo sy an of» obs 33
is defi
(em 2ot8)
(0) Incase of See dston
fo .
a) 5 .
{ect of fequny tition a8 eto above if we ake devios fom
any airy pt A, ie =A
Daa,
ten FAY EL
Remark 6 ised ofthe Requeay dstibution xf 11.2... weare given probability
ther Sofia! and =D oD
ination 3/6, = 12.0
.
Metin
aati te wt bee ih tes oe
Sepa none
reonm
to 025291535 18 eof 1 128,25, 38 2, ie
OMe 50.25 15,9861. 25,5059 Lan25=228
i) Mode
Modes the valu which cus must frequently in a et of cbservatons ad around which
the theres ofthe set cher ene Hence i case of discrete frequency distribution,
‘mode i the value of x cmesponding to maxim eben.
Measresf ceva enya inadequt to give usa complete iden of dstribation.
Fox example, ll he sre () 7, 9,10, 11 (i) 3, 6,9, 12,18 and i) 1, 5,9, 13,
"7 havesame mean. Hence if ear given mean ofa distribution ten we cannot deteine
which ofthe above tron () (8) (i) mst be taken, Hence measures of eel
tendency must be supported and supplemented by some other measure,
ATA Daaae al Depend” SN
‘Dispersion mens sates, Hence it gives us nies wheter the seri i es pera
or mie nated, Sone common measures of dispenion are = Swe mm ck of same) We say 10 fave ae about the shape eh
are Adin soe sewe eae + mein # me oi the cue ot
Yi Be pf ees as symm beset more wo one ideas
hee
> median = mode
Mode Median Mean
Figure 1.6 Postvely ened Distribution
\
‘Mean Median Mode
Figure 1.7 Negatively Skewed
‘Even ater knowing alte sbove measure, we
‘complete ido bout the di
oy
» te ane tm
ta bay aout
Mone i ais sasha
* the tency of fave te se
Distrtaton
‘ clad lature cure
sais according to
2 SE antigo which moment
concep of tment foe 5 Excinnh
a vrble X08 Bg
ih me oe = I,
est
fain ADP hy
ety
well PEN ore
oe a ee Wdiey
eat wen Ba
tor bem
bid
we
sane wan nn ef 08
exis cen
apes 1 wee Mm
ee en sit rit ae st 6
fe 02 el
(x-¥F]-Dis~
Anadis fon we ee venta carexpondigfequcy et
Mito su enh rr lao snd 8 =
Lls-Fe
WX is 8 cain eno vale wih pa) ten,» f(x RY OH
Inpariclar £=0- 5-1
sols me Da -Rak-R eo
1
rede me Zin Xi
va.
‘We mw Find th interline xt abo eign (x) and moet about mE
(jy eomsidrng a dere rad variable, wich woud be vali in al cases.
Now 1° H ne Bad 2D