Unit 1 Module 1: Communication Processes, Principles, and Ethics

INTRODUCTION TO COMMUNICATION
“To speak and to speak well are two things. A fool may talk, but a wise man speaks.“
~ Ben Jonson
Benjamin "Ben" Jonson
(c. 11 June 1572 – 6 August
WHAT IS COMMUNICATION?
Communication is a basic human activity. It involves a speaker who sends his message to a receiver
through verbal in a form of greetings, praise, comment, question, reaction, and any other mode of
reply; or Non-verbal, in a form of facial expression, gesture, posture, distance and any other cue that
is not conveyed verbally.

COMMUNICATION ACCORDING TO:

➢ Oxford Advance Learner’s Dictionary - is the activity or process of expressing ideas and feelings or of
giving people information.
➢ Webster’s Universal College Dictionary - is the act or process of communicating; fact of being
communicated. It is also the imparting or interchange of thoughts, opinions, or information by speech,
writing, or signs.
➢ Merriam - Webster’s Collegiate Dictionary, 11th Edition - is an act or instance of transmitting; a
process by which information is exchanged between individuals through a common system of symbols,
signs, or behavior.

Responses for the speaker’s message are gathered through feedback which is either POSITIVE (favorable) or
NEGATIVE (unfavorable) depending on the speaker’s interpretation of message based on his/her field of
knowledge.
TURN TAKING - as the communication process takes place, there is an exchange or switch roles, from time to
time, between the speaker and listener.

IMPORTANCE OF COMMUNICATION
1. Communication is the key to progress and advancement in continuing to learn things more accurately and
effectively.
2. People interact with words which give them pleasure in transmitting information, ideas and attitudes. In
this way, they increase learning and understanding of life.
3. Each person communicates with a message through one or more of his/her senses: sight, sound, smell,
taste, and touch.
4. Effective communication implies good and pleasant speech and requires a clear, adequate voice to be easily
understood; accurate in the production of the individual sounds; and in the selection of words.
➢ Oral communication is a cycle which always involves at least two persons: a decoder and an encoder,
of a message sent through channel and a reaction through feedback.
SPEAKER - Encoding
LISTENER - Decoding
ANSWER -Feedback
 FUNCTIONS OF COMMUNICATION
➢ Your nature requires you to communicate with members of your family, friends, and people in the
community whom you could express your feelings, ideas, opinions, etc.
➢ Thus, communication is designed to increase your store of information and you’re understanding
about yourself and the world in which you live in.
➢ With your communication; you can change people’s attitudes, beliefs, opinions and actions. Hence,
your ability to communicate should be made clear to everyone involved in your day-to- day activities.
a. Information Function
➢ The basic requirement of adapting and adjusting oneself to the environment is information. There
must be some information about what is going on in the environment which concerns the people. The
receiving or giving of information underlines all communication functions, either directly or indirectly.
b. Command or Instructive Function
➢ Those who are hierarchically superior in the family, society or organization, often initiate
communication either for the purpose of informing their subordinates or for the purpose of telling
them, what to do, how to do when to do etc.
➢ The command and instructive functions of communication are more observable in formal organizations
than in informal organizations.
c. Influence or Persuasive Function
➢ According to Berlo (1960), the sole purpose of communication is to influence people. Persuasive
function of communication i.e., to induce people is extremely important for extension in changing their
behavior in the desirable direction.
d. Integrative Function
➢ A major function of communication is integration or of continuously offsetting any disintegration at the
interpersonal or at the organizational level. This helps in maintaining individual, societal or
organizational stability and identity.

COMMUNICATION ETHICS
• Communication ethics is the ethical way of communicating through media, language, social media, and
journalism for developing human relationships as per the morals and values of a profession, industry,
business, or individual. Principles of ethics include being honest, being fair, as well as having integrity.
• Communication ethics refers to being aware of the behavioral consequences, respecting others’
perspectives, and tolerating disagreement by providing others their rights to free speech. It is a type of
communication predicated upon business values like honesty and responsibility in one’s words and
actions, the clarity and brevity in stating facts, and fairness in delivering words and actions.
• Communication, therefore, is a part and parcel of your life. You cannot simply afford to let a day pass
without communicating with anyone because your nature requires you to communicate with your
fellow human beings.
CONCLUSION:
➢ Business communication relies on ethical standards to underpin all of its interactions,
➢ ensuring that all enterprise workflows, short- term tasks, and long-term projects are handled and
completed correctly. Misunderstandings, disagreements, project delays, and the establishment of an
inefficient working environment can all come from a breakdown in productive and ethical
communication.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Unit 1 Module 2: Listening
We think, but very rarely do we listen with real understanding, true empathy. Yet listening, of this very special kind, is
one of the most potent forces for changes that I know. (Carl Rogers)

Definitions of Listening:
• Listening is receiving language through the ears. Listening involves identifying the sounds of speech
and processing them into words and sentences. When we listen, we use our ears to receive individual
sounds (letters, stress, rhythm and pauses) and we use our brain to convert these into messages that
mean something to us.
• Listening in any language requires focus and attention. It is a skill that some people need to work at
harder than others. People who have difficulty concentrating are typically poor listeners. Listening in a
second language requires even greater focus. (English Club)
• Listening as an action—the process of lending an ear to another person to take in and organize
information, thereby learning from their perspective and formulating more productive communities.
• Listening is personally attentive and responsive communication that leads to awareness,
understanding, and empathy. (Listen First Project)

LISTENING IN COMMUNICATION
At the end of the communication line is an indispensable element—the listener, the active participation
of whom either makes or unmakes communication. How good at listening this element is, spells a big
difference in the communication process. At this point, it must be understood that effective
communication, in part, come through a constant awareness and study of how listeners respond. This is
especially so if we consider the axiom that meaning is altogether in the mind of the listener.

NATURE OF LISTENING
Listening is the cognitive process whereby we attach meanings to aural signals. It is the active intellectual
process of decoding, interpreting, understanding and evaluating messages. It is a mode of
communication just as important as the other modes like speaking, reading, and writing. It is sad to note,
however, that this mode has been observed to be the most neglected area in teaching English towards
communicative competence.
 The Characteristics of Good Listening
✓ Voluntary
✓ Purposeful
✓ Motivated
✓ Cooperative
✓ Critical

THE IMPORTANCE OF LISTENING

• Listening is assuming greater and greater importance in foreign language classrooms. Listening is a skill
of critical significance in all aspects of our lives –from maintaining our personal relationships to get our
job, to take notes in class.
• Regardless of how we’re engaged with listening, it’s important to understand that listening involves
more than just hearing the words that are directed at us.
• Listening is an active process by which we make sense of, assess, and respond to what we hear. The
listening process involves five stages: receiving, understanding, evaluating, remembering, and
responding.

TYPES OF LISTENING
1) Discriminative listening - is the most basic type of listening, whereby the difference between
difference sounds is identified. If you cannot hear differences, then you cannot make sense of the
meaning that is expressed by such differences.
2) Comprehension Listening - To comprehend the meaning requires first having a lexicon of words at our
fingertips and also all rules of grammar and syntax by which we can understand what others are
saying.
3) Critical Listening - is listening in order to evaluate and judge, forming opinion about what is being said.
Judgement includes assessing strengths and weaknesses, agreement and approval.
4) Biased Listening - happens when the person hears only what they want to hear, typically
misinterpreting what the other person says based on the stereotypes and other biases that they have.
Such biased listening is often very evaluative in nature.
5) Evaluative Listening - or critical listening, we make judgments about what the other person is saying.
We seek to assess the truth of what is being said.
6) Appreciative Listening - we seek certain information which will appreciate, for example that which
helps meet our needs and goals.
7) Sympathetic Listening - we care about the other person and show this concern in the way we pay close
attention and express our sorrow for their ills and happiness at their joys.
8) Empathetic Listening - When we listen empathetically, we go beyond sympathy to seek a truer
understand how others are feeling.
9) Therapeutic Listening - the listener has a purpose of not only empathizing with the speaker but also to
use this deep connection in order to help the speaker understand, change or develop in some way.
10) Dialogic Listening - The word 'dialogue' stems from the Greek words 'dia’, meaning 'through' and
'logos' meaning 'words'. Thus dialogic listening mean learning through conversation and an engaged
 interchange of ideas and information in which we actively seek to learn more about the person and
how they think.
11) Relationship Listening - sometimes the most important factor in listening is in order to develop or
sustain a relationship.

DEPTH OF LISTENING
1) False listening - occurs where a person is pretending to listen but is not hearing anything that is being
said. They may nod, smile and grunt in all the right places, but do not actually take in anything that is
said.
2) Initial Listening - sometimes when we listen, we hear the first few words and then start to think about
what we want to say in return. We then look for a point at which we can interrupt.
3) Selective Listening - involves listening for particular things and ignoring others. We thus hear what we
want to hear and pay little attention to 'extraneous’ detail.
4) Partial Listening - Partial listening is what most of us do most of the time. We listen to the other
person with the best of intent and then become distracted, either by stray thoughts or by something
that the other person has said.
5) Full Listening - happens where the listener pays close and careful attention to what is being said,
seeking carefully to understand the full content that the speaker is seeking to put across.
6) Deep Listening - you listen between the lines of what is said, hearing the emotion, watching the body
language, detecting needs and goals, identifying preferences and biases, perceiving beliefs and values,
and so on.

BARRIERS TO EFFECTIVE LISTENING WITH TIPS TO OVERCOME THEM:

1. Excessive Talking - Good conversational skills are an asset, and a person with these skills are more
likely to achieve professional success. However, talking more than necessary is a barrier to effective
communication.
Try these tips:
➢ Think before you speak, and don’t speak if you have nothing important to contribute.
➢ Practice self-control. Allow the other person to speak.
➢ Avoid interrupting when the other person is speaking.
➢ Be aware of indulging in useless talk for the sake of talking.
➢ Be brief while conveying your thoughts.
➢ Observe your listener’s reactions while speaking.
2. Prejudice - is a preconceived opinion of feeling, which is usually irrational. Prejudice is very dangerous
and has the potential to bring animosity into the team and to break team spirit. The reason for a
prejudice may be the speaker’s race, religion, age or appearance.
Overcoming prejudice while listening:
➢ • Respect the other person for his or her knowledge and skills, irrespective of the person’s
background.
➢ • Make conscious efforts to take charge of your thoughts.
➢ • Consciously avoid taking an “I know what he or she is going to say” attitude while the other
person is speaking
 3. Distractions - The four main types of distractions are physical, mental, auditory and visual.
Here’s how to avoid this common barrier:
➢ Face the person who is speaking.
➢ Maintain eye contact while the other person is speaking.
➢ Ensure that you are comfortable.
➢ Switch off the cell phone.

4. Expecting Others to Share Your Personal Beliefs and Values – Everybody has their own personal
beliefs and value systems, and it’s natural to want to apply them to others around us. Learn to
appreciate that others don’t have to share your beliefs. In fact, their unique perspectives may shine
light on problems and issues that you haven’t been able to deal with before!
5. Misunderstanding - The inability to hear correctly is one of the many reasons for misunderstanding
what a speaker is trying to communicate. You may think that it’s impolite to ask the speaker to clarify
his words or intentions, but that’s not the case at all. Most people will appreciate the fact that you are
making a focused effort to really understand what they are trying to say.

LISTEN WITH CURIOSITY.

SPEK WITH HONESTY.
ACT WITH INTEGRITY.
(ROY T. BENNETT)

THERE’S A LOT OF
DIFFERENCE BETWEEN
LISTENING AND HEARING
(GILBERT K. CHESTERTON)
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Unit 2 Module 3: Communication and globalization

(PURPOSIVE COMMUNICATION)
Globalization
• is a process of interaction and integration among the people, companies, and governments of different
nations. A process driven by international trade and investment and aided by information technology.

Global communication
• It describes the way countries and people of the world interact and integrate. Many things have
become globalized as people come into contact. Economic globalization is how countries are coming
together as one big global economy, making international trade easier.
The five-step process is:
1. A person or an organization in one country sends a message.
2. The message is encoded.
3. The message travels through a channel or medium.
4. The receiver in another country decodes the message.
5. The recipient receives the message.
Importance of Globalization in Communication
• The importance of communication in globalization is paramount (more important than anything else).

The Positive example of Global Communication

• Global communication has increased the ways in which we can learn new information and
communicate with other people all across the globe.

Factors that affect Global Communication

• Language
• Environmental and technological considerations.
• Social organization.
• Contexting and face-saving.
• Authority conception.
• Nonverbal communication behavior.
• Time conception.
These seven items form the acronym LESCANT.
❖ The study of global communication examines how information is exchanged across geographical and
social divides

The advantage and disadvantage of globalization

GLOBALIZATION IS GOOD GLOBALIZATION IS BAD
THERE ARE MANY ADVANTAGES TO GLOBALIZATION HAS FELLED INEQUALITY, ERODED
GLOBALIZATION. GLOBALIZATION HAS CREATED WORKER PROTECTIONS AND CONTRIBUTED TO
JOBS, LOWERED THE PRICE OF CONSUMER GOODS, ENVIRONMENTAL DEGRADATION
FELLED INNOVATION AND CONTRIBUTED TO PEACE • Globalization fuels inequality
ON EARTH • Globalization leads to reduced public
• Globalization creates jobs revenues
• Globalization has lowered prices • Globalization creates a race to the bottom
• Globalization has improved access to • Globalization leaves us vulnerable to
technology infectious diseases
• Globalization promotes peace • Globalization destroys the environment
• Globalization improves productivity
7 major types of globalization
• Financial Globalization.
• Economic Globalization.
• Technological Globalization.
• Political Globalization.
• Cultural Globalization.
• Sociological Globalization.
• Ecological Globalization.
• Geographical Globalization

What is communication?
• Communication the process of exchanging information, ideas and knowledge from person to another.
Importance of communication
• We use communication every day in nearly every environment, including in the workplace. Whether
you give a slight head nod in agreement or present information to a large group, communication is
absolutely necessary when building relationships, sharing ideas, delegating responsibilities, managing a
team and much more.
• Learning and developing good communication skills can help you succeed in your career, make you a
competitive job candidate and build your network. While it takes time and practice, communication
and interpersonal skills are certainly able to be both increased and refined.

Types of Communication and ways to use them

VERBAL
• Avoid industry jargon when appropriate.
• Use a strong, confident speaking voice.
• Use active listening.
NONVERBAL
• Notice how your emotions Feel physically.
• Be intentional about your nonverbal communications.
• Mimic nonverbal communications you find effective.
VISUAL
• Ask others before including visuals.
• Consider your audience.
• Only use visuals if they add value.
• Make them clear and easy to understand.
WRITTEN
• Strive for simplicity.
• Don’t rely on tone.
• Take time to review your written communications.
• Keep a file of writing you find effective or enjoyable.
Four Types of Communication
1. Verbal Communication
• Verbal communication seems like the most obvious of the different types of communication. It
utilizes the spoken word, either face-to-face or remotely.
Here are a few steps you can take to develop your verbal communication skills:
➢ Use a strong, confident speaking voice
➢ Use active listening.
➢ Avoid filler words.
2. Nonverbal communication
• Nonverbal communication provides some insight into a speaker’s word choice. Sarcasm,
complacency, deception or genuineness occur within nonverbal communication.
Here are a few steps you can take to develop your nonverbal communication skills:
➢ Notice how your emotions feel physically.
➢ Be intentional about your nonverbal communications.
➢ Mimic nonverbal communications you find effective.
3. Written communication
• Is the act of writing, typing or printing symbols like letters and numbers to convey information.
Here are a few steps you can take to develop your written communication skills:
➢ Strive for simplicity
➢ Don’t rely on tone.
➢ Take time to review your written communications
4. Visual Communication
➢ Visual types of communication include signs, maps or drawings as well as color or graphic design.
Here are a few steps you can take to develop your written communication skills:
➢ Ask others before including visuals.
➢ Consider your audience
Conclusion:
• According to the foregoing analysis, globalization is not merely an intensification of global
interconnectedness brought about by market forces and technological change. Rather, it is a worldview
shaped by capital and hegemonic power that aspires to establish a global system in line with the
interests of capital. Capitalism, as a market-oriented system of production, has an inherent globalizing
tendency.
• More universal, more unchallenged, more pure, and more unadulterated.
• The financial crises affecting different countries have shaken the confidence of the advocates of
globalization. The World Bank, for example, in stark contrast to the minimalist state dictum it
advocated in the 1980s, in the early twenty-first century recognizes the importance of the role of the
state in protecting and correcting markets.
• On September 11, 2001, terrorist attacks on the United States also (temporarily, at least) raised
questions about the wisdom of supporting globalization.
 “People fail to get along because they fear each other; they fear each other because they don’t know each
other; they don’t know each other because they have no communicated with each other”
(Martin Luther King Jr.)

Communication—the human connection—is the key to personal and career success.

(Paul J. Meyer)
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
UNIT 2 Module 4: COMMUNICATION AND GLOBALIZATION
Language and Globalization: Its Implication to Workplace

LANGUAGE
➢ a system of conventional spoken, manual (signed), or written symbols by means of which human
beings, as members of a social group and participants in its culture, express themselves. (Britannica
Dictionary)
➢ the words, their pronunciation, and the methods of combining them used and understood by a community.
(Merriam Webster)

GLOBALIZATION
• is the spread of products, technology, information, and jobs across national borders and cultures. In
economic terms, it describes an interdependence of nations around the globe fostered through free
trade. (Investopedia)
• is the word used to describe the growing interdependence of the world’s economies, cultures, and
populations, brought about by cross-border trade in goods and services, technology, and flows of
investment, people, and information. (Peterson Institute for International Economics)
Effective Language Skills in the Workplace
• A basic understanding of language skills is important for inter-office communication as well as
connecting with external clients. Four core skills are used to expand and develop your native language
and others.
• In the workplace, effective communication is vital to achieving goals. You can develop each of these
language skills to assist with your workplace communications.
The Power of Language
• Language shapes our sense of self and has a direct impact on our emotional wellbeing. Neuroscientific
research has found that ‘social’ pain, which happens as a result of exclusion or rejection, and physical
pain activate the same neural networks in our brain.
• Certain words or phrases have the potential to exclude a person or group, even if unintentionally.
These words or phrases exist on a spectrum from simply exclusionary to harmful and derogatory.
Language Barriers in the Workforce
• Communication is key to managing an efficient workforce. Being aware of the different types of
language barriers in the workplace is one way you facilitate more efficient communication.
Types of Language Barriers in the Workplace
➢ Poor Communication Skills
➢ English as a Foreign Language

Globalization and its Implication to workplace

Increased Cultural Diversity
• As globalization becomes more prevalent, companies deal with increased cultural diversity within the
workforce. These changes require small and large businesses adopt new policies and guidelines for
workers.
Globalization and Changes in Wages
• When companies expand overseas to countries with a lower standard of living, they gain access to
products and services at a much lower cost.
Increased Workplace Standards
• Companies in foreign countries, particularly in the third world, have had to adopt a more Western
standard in terms of providing better workplace safety and increasing workplace condition standards.
Coaching and Training
• The more diversity that exists in the workplace due to globalization, the greater the need for coaching
and training employees. Workers from different backgrounds may have trouble connecting with each
other.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
UNIT 2 Module 5: Impacts of Globalization to Global Communications

What is Globalization?
• The process by which businesses or other organizations develop international influence or start
operating on an international scale. “fears about the increasing globalization of the world economy”
Global Communications
• Global communication is directly affected by the process of globalization, and helps to increase
business opportunities, remove cultural barriers and develop a global village. Both globalization and
global communication have changed the environmental, cultural, political and economic elements of
the world.

The Impacts of Globalization to Global Communications

➢ Increased Business Opportunities
➢ Fewer Cultural Barriers
➢ Creation of a Global Village

Increased Business Opportunities

• Many companies today hire employees that are located in other countries. Using communication
vehicles such as video calling make it simple to converse with colleagues across the globe, almost
making it feel as if they are in the same room. Technology also makes it easier to connect with
suppliers and customers all over the world, and to streamline those relationship through improves
 ordering, shipment tracking and so on. With this kind of communication technology, many businesses
are able to take advantage of opportunities in different countries or cities, improving the economic
outlook on a global level.
• Thanks to global communications, information itself can be transferred as a valuable business asset
from one country to another. This has the effect of making everyone’s operations more modern and
efficient, regardless where they are located.

Fewer Cultural Barriers

• Many people perceive culture to be the root of communication challenges. When people from two
different cultures try to exchange information, the way they speak, their body language or their
mannerisms can be interpreted differently by the other person. The way people approach problems
and how they participate in communities is all influenced by culture.
• Globalization has made it possible, for example, for someone in Japan to understand how someone in
the U.S. goes about their day. With television and movies, cultural barriers are becoming less
prevalent. Being able to communicate effectively and frequently with colleagues or friends across the
planet helps people understand each other’s cultures a little better.

Creation of a Global Village

• You’ve likely heard of the phrase “global village,” coined by theorist Marshall McLuhan. Affected both
by globalization and global communication, the global village is created when distance and isolation no
longer matter because people are connected by technology. Wide-spread telephone and internet
access have been life-changing for many people across the world, especially those in developing
countries.
• Many are now enrolling in universities across the world without having to leave their desk chair. Virtual
assistant jobs are becoming commonplace, where employees from developing countries work with
companies in North America or Europe, providing administrative support and other business services
that can easily be conducted over the phone or via the internet.
• Globalization and global communication have made it easier to see people on the other side of the
world as a neighbor, instead of a stranger from a faraway land. There is so much knowledge about
other countries and cultures available online, that it’s no longer a complete mystery.