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/ 140
Published by :
LAXMI PUBLICATIONS (P) LTD
22, Golden House, Daryaganj,
New Delhi-110002.
_{ 2326 23 68
Phones :{ 2326 23 70
Faxes : 011-2325 25 72
011-2326 22 79
Branches :
129/1, IIrd Main Road, IX Cross, Chamrajpet, Bangalore (Phone : 080-661 16 61)
26, Damodaran Street, T. Nagar, Chennai (Phone : 044-2434 47 26)
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EMAIL : colaxmi@hotmail.com
Website : www.laxmipublications.com
© 1980, 1992 B.C. PUNMIA
© 1992 ASHOK KUMAR JAIN & ARUN KUMAR JAIN
All Rights Reserved by the Authors.
This book, or parts thereof, may not be reproduced in any form or translated
without the written permission of the Authors.
Price : Ra. 230.00 Only.
C—7319/03/08
DIP Composed By: Aribant Consultants
Printed at ; Mehra Offset Press, Delhi. Contents
PARTI
WATER TANKS
(CHAPTER 1. BEAMS CURVED IN PLAN Page
i ion. T.
1.2.__Circular_beam su jed trical = 4
1.3. Semicircular_ beam simply supported on three
columns ~ u
22. Nature of stresses in spherical domes - 57
23. is of ical_ domes ~ 599
Z4,__Stresses due to wind load __..___ 65
2.5. Design of R.C. domes ~ 65
2.6,__Conical_ domes 200]
Problems 20,
CHAPTER 3. CIRCULAR AND INTZE TANKS
3..__Introduction 2
3.2.__General_desi juirements to Indian
Standard_Code_of Practice
(IS_: 3370, Part Il, 1965) = a}
3.3,_Joints_in_water_tanks 2 ___...__&3
3.4. Circular tank with rigid joint between
3.6.__Design of flat base slab for elevated
& i)
3.2___Cireular_tank with domed bottom and roof
3.8._Intze tank
3.9.__ Effects of _ continuity
3.10. of tank sy ing towers
3,11. Design of foundations
PIPES, SILOS & CHIMNEYS
‘CHAPTER 6. REINFORCED CONCRETE PIPES
6.1. Loads on pipes
6.2 Stresses due to hydrostatic pressure
63. Stresses due to self weight
6.4. Stresses due to weight of water inside
6.5 Stresses due to earthfill over haunches
6.6. Stresses due to uniformly distributed load
on top
6.7. Stresses due to uniform pressure from sides
68. Stresses due to triangularly distributed toad
69. Stresses due to point load on crown
6.10. Stresses due to over-burden and external
loads
Problems
CHAPTER 7. BUNKERS AND SILOS
7.1. Introduction
7.2. Janssen's theory
13. Airy’s theory
7.4, Bunkers
7.5. Hopper bottom
7.6. Indian’ Standard on design of bins
Problems
BRREE BEBE BERREE
S88 88 BSRE SRERE
eee |
|
Introduction a
Wind pressure on
Stresses in chimney shaft due to self- weight
‘Stresses in horizontal reinforcement due to wind
shear ~
Stresses due to temperature difference ~
Combined effect of self load, wind and
temperature ~~
‘Temperature stresses in horizontal reinforcement ...
Design of R.C. chimney
BE &R EF BRE
BEEBE BE E EE
10.3. Analysis for vertical loads - 391
10.4. Methods of computing B.M. 394
10.5. Analysis of frames subjected to_ horizontal
10.6. Portal method 20,
10.7.__Cantilever_method 2.
10.8,_Factor method
Problems 0,8
PART IV
CONCRETE BRIDGES
CHAPTER 11. AQUEDUCTS AND BOX CULVERTS
11.1. Aqueducts and weducts 437
11.2. of an educt 438 Git)
U3. Box culvert a
11.4. Design of box culvert 444
Problems J _____________., __ 462
(CHAPTER 12, CONCRETE BRIDGES
12.1. Introduction : Various of | bric = __ 463
12.2. Selection of type of bridge and
economic len, = 467
12.3, Types of loads, forces and stresses 468
12.5. It effect 476
|
3
12.7. jitudinal forces =
2.9. Centrifugal force
(2.10. Width of and
12.11. General_desi juirements
2.12. Solid slab
12.13. Deck brid -
12.14, B.M. in slab supported on four edges =
12.15. Distribution of live loads on longitudinal beams ..
|
ES
12.18. of a T-beam brid; = 549
12.19. Balanced cantilever_bridge = 613
PART V
LIMIT STATE METHOD
CHAPTER 13. DESIGN CONCEPTS
13.1. Methods of design 661
13.2, Safety and serviceability requirements
iS_:_ 456-1! a 663
13.3. Characteristic_and design values and
tial safety factors a 664
14.1. Limit state of collapse in flexure a
14.2. Stress strain relationship for concrete :
14.3. Stress-strain relationship for steel =
14.4. Stress block parameters =
145. Design stress block parameters (IS : 456-1978)
A888 ati)
14.6. Singly reinforced rectangular beams 677
14.7, Procedure for finding moment of resistance 679
14.8. Design of rectangular beam section 682
Problems ~~ 9D
(CHAPTERS 15. DOUBLY REINFORCED SECTIONS
15.1, Necessity 693
15.2._Stress block and N.AJ 0
15.3. Determination of moment of resistance __... _695
15.4. ign of a doubly reinforced section 697
16.3. Moment of resistance when x, < Dy - 707
16.4. Moment of resistance when N.A. falls in the
web, 708
16.5. IS Code procedure for finding moment of
resistance (IS : 456-1978) ~ 714
16.6. Design of T-beam ~~ 17
16.7. Doubly reinforced T-beams ~ 72
Problems 2. TBS
CHAPTER 17. SHEAR, BOND AND TORSION
17.1. Limit state of collapse : Shear - 9
17.2. Development length «746
173. Limit state of collapse : Torsion ~~ 748
Problems = 752
CHAPTER 18 DESIGN OF BEAMS AND SLABS
18.1, Design of beams = 753
18.2. Design of cantilever - 760
183. Design of doubly reinforced beam - 764
18.4. Design of one way slab ~~ 769
185. Design of one way continuous slab -
18.6. Design of T-beam roof = 785
Problems = 785
CHAPTER 19. AXIALLY LOADED COLUMNS
19.1, Limit state of collapse : Compression v 787
19.2. Short columns w= 789
193. Short axially loaded members in axial
compression 789
194. Short axially loaded columns with minimum
eccentricity ~ 790
195. Design charts m1 20.2. Combined axial load and uniaxial bending -- 807
20.3._Construction_of interaction curves _for_column
~~ _ 810
20.4. Short columns subjected to axial load and
biaxial bending . - 829
Problems = 835
CHAPTER 21. DESIGN OF STAIR CASES
21.1, General notes on design of stairs 837
21.2 Design of stairs spanning horizontally 841
21.3. Design of doglegged stair 843
21.4. Design of stairs with quarter space landing 846
Problems a 850
CHAPTER 22. TWO-WAY SLABS
22.1, Introduction 8
22 suy slab_with corners free to lift
(LS. Code method). 852
223. Restrained slabs Code_method) 859
Problems 868
23.2 Slab freely supported at edges and carrying
UDL 8
23.3. Slabs fixed at and fing U.D.L. 871
234. Slab simply supported at the edges with load
w uniformly distributed along the circumference
23.5. Slab simply supported at edges, with U.D.L.
inside a concentric circle ~
Problems ~
CHAPTER 24. YIELD LINE THEORY AND DESIGN OF SLABS
83
242. Yield line
243._Moment
244. Ultimate load on slabs ~
mS. virtual work method =
24.6. Analysis by, equilibrium method =
Problems
|
| 8888
CHAPTER 26. PRESTRESSED CONCRETE
26.1. Introduction
26.2. Basic concepts
26.3. Classification and types of prestressing
26.4. prestressing systems : End anchorages
265. Losses of prestress
26.6. Computation of elongation of tendons
26.7. Properties of materials
26.8. Merits and demerits Of prestressed concrete
26.9. Basic assumptions
26.10. Analysis of beams for flexure
26.11. Kern distances and efficiency of section
26.12, Design of sections for flexure : Magnel's
method ~~ 1015
26.13, Rectangular section = 1025
26.14. I-Section ~~ 1029
26.15, Alternative design procedure 1044
26.16, Shear and diagonal tension - 1050
26.17. Stresses at anchorage ~~ 1055
26.18. Indian Standard Code recommendations
(IS : 1343-1980) ~ 1060
26.19. Procedure for limit state design ~~ 1084
Problems ~~ M01
CHAPTER 27. SHRINKAGE AND CREEP
27.1, Introduction ~ 1103
27.2. Shrinkage of concrete ve 1103
27.3. Shrinkage stresses in symmetrically reinforced
sections ~~ 1107
27.4. Shrinkage stresses in singly reinforced beams ~ 1109
275. Instantaneous and repeated loading on concrete... 1112
216. Sustained loading : Creep =~ 14 @i)
27.7_Factors affecting creep ou 1116
278. Effect of creep on E, and m = M7
27.9 Effect of shrinkage and creep in columns 1118
77.10 Effect of shrinkage and creep in veams = 1120
/MPPENDIX-A. B.M. and S.F. coefficients ___... _1123
APPENDIX-B. Properties of materials and
concrete
APPENDIX-C. Reinforcement 22 __... _1134
APPENDIX-D. Loading 1137 SYMBOLS .
A=Total area of section.
Ay = Equivalent area of helical reinforcement.
Ac = Area of compressive steel.
Ae = Equivalent area of section.
Ay =Area of concrete core.
Am = Area of steel or iron core.
‘Aw = Area of longitudinal reinforcement (comp.)
Ax = Area of steel (tensile).
A:= Area of longitudinal torsional reinforcement.
‘Ay =Total cross-sectional area of stirrup legs or bent up bars
within distance s,.
Ay = Area of web reinforcement.
Aq =Area of cross-section of one bar.
a=Lever arm.
a, = Area of concrete.
B=Flange width of T-beam.
6 = Width.
6, = Width of rib.
C =Compressive force.
¢ = Compressive stress in concrete.
c’ =Stress in concrete surrounding compressive steel.
c, = Permissible tensile stress in concrete.
1 = Compressive stress at the junction of flange and web.
D =Depth.
d=Effective depth.
d. = Cover to compressive steel.
d, =Depth of slab.
d, = Cover to tensile stecl.
e = Eccentricity.
= Compressive steel depth factor ( =d./d).
F =Shear force Characteristic load
F, = Design load
F, = Radial shear force.
(wil) (xviii)
J=Siress (in general).
fa: = Characteristic compressive stress.
J = Characteristic strength of steel.
H = Height.
T=Moment of inertia.
I. = Equivalent moment of inertia of section.
j =Lever arm factor.
K, = Coefficient of active earth pressure.
K, = Coefficient of passive earth pressure.
k =Neutral axis depth factor (n/d).
L=Length.
La =Developuent length.
= Effective length of column ; Length ; Bond length.
M = Bending moment ; moment.
‘M, = Moment of resistance ; Radial bending moment.
M, = Torsional moment.
‘M, =Bending moment (limit state design)
Mo = Circumferential bending moment.
mm = Modular ratio.
n=Depth of neutral axis.
n_=Depth of critical neutral axis.
£0 =Sum of perimeter of bars.
P, = Active earth pressure.
P, = Passive carth pressure.
P« = Axial load on the member (limit state design)
P= Percentage stecl.
P’ =Reinforcement ratio (Aq/bd).
Pe = Active earth pressure intensity.
Pe =Net upward soil pressure.
Ps = Passive earth pressure intensity.
Q =Shear resistance.
q=Shear stress (due to bending).
q’ =Shear stress due to torsion.
R=Radius ; Resistance factor ( =4cjk) a]
r= Radius ; cost ratio of steel and concrete ; L/B ratio.
5 = Spacing of bars ; standard deviation.
“Sa = Average bond stress.
$= Local bond stress.
T = Tensile force ; Thickness of wall ; Torsional moment.
T, = Torsional moment (limit state design)
«= Tensile stress in steel.
&’ = Compressive stress in compressive stecl.
V, = Shear force due to design load (limit state design)
Vg = Strength of shear reinforcement (limit state design)
W = Point load ; Total load.
X = Co-ordinate.
% = Depth of neutral axis (limit state design)
Z= Distance : Co-ordinate.
Y,y = Co-ordinate
»Z_ = Bending moment coefficients.
@ = Inclination ; coefficient.
B= Surcharge angle.
y= Unit weight of soil.
y’ = Submerged unit weight of soil.
7 = Partial safety factor appropriate to the loading.
‘Ym = Partial safety factor appropriate to the material
<= Permissible stress in concrete (direct comp).
Gc’ = Direct compressive stress in concrete.
Ocke = Permissible compressive stress in concrete due to bending.
a = Ultimate compressive stress in concrete cubes.
x = Permissible compressive stress in bars.
om = Permissible stress in helical reinforcement.
Oy = Permissible punching shear stress.
Ou = Permissible stress in steel in tension.
0% = Permissible tensile stress in shear reinforcement.
04 = Permissible tensile stress in main reinforcement.
y = Yield point compressive stress in steel.
# = Coefficient of friction. PARTI
WATER TANKS
Chapters :
1
2.
5.
BEAMS CURVED IN PLAN
DOMES
CIRCULAR AND INTZE TANKS
RECTANGULAR TANKS
UNDERGROUND TANKS Beams Curved in Plan
1.1. INTRODUCTION : TORSIONAL MOMENTS IN
BEAMS
Beams curved in plan are used to support circular water tanks
(reservoirs), curved balconies, curved ramps or other similar structures
having curved boundary. Such curved beams may be circular, elliptical
or polygonal in plan, and the line joining the supports lics away
from the curved longitudinal axis of the beam. Since the C.G. of
loads and reactions to one side of any section docs not lic along
the axis of the beam, it is subjected to torsional moment, in addition
‘to bending moment (flexural moment) and shear force.
(co) Space frame (c) Curved Se
a, eS
(b) Straight beam (pian)
(4) Curved beam (elevation)
FIG. 1.1. TORSIONAL MOMENTS IN BEAMS 4 REINFORCED CONCRETE STRUCTURES
In order to understand how torsional moments are induced
in beams, let us consider a space frame shown in Fig.1.1(a) having
horizontal beams AB and BC mutually orthogonal to each other
and a vertical column BD. When vertical load is applied on AB,
both AB as well as BD will be subjected to bending moments causing
joint B to rotate in the anticlockwise direction. The moment at
jvint B will evidently be about the longitudinal axis of BC, and
will therefore, cause twisting or torsion in it. The torsional moment
so induced will be constant all along the length of the beam BC.
Fig. 1.1 (c) shows a beam curved in plan, ie. the longitudinal
axis is curved witha radius of curvature R. Point O is the centre
of curvature. When the beam is subjected to vertical loads, it bends.
At any section P, ths C.G. of loads (C,) and reaction to one side
of it lies away from the axis ; due to this, torsional moment is
induced about the longitudinal axis at that section. Such phenomenon
does not happen in the case of beam straight in plan [Fig. 1.1 (6)]
where the C.G. of loads to one side of section P lies along the
longitudinal axis. It should be noted that in the case of a straight
beam, bending moment at any section P is the moment of all the
forces to one side of it, about the transverse axis of the section.
In the case of beam curved in plan, the direction of transverse axis
at any point is radial. The bending at any point P of the beam
is*therefore the moment of all the forces to one side of it, about
the radial axis OP. On the other hand, the torsional moment at
any point is the moment, of all forces about the longitudinal (or
Aangential) axis of the beam at that section.
1.2. CIRCULAR BEAM SUPPORTED SYMMETRICALLY
Let us first analyse a complete circular beam, supported. sym-
metrically on columns [Fig. 1.2 (a)]. The beam is thus continuous,
and forms a close loop. Let the beam be subjected to uniformly
distributed load w per unit length. Due to symmetry, the vertical
reaction at cach column will be the same. Also, the shear force
and the twisting moment at the centre of each span will be zero,-
and the twisting moment at the supports will be zero. Let the angle
subtended by two consecutive columns A and B be 28, and let the
mean radius of the beam be R
Load W of arc AB=w.R28 =2wRO
The distance of C.G. of an arc, subtending an angle 26 at
the centre, is given by
OE = fame wn(L) BEAMS CURVED IN PLAN s
Thus the C.G. of the load on beam AB lies at a distance
of 2808 from the centre of curvature.
(@) SHEAR FORCE AND MOMENT AT THE SUPPORT
Due to symmetry, the S.F. and B.M. at each support will
be equal. Let Fy be the S.F. and M, be the B.M. at each support.
a 28 = w.RO on(1.2)
Evidently, Fo=
S geoe ois 6 Mo
NOP,
Nes
Ng
(b)
FIG. 12
The bending moment M, at each end will be hogging in nature,
and it will be about the radial axis AO and BO.
Representing the end moments by vectors, the direction of
moments at supports, will be as shown in Fig. 1.2(6), in which the
arrows indicate the moments. about that direction. The moment
Mp about, AO can be resolved in two components :
(@ Moment Mosin @ about chord AD, and
(i) Moment Mocos@ about DO.
Similarly, moment My about BC can be resolved in two com-
ponents about DB and DO as marked.
In order to find the value of end moment M,, let us balance
the moment about the chord AB.
Components of end moments about chord AB
=2Mosine wi)
Moment of external force about the chord AB
=WxED . 6 REINFORCED CONCRETE STRUCTURES
=w.R.20[EO — DO}
=2wRo|£sne_p 00s 6] fit)
[Note. The vertical reactions at A and B will not have any
moments about AB].
Equating (i) and (ii), we get
2Mysin @ = 2w R°a | =F"
My=wR*[1 - 00018] =(1.3)
(ii) SF. AND B.M. AT ANY POINT
After having determined end reactions and moments, the S.F.
and bending moment at any point P on the beam can be easily
found. Let PO make an angle ¢ with AO (Fig. 13). Let SF.
and B.M. at P be designated as F, and M, respectively.
sin@ - e0s0]
FIG. 13.
Reaction at A=wRO.
Load on AP =W,=0.Ro
o Fy=wRO-wRo
or F,=wR(6- 9). (14)
Let the C.G. of load on AP be at point F, such that
‘0 = sings? (Refe. Eq. 1.1)
Also from Fig. 1.3, if FG is perpendicular to PO, we have,
a
FG= FO.sing/2 = Reng va BEAMS CURVED IN PLAN 7
GO =FO. cos 6/2 = BEBE? cos 9/2
_Rsing
¢
PG=R-Rb=R (1-52).
Draw AH perpendicular to PO.
‘Then, AH =Rsing and PH =R(1-cos¢).
Now B.M. at P = moment about the radial axis PO.
Component of end moment, about the radial axis PO
=Mycos@ (hogging).
Hence sagging moment at P is given by
My = Fo x AH — W, x FG — Mocos 9.
Substituting the values of various quantities,
2
M,=w.RO.R sing - wp. RSE Be — wR*(1 — @ cot 6) cos
or M,=wR? [6 sin p — 6 sin? g/2 — cos p + 8 cot 6. cos ¢]
or M,=wR* (6sin ¢ + 2 cot@. cos p — 1] (1.3)
(ii) TWISTING MOMENT AT P
Let. the twisting moment at P be M,. Twisting moment
at any point is equal to the moment of all forces on one side of
it, about the tangential axis. at that point. This moment may be
taken as positive if the left portion twists the beam towards the
centre of curvature.
Mj=Mosin 9 - Fo x PH + Wy x PG
or Mj=wR?(1—@cot6) sing — wR 9. R(1 — cos p)
+wRe.R(1- set)
or Mj=wR*|sing — 6 cot ésin ¢ — 0 + cos ¢ + p — sing]
or Mj= wR? — 6 + 00089 - cot 6. sind]
or Mj= wR’ (0 cos ¢ — @cotd.sing — (6 — ¢)] on(1.6)
* The above equation gives the distribution of torsional. moment
along the beam. In order to get the position of maximum twisting
moment, differentiate the above equation with respect to @ and
equate it to zero. Thus, we get,
sind= 5 [sin*@ + cose (* — sin*6)'*] ~{1.6(a)} 8 REINFORCED CONCRETE STRUCTURES
The above equation also gives the location of section of contra-
flexure. For the design purposes, the values of support moment
(Mo), midspan moment (M.) and the maximum twisting moment
(Mm) can be represented by the following expression :
Mo = Cy. wR? (28) ou(1.7)
M, = Cz.wR* (26) ~(1.8)
and Mm = Cs. wR? (26) (1.9)
The values of coefficients C, , C, and Cs depend upon
the magnitude of 6 and can be taken from Table 1.1, which also
gives the value of angle ¢» where maximum twisting moment occurs.
TABLE 1.1
COEFFICIENTS FOR B.M. AND TWISTING MOMENT IN CIRCULAR
BEAMS,
Example L.1. A curved beam is in the form of a full continuous
circle in plan with a radius of 4 m and is supported continuously
on six supports. The beam carries a uniformly distributed load of 2
Nim length, inclusive of its own weight. Determine the bending moment,
twisting moment and shear force at salient locations and plot B.M.,
T.M. and S.F. diagrams.
Solution : Number of supports =6:
20 = 2 26
or 6 = 30° = 0.5236 radians
From Table 1.1, C; = 0.089; C; = 0.045; C; = 0.009 BEAMS CURVED IN PLAN 9
gm = 12.75° = 0.223 radians
wR3.20 = 2.(4)* x (2 x 0.5236) = 33.51
Mo = C wR® (2.6) = 0.089 x 33.51
= 2.982 KN-m (hogging).
Mc. = C2. wR’ (26) = 0.045 x 33.51
= 1.508 kKN-m
and Mj, = CywR? (26) = 0.009 x 33.51
= 0.302 kN-m
Fo=w.R.0=2X 4x 05236
= 4,19 KN.
@ SP. diagram. The distribution of S.F. is given by Eq. 1.4.
Fy=wR-9)
Fy =2%4(30°- 9) x ap where ¢ is in degrees
oO”
1
20°
30°
io” 10 REINFORCED CONCRETE STRUCTURES
or F, = 0.1396 (30° - ¢) mi)
‘The above equation shows that F, varies linearly with ¢. Values
for F, at varying 10° interval is tabulated below :
(ii) BM. diagram. B.M. M, at any point is given by Eq.1.5:
‘My = R? [sin @ + 6 cot O..cos — 1}
or My = 2 (4) [0.5236 sin @ + 0.2236 cot 30° cos ¢ — 1]
or Mg = 32 {0.5236 sin p + 0.9069 cos — 1] (i)
The values of My at ¢ = 10° interval are tabulated below :
The distribution of bending moment is shown in Fig. 1.4(b).
(ii) T.M. diagram. The twisting moment Mj at any point
is given by Eq. 1.6 :
M; =wR'[6cos¢ —@cotd.sing — (6 -¢)]
= 2 (4) [0.5236 008 9 ~ 0.5236 cot 30° sing — 30" - #);55 |
= 32 [0.5236 cos ¢ — 0.9069 sin ¢ — 0.01745 (30° — f)] _..(iii)
where ¢ is in degrees.
The values of M; at 10° interval are tabulated below : BEAMS CURVED IN PLAN
0.00 End of beam.
+ 0.293
Point of max. torsion
+ 0.235
Middle of beam
‘The twisting moment diagram is shown in Fig. 1.4(c).
1.3. SEMICIRCULAR BEAM SIMPLY SUPPORTED
ON THREE EQUALLY SPACED COLUMNS
FIG. 1.5, SEMICIRCULAR BEAM
_ Let us now take the case of semi-circular beam ABC, simply
supported over end column A and B, and continuous over a central
column at C (Fig. 1.7). End moments at A and B will be evidently
zero. Due to symmetry, reaction at A and B will be equal (say R;)
and reaction at C (say R;) will be different. Let us first find the
reactions.
Total load on the semi-circular beam =W=w2aR
(where R is the radius of the semi-cirle)
Distance of C.G. of load from centre O =Do = Rsind 12 REINFORCED CONCRETE STRUCTURES
In order to find the value of the reaction R, , take moments
about tangent at point C.
. 2R,x CO =Wx DC
or 2k. RewsR(R-28
or Ri =Ra@-2 o=(1.10)
and R,=W-2Ri:=w2xR-wR (a - 2)
or R,=2wR w= (1.11)
@ S.F. at any point
In order to find the S.F. distribution consider any point P
at angle ¢ with OA. The C.G. of the load on AP will be at point
E such that
0 = Rsing/2
g/2
Draw perpendiculars AH and EG on the radial line PO.
AH =R sing ; OH=Roos¢
2
EG = EOsing/2 = RS g
GO = EO cos $/2
_ Rsing/2 _Rsing
G72 dR =e
Load on AP=W=w Rd
F,=Ri-wR¢
wR
= BR e-2)-wRe
or Fy=wR [Z-1-9 (112)
The above expression is valid from ¢=0 to ¢=x/2.
ANG g=x/2
Fp=Fe= -wR
(o BM. at any point
B.M. at point P is evidently equal to moment, about OP,
of all the forces to the left of point P. BEAMS CURVED IN PLAN 13
My = Ri x AH - W, x EG
WR ig - sin’ g/2
My =*5 (x — 2) Rsing — wROR EH
or M, = wR [252 sing — asin] (1.13)
At ¢=0 My=M,=0
At $= 2/2, My= Mc =wR [252 —2x3]
=wR 254 —a4owR (114)
(ce. hogging)
In order to find the maximum sagging bending moment any
where in AC differentiate Eq. 1.13 with respect to ¢ and put it
equal to zero.
aM, a-2 Gy
ote ont - =
We wR Fs 2x 2sin$ x }c0s 9/2] 0
a-2
or AZ 0s $ = 2sin g/2 cos g/2 = sing
tan g = 252 = 05708
which gives = 29.72° = 29°44! = 0.5187 radians.
Substituting the value of ¢ in Eq. 1.13, we get
Mrar = wR [#52 sin 29:72 - 2sint 272")
= 0.1514 wR? (sagging). (1.15)
(ii) Torsional moment at any point
Torisonal moment at any point P is the moment, about tangent
at P, of all the forces to the left of P.
M, =R, x PH — W, x PG
= R; x (PO - HO) -— W, (PO ~ GO)
R Rsit
= "Fa -2)x R—Reosg)-wRe [R- AS)
2
In order to get the maximum torsional moment, differentiate
the above equation with respect to p and equate it to zero.
or Mj=wR lon Sp reoso-o tsing] (1.16) 4 REINFORCED CONCRETE STRUCTURES
ag awk [27 ?sing —1 + 0059] =0.
dp
or 25? sing -1+ 0059 =0
or 0.5708 sing -1 = —cosp
Squaring both the sides,
0.3258 sin? ¢ — 1.1416 sing + 1 = cos*¢ =1—-sin’¢
1.3258 sin? ¢ = 1.1416 sing
1.1416
or sing = F355 = 08611
$= ¢m = 59.44° = 1.037 radians.
Substituting the value of @ in Eq. 1.16, we get
Mn mw Rt [252 252 cos so.see— 1.037 + sin 59.44")
or Mn = 0.1045 wR? ww(1.17)
If this value of ¢m is substituted in Eq. 1.13, we get M, = 0.
Thus the point of maximum torsion coincides with the point of con-
traflecure.
Example 1.2. A semi-circular beam with radius of 4 m is
simply supported at ends, and is continuous over a column at its middle.
The beam carries a uniformly distributed load of 20 kNim length of
the beam, inclusive of its own weight. Determine S.F., B.M. and T.M.
at Salient points, and plot S.F, B.M. and T.M. diagrams.
Solution. (Fig. 1.6).
R=4m; w=20 kN/m
R= Ba 2y6= 20% 4 oy — —2) = 45.66 KN
Ri=2wR=2x 20x 4 = 160 KN
(@ SF. Fa = Ry = 45.66 KN
Fo= -wR=~-20x4= —80 kN
At any other location,
FeawR[5-1-9]
=20x4[5-1-#x 755] BEAMS CURVED IN PLAN 15
or Fy = 80 [0.5708 ~ 0.01745 ¢].
The variation of F, is thus linear with ¢
At p= 90° Fy = 80 [0.5708 — 0.01745 x 90] = — 80 kN
To locate the position where F, is zero, we have,
0.5708 — 0.01745 ¢ = %
or =3271°
o=
as
(i) Bending moment :
Mc. = — 0.429 wR? = — 0.429 x 20 (4)*
= — 137.28 kN-m (ie. hogging)
Mmax = + 0.1514 wR? = + 0.1514 x 20 (4)*
= 48.46 KN-m (sagging).
The bending moment at any other location is given by Eq.1.13.
My =wR* [ostassing - 2sin'$]
= 320 [0.5708 sin ¢ — 2 sin*g/2]
The values of M, at 30° interval are tabulated below :
In order to find the position where B.M. is zero, equate Eq.
1.13, to zero. Thus,
0.5708 sin ¢ — 2sin’?¢/2 = 0
or 0.5708 x 2 sin ¢/2 cos p/2= 2 sin’ g/2
or tan ¢/2= 0.5708
we $/2= 29.72?
or p= 59.44,
which is evidently the location where torsional moment is maximum.
Thus, we conclude that the point of torsional moment is also the
point of contra-flexure.
(if) Torsional moment :
ME = 0.1045 wR? = 0.1045 x 20 (4)? = 33.42 kKN-m. 16 REINFORCED CONCRETE STRUCTURES
The distribution of torsional moment is given by Eq. 1.16.
Mimwh? [252-2529 — 9 +sing]|
or ‘Mj = 20 (4F [0.5708 — 0.5708 0089 + sind - 9 355 |
or Mj = 320 [0.5708 — 0.5708 cos ¢ + sin ¢ — 0.01745 ¢]
where ¢ is in degrees.
‘The values of torsional moment at 33° interval are tabulated
below :
33.41
a ee ee ee
I37-28kN-m (b) 8.M.D.
(c) T.M.D.
35-42kN-m
aan ca BEAMS CURVED IN PLAN 7
1.4, CURVED BEAM SIMPLY SUPPORTED AT-ENDS
AND CONTINUOUS OVER TWO EQUALLY
SPACED INTERMEDIATE SUPPORTS
Fig. 1.7 shows a verandah beam continuous over four supports
which are equally spaced. Hence each span subtends an angle of
90° at the centre. Due to symmetry,
Ra =Ro=Ri
and Re =Rc=Rz
In order to find the reactions, we have,
2(Ri +R) =wR3x = 3wRx (i)
FIG. 1.7.
Consider sector CD. Load on it=wRF, and its C.G. falls
at J whose perpendicular distance from BC is equal tol] K=CJ
Now CD = Fe = T= VER
lop -V2R_ R
=7 Daa 18, REINFORCED CONCRETE STRUCTURES
Load on sectorBC = w.R.F
and its C.G. acts at point L, where
Rsinz/4
Ob = T/A
=aq=ak
Distanace OM = CI = “7
DM =OL-OM
x
Rsing oR
“ae VE
4
Now taking the moments of all the forces about line BC.
= Z)q- x
2Rix CD =2[w.RZ) CO (W-R) em
or 2RVER=2(w.R5) Few RG (ATE)
a/4
RuvR (224%
= 392 (ye~ vat av)
or Ri=wR SE -}) -007we
2
Hence from (i),
R= }wRa-Ri=3wRa-wRia-h]
18)
=wRija-3xt3]
or Rr = wR [gx + 3] = 1.6780R (1.19)
After having determined the reactions, the expression for My
and M, at any point can be easily written. For example, consider
point P at angle ¢ , in sector AB.
Load on AP =W,=wR@
The CG. of load acts at point E, such that
oc = Baga ; OF =Roos¢/2
2
EG = 08. sing/2 = RS 90
=OE. / = Rsing/2cos ¢/2 _ Rsin
OG = OE. sing/2 Rsneete aoe
FH = OF. sing/2 = Ros ¢/2sin ¢/2
PG =PO- 0G =R- RSA = R(1- S88) BEAMS CURVED IN PLAN 19
Draw AQ perpendicular to PO.
AQ=Rsing ; OQ=Reos¢
PQ =R-Rcos¢ =R(1 - cos)
Now B.M. at P is the moment, about PO, of all forces to
the left of it. Hence sagging B.M. M, is given by
My = Ri X AQ — Wy X GE
in?
= 0.678 WR.Rsing — wR [eae )
= wR? (0.678sin ¢ — 1+ cos ¢) (1.20)
The expression is valid for ¢< 90°.
For ¢>90°, we have
M, = wR? (0.678 sin ¢ — 1 + cos ¢) + Rr. Rsin (p — 2/2)
or Mg = wR? (0.678 sin ¢ — 1 + cos ¢)
+ 1.678 R’ sin (¢ — 2/2) ww(1.21)
The twisting moment M; at any point is the moment, about
tangent at P, of all the forces, to one side of it. Taking twisting
moment to be positive when the left portion twists the beam towards
its centre of curvature,
Mj = —Rix PQ+W,x PG
= — 0678 wR xR (1 cos) + wROR (1 -S¢)
Mj = wR? [ - 0.678 + 0.678 cos ¢ + p — sing]
2. Mj = wR? [p + 0.678.cos p - sing ~ 0.678] (1.22)
The above expression is valid when ¢ < 90°,
For ¢>90°, we have
Mj = wR? [g + 0.678 cos $ ~ sin — 0.678]
x
= 1.678 wR [z — Roos (¢ -3) |
or Mj = wR'{p+ 0.678 cos p+ 0.678 sin g — 2.356} ...(1.23)
The SF. at any point P is given by
Fe=Ri-W, (for $< 90°)
or F, = 0.678 wR — wR ¢ = wR (0.678 - 9) wn (1.24)
When ¢ > 90°,
Fy = Ry — Wy + Ry = 0.678 wR — wR g + 1.678 WR
or F, = wR (2.356 ~ ¢) (1.25) aw» REINFORCED CONCRETE STRUCTURES
1.5. CURVED BEAM FIXED AT ENDS
Fig. 1.8 shows a curved beam ABC, fixed at end A and
B, and subtending an angle 26 at the centre. The beam carries
a uniformly distributed load w per unit length of the beam. Because
of fixidity, there will be three reaction components at each support
(i) shear force Fo (ii) bending moment Mo and (iii) twisting moment
Mg. The beam is therefore, statically indeterminate to first degree.
‘We shall use the method of strain energy to solve the problem.
Because of symmetry, shear force and torsional moment at
the middle point C will be zero. Let the bending moment at this
point be M. If we cut the beam, at C, in two portions M- will
be the reaction component at C. This component is evidently about
the radial axis CO.
Consider a point P at angular distance ¢ with OC. Load on
section CP is given by W,=wRg, and its CG. will be at point
D such that
op = Rsing/2
¢72
From D, drop perpendicular DE on radial axis PO
2
DE = DO. sing/2 = S92
£0 = D0.cos 9/2. = Riing/2.008 4/2 = Rsing
PE =PO-£0=R-RSE =p (2-8?)
Now, F,=W,=wR.¢ (1.26) BEAMS CURVED IN PLAN a
The bending moment M. (sagging) can be resolved in com-
ponent M-cos¢ about PO and M-sing about tangential axis at
P. The moment M.cos¢ about PO will evidently be the bending
moment component at P, while M-sing about tangential axis at
P will be the torsional moment component.
” M, = M. cos ¢ — W, ED
at
or M, = Mecos9 - wre (Rig?)
or My = Me cos — wR? (1-cosg) — ...(1.27)
Similarly, Mj = M.sing — W,PE
Mj = Mesing —wRg.R (2=se )
or Mj=M-sing —wR?(p—sing) _...(1.28)
Let U be the strain energy of half the portion (CA) of the
beam consisting of strain energy due to B.M. and that due to torsional
moment. The strain energy due to S.F. is extermely small and may
be neglected.
. Mi)? ds
Hence U St Me f see
where ds= Rag.
In order to determine M. , put ay equal to zero.
6
Me =
J, Ei tibeses Soh 3 Me Rdg 0
where G = modulus of rigidity= ne W-m~ 0.43E for concrete.
J' = torsion factor (rotational constant), depending
upon the shape of the section
In the expression,
OM, _
aM, S*
aM3 _.
oils
and am = sing
Putting a = Tp, we get
s [Me cos @ — wR? (1 ~ 20s ¢)] cos p dp
° 2 REINFORCED CONCRETE STRUCTURES
‘
+Tr f {Mcsin ¢ — wR’ ( — sin #)} sino dg = 0
°
On integration, we get
mf $ + $828 4 r,(§- 2028) }
2 4
sin26
twr'{ (5 -sing + SnZe ) + 7+ (@cos0 -sing + $ — sin28))
= ==(1.29)
From the above equation, M, can be found.. Table 12 gives
the values of factor “f in terms of factor Ty for various values
of central angle 26.
TABLE 1.2
Me
wR
0.0096 + 0.0004 Tr
0.3731 + 0.0195 Tr
0.0217 + 0.0031 Tr
0.4783 + 0.0453 Te
0.0644 + 0.0090 Tr
0.6477 + 0.1427 Te
0.1259 + 0.0353 Tr
02146 + 0.2146 Tr. y 2739
0.7854 + 0.7854
Knowing the value of Me, moments M, and My can be
computed from Eqs. 1.27 and 1.28.
SPECIAL CASE : SEMI-CIRCULAR BEAM FIXED AT THE ENDS
Special case arises when 2@=180°=2 Substituting
6 =% in Eq, 129, we get
Me (g-sne + SUE] + [pono anos 5-2)
wR ($+ sn?) 4 G ~ #922) 7,
1+0)+/0 +2
Tr
x
4 4
(%+0) + (F-0) 7
Me oH
wR BEAMS CURVED IN PLAN B
or Me =- (0 - 4-¢ - 1) = 0.2732 ...(1.30)
Thus, the central moment M. is independent of the properties
of the section and the material.
Again from Eqs. 1.27 and 1.28 putting ¢ = 0 = > we get the
expressions for B.M. (Mo) and T.M. (Mé) at support as under :
Mo = M.cos 5 — wR’ (1— cos 5) = -wR (ie. hogging)
and Mj = M.sin= — w R* (F-sing)
2/7
=wR (4-1) -wR (3-1)
wrk (5-1-3 41)
=-wk' (3-4) = — 0.2976 wR? (1.31)
ALTERNATIVE SOLUTION FOR SEMI-CIRCULAR BEAM
FIXED AT ENDS
At each end there will be three reaction components : (i)
shear force Fe (ii) bending moment Mo about OD axis and (iii)
twisting moment Mg about tangential axis.
Total load on beam =wRx
a Fo=ywRa
Load on half beam AC =4WRz. Its C.G. lies at E at a
FIG. 19 24 REINFORCED CONCRETE STRUCTURES
z
RsinZ
distance = a4
from the centre. Perpendicular distance of this
Rin
CG. from OA= rz
all forces acting on half the beam AC, we get
sin} . Taking moments about OA, of
Rein?
My =4wRx oot = wR (hogging)
‘The twisting moment Mo‘ cannot be found from equation of
statics alone. We shall use strain energy method. Let the Mo‘ at
R be otherwise, twisting the beam toward the centre O.
Consider any point P, as angle ¢ with OA (Fig. 1.9).
Load on AP =W,=wR@
Ring
$
Draw DE perpendicular to OP
Rein’
Distance of its CG. =OD=
Then DE = Dosin$ =
0B = DO cos $
_Rain§ c0s$ Resin
$ ¢
PE =R[1-S8¢
If AF is drawn perpendicular to PO, we have AF =Rsing
OF =Rcos¢ and PF =R (1 —cos¢).
Now the sagging B.M. M, at P is given by
My = Fy x AF — Mocos ¢ + Mésing — W, x DE
Rein’
$
or Mum w R[F sin g — cos a ~ 005 4)] +M'sing — ..()
or My=ZWwRx.Rsing —wRcosg + Mising—wR ¢ BEAMS CURVED IN PLAN as
Similarly, the twisting moment M, at P is the moment of
all forces, to its left side, about tangential axis at P.
Mj = —FoX PF + Msing + Mé cos + W,.PE
or Mj = —wRx.R(1— cos) + wR'sing + Mo! cos p
+wR. oR(1- Se)
or Mi=wR'[ —F (— cos) + sing +9 ~sing| + Micos¢
waif)
Now total strain energy U is given by
v- Shes ogre where ds = R.dp
Putting 277 =0, we have
2
wf ma nao= fo Ren
where Sila a sing ana SMe at ag
amé ami
Substituting the values, we get
Er LS." sine 4 wat (Zsing csp -1 +0054)
+ Mésing b rap J+ [feos 4 wit (-3
+ Foosetg) s+ Mbcose | =0
or Ei |v®(F-1) +3m]+4 wR (2-1)
+2Mi bao
[we(Z-1) +Gaa][1+ Zo] =0
Mi = -4wr (2-1) =-wR(F-4) 43
which is the same as found. earlier.
Substituting the value of Mg in Eqs. (i) and (ii), we can find M, | 6 REINFORCED CONCRETE STRUCTURES
and Mj at any point. For example, at point C, o=5
Hence M. = wk? [F sin ~ ons — (1 - cos) |
wR (5-4) sin
=wR [5-2] -we (¥-4)
=wR* (2-1) =02732wR (1.30)
This is also the same as found earlier.
Similarly Mé = wR? [-
1-cos$) + sinF
Z_ ext z_4 x
+$-sinZ] - we (Z-4) cos¥
= 7zef0, as expected.
1.6. SEMI-CIRCULAR BEAM WITH SLAB
FIG. 1.10
Fig. 1.10 shows a semi-circular beam ABC fixed at ends A
and B, and supporting a semi-circular slab. Since the length of the
slab is much greater than the width, it will behave as one way slab.
Let w be the uniformly distributed load per unit arca of slab.
Due to symmetry, the reaction components at A and B will
be equal. At each end, there will be three reaction components:
(@ shear force Fo, (ii) Bending moment Mp and (iii) Twisting moment To.
Let us consider a small clement DG, at an angle ¢ with AO,
and subtending an angle d@ at the centre. The load transferred to
this clement DG of the beam will evidently be equal to half the BEAMS CURVED IN PLAN a
load on the shaded area DEFG.
Now DE=Rsing; EO=Roos¢
EF =d (Roos ¢) =Rsing.d¢.
<. Load on shaded area = w (DE x EF)
=w(Rsing) (Rsing dp) = wR’ sin’ p dp.
+. Load transferred to DG = wR’ sin’ ¢ dg.
Length DG = Rd
«. Uniformly distributed load w, at the element
LwR'sin’¢ dp
Rdg
or we =twRsin’? per unit length ...(1.32)
By equating the vertical forces, and balancing moments about
AB, Fo and Mo can be determined. But Mé cannot be determined
Statically, and the problem is indeterminate to one degree.
By .balancing the total vertical forces, we have
a/2
Fo= load on portion AC = f wy Rdp
0
2
or Fox J” GwRsin'g)Rag
=" [fo- fain]? =iwR (1.33)
Now BB st Ao momait of a forces on AC, about AO
aids
Mo= Sf” (wpRap) x DE
0
a2
“Sf, (bw Rsin* 4) Rag (Rsin p)
ar
fi aon
= WR [emo inte +2) I
="Blo+2 2) = wie wn(1.34)
Thus, Fo and My are known.
Let the twisting moment M¢ at A be acting clockwise. At any
point D at angle ¢ , the sagging bending moment will be equal to
the moment of all forces to the left side, about the radial axis DO. 2B REINFORCED CONCRETE STRUCTURES
Consider an elemental load dW, at H, its value being given
8M, =w,Rdp
= jwRsin’B.RdB (from Eq. 1.32)
Draw HK perpendicular to DO. Evidently HK=R sin(¢ — 8)
and OK=R cos(¢ — f). If a perpendicular AL is drawn on DO, we
have AL=R_ sing; OL=R cos ¢ .
¢
Now My= Fox AL — Mocos p + Mésin ¢ — f'- (8W%)x HK
°
or My = Zw Rsing ~"P cosg + Mésing
by
~ J2 yw Rain's. Rgp.-Rsin gf).
or My = Zw Rsing —*F cosy + Mising
wR 9 Asin — —B) 4p
or My WP ang 41+ costgy] + Mésing
Similarly, twisting moment at D is equal so moment of all
the forces to the left of it, about tangent at D.
’
Mi= — Fox DL + Mosing + Micos +S" (0%) x DK
or Mj= —FwR.R( — cos $) + "Bang Mion
+4," LwR sin’p.Rdp.R{ 1-008 (6-B)}
0
or Mj=wR? Bes 4G + zgsnag] + Mong (1.36)
Now U = f May (Me)*ds were ds = R dp.
2EI 2G)'
au
To get Mo, put ami to zero.
au 2 My aM, xR aM
= om + Mi OME Rag 20
ame ~o El ams ad Sy GI' aMs
where <—* aM aMé
me int and mi Oe BEAMS CURVED IN PLAN, 2
. aS “sng [*E (22 ing — 1+ ong} +bsing | ap
+A” cos p be4 § (00s - 1) +=
+ Asin29 f *Micns]o-0
or [ae 3} +4 qui+ Filer B-5 5
a
+4mi]=0
2)aay EL
or [wR {3 -5} + 5M] [1+ Sh =0
From which,
Mim 30 LS
or Mi= -wR [3-3 a (1.37)
( Note. The minus sign shows that the twisting moment at
A will be in anticlockwise direction).
Knowing the value of Mé, the values of M, and M, can be
easily evaluated. For example, at the middle of the beamg = 5.
Mo= "R [32 sin 3 - 5 (1+ 8 ¥ x ]
-ok [E-S]ang
Me = wR? (&-5) (1.38)
and Mi =wR[F (cos -1) + 5s]
wR [5g] 5
or Mz =0, as expected.
1.7. TORSION FACTOR
For statically indeterminate beams, curved in plan, the torsion
factor J‘ is used for the determination of torsional moment at any
section. Torsion factor is also sometimes known as rotation constant,
and its value for various shapes of the section are given below. 30 REINFORCED CONCRETE STRUCTURES
1. Circular Section
Js ap (1.39)
where D =diameter of the circle.
2. Elliptical section
1 ab?
= (1.40)
q a+b’ (1.40)
where a and b are the semi-axes of the ellipse.
3. Equilateral section
v3
ate ~(1.41)
80
where a is the side of the triangle.
4. Hollow circular section
14st
ve P
where 5 = area enclosed
T = thickness of the tube
P =perimeter of the tube.
5. Rectangular section
Let 6 = width and D=. depth of the section
(® Approximate expression
D 10D?
When >< 16 l= sS0aD CFD sn(1.43)
>
When 2> 16 Js op (1 - 063% (1.44)
(i) St-venant expression
yi nbDb
16
‘
where p= 2-336 (8) [}- a5 (approx.)
or f as given by Table 1.3
‘TABLE 1.3. VALUES OF 8 BEAMS CURVED IN PLAN 31
(iii) Theoretical Solution
Timoshenko and Goodier obtained the values of J‘ by using
the values of J‘ obtained by all the three methods.
TABLE 1.4. VALUES OF J‘
Example 1.3. A beam is curved in plan in the form of arc
of a circle with radius R=4 m and central angle equal to 90. The
beam. carries a super-imposed load of 2 kNim, and is fixed at both
the ends. If the section of the beam is rectangular, having depth=
600 mm and width= 300 mm, draw the bending moment and torsional
moment diagrams for the beam. Take G = 0.45 for concrete.
Solution. (Refer Fig. 1.8).
The value of torsion factor is given by
1 8D b
Is ="7-(1-965)
b _300_1
where D072
D 0.60
From Table 1.2, for 26 = 90°
Mc=wR* 0.00644 + 0.0090 Tr
0.6427 + 0.1427 Tr
0.0644 + 0.0090 x 3.659
=2(4)
0.6427 + 0.1427 x 3.659
= 2.674 kN-m 32 REINFORCED CONCRETE STRUCTURES.
Hence from Eqs. 1.27 and 1.28, we have
Mg = 2.674 cos p — 2 (4)' (1 — cos ¢)
or = 34.674 cos ¢ — 32 ~()
and Mj = 2.674sin $ — 2 (4) (@ — sing)
or Mj = 34.674sin 9 —32¢ (ii)
The shear force is given by Eq. 1.26
Fy=wRO=2X4g=8¢ (iif)
‘The value of Fy, My and M, are tabulated below.
My
(N-m)
--9222:65°
-6ISKN-m
a9
Eo
pa
d
FIG. 1.11 BEAMS CURVED IN PLAN 33
For points of contraflexure,
My = 0 = 34.674 cos ¢ — 32
or $= cos"! (saierg ) = 2265" = 03953 rad.
The maximum torsional moment will therefore occur at
= 22.65°
Myax = 34,674 sin 22.65° — 32. = 0.704 kN-m
The S.F., B.M. and T.M. diagrams are shown in Fig. 1.11.
1.8. STRESSES DUE TO TORSION IN CONCRETE
BEAMS
When torsion is applied to a concrete beam, shear stresses
are induced both in vertical as well as in horizontal direction. Due
to this, cracks are developed on the surface of the beam ; these
cracks are in the form of spiral.
1. Circular Section
Let r =radius of the circular section
q’ = maximum shear intensity due to torsion,
Then from simple theory of torsion of shafts
vom’
r J
or
where J = polar moment of inertia =3r
1M 2M‘
=—xr= o( 1.4)
ia ialiaiers (1.47)
z
, 16M!
or. q =e w(L47 a)
where D is the diameter of the circular section.
2. Square Section
The ‘stresses due to torsion in a beam. of square section with
side of square a can be approximately determined by assuming
the section to be equivalent to a circular section of diameter a.
1
Thus q= ee wu( 1.48)
3. Rectangular Section
The rigid analysis for the determination of shear stresses due
On tarsinn in a rectanenter cartina te extremsie difficnis An annrceisacte 34 REINFORCED CONCRETE STRUCTURES
analysis is given here.
Fig. 1.12 (@) shows a rectangular beam b x D, subjected to.
a torsional moment M‘ . The torsional moment causes shear stresses
of varying magnitudes at the outer faces as well as at the inner
side of the section. The shear stresses at the four corners A, B,
C and D is found to be zero, while maximum shear of values u
and qz occur at the mid-points of the horizontal and vertical faces
respectively. The shear stress at the C.G. of the section will also
be zero.
A Sin
x
D 4 ¢ 0 Un
fe b2—+e b2 —-14
iy
(a) Beam section (€) Variation (d) Variation of
9fa20N AD qn across
qa depth
A en We)
(D) Bex t {c)
(b) Variation of q, on AB and ch
4 =q. 2%
av Sy=Iay- 2X
Sev
(e) Variation of q, across width
FIG. 1.12,
Consider an element of size“dr, dy at co-ordinates (x, y) of
the beam section. The shear stress q at this element can be resolved BEAMS CURVED IN PLAN 35
into components and in horizontal and vertical directions respectively.
Inorder to find the magnitudes ofq, andq, the following assumptions
are made :
Assumption 1. Shear stress on horizontal faces AB and DC
varies parabolically according to the law :
42
qu = qj 1— -
Atx = 0 (ée. midle of horizontal face AB or DC, q14=q; while
at the corners where x= 2 o.m is evidently zero. This variation
is shown in Fig. 1.12 (6).
Similarly, the shear stress on vertical faces AD and BC varies
parabolically according to the law [Fig. 1.12 (c)] :
qn =a (1-4% (ii)
2. The horizontal shear stress q, varies linearly
across the depth of the beam [Fig. 1.12 (4)] with zero value as
its C.G. Similarly, the variation of vertical shear stress across the
width varies linearly [Fig. 1.12 (e)] with zero value at.the C.G. of
the section. Thus at the clement with (x, y) co-ordinates, the values
of horizontal and vertical shear stress are :
2 ii
Hagan 1-4 2 afi)
and = 43d =a, 1-2 2 an(iv)
Assumption 3. The shear stress q, and q; are related by
the law :
Hob
B-5 wa)
This shows that maximum shear stress (q;) occurs at the centre
of that side which is nearest to the centroid of the section. Generally,
bq,
Now, let us again consider the small element of size dr, dy
[Fig. 1.12 (a)}. The torsional moment of resistance developed by
this element is
aM! = (qy-y + qy.x) de .dy
Hence for the entire section,
wena fe" So ay + enact 36 REINFORCED CONCRETE STRUCTURES
Substituting the values of q, and q, from Eqs. (ii) and (jv),
SD 050
Mina fi S [n( (Brel Be ae dy
Substituting q2 = ae , and performing the integration, we get
'
n= oe su(1.49 a)
45M!
n= wn(1.49 BY
If b ratio, and its average value may be taken
as 1.63.
A = Area of section enclosed by the spiral.
If the spiral bar is provided at an effective cover of d, we
have
A=X,xY; where X,=b-2d. and ¥,=D-2d.
(iii) Reinforcement in the form of hoops and longitudinal
bars : Circular section
As stated earlier, it is extremely difficult to provide spiral
reinforcement. Moreover, spiral reinforcement has to suddenly change
the direction at the point of contra-torsion. A more practical proposi-
tion is therefore to provide reinforcement in the form of hoops BEAMS CURVED IN PLAN 4
and longitudinal bars. The hoops resist the circumferential component
of the diagonal tension while the longitudinal bars resist the axial
component.
Referring to Fig. 1.13(c), (d), the tensile force on ac, crossing
the side ab is equal to q .rd@cos 45°. dr. The force can be resolved
longitudinally along ab and tangentially along ad. The tangential
component acts along the length of the beams and is resisted by
hoop reinforcement provided at right angles to the axis of the beam.
Tangential component = (q.rd@.dr . cos 45°) cos 45°
Tangential component per unit length of beam
= @-1.d8 . dr cos* 45°
r.dO
att gy
2 ~2R'%
Its moment about the axis of beam = Sordr.r
Let Ay = area of hoop steel required per unit length of
beam, at a radius 7, .
Aw Oat -S. iran
Ay = aR Fi api IR’ - RR”) (1.59 a)
bat oe
M!
An = TaRaan (-R”) w=(1.59)
Similarly, longitudinal component of tensile force, will be
=q (rd8) dr.cos* 45°
= Grd0dr = fer .d0 dr
Let Aw = area of the total longitudinal steel, we have
2x :
= £
or Aa.on J, Sf FR: dr
or atu = 28 f" ar 2E = R)
= 24 (Rp? -R'
or Aa = sR (R=R') (1.50 a)
But 2M"
oR 42 REINFORCED CONCRETE STRUCTURES
e Age rs (R-R*) (1.60)
(i) Reinforcement in the form of hoops and longitudinal
bars: : Rectangular section
Cowan has given the following expression for. torsional strength
of beam reinforced with hoops :
(1.61)
where A depends upon 2 value, and its average value may be taken
usual to 1.63.
A= the area enclosed by hoop
Ag = area of cross-section of hoop bar.
In addition to the hoops, an equal volume of steel should
be placed longitudinally in the beam, well dispersed along the periphery
of the hoops.
1.9. INDIAN STANDARD CODE FOR DESIGN FOR
TORSION (IS : 456-1978)
(@) General
In general, where the torsional resistance or stiffness of members
has not been taken into account in the analysis of structure, no
specific calculation for torsion will be necessary ; adequate control
of any torsional cracking being provided by the required nominal
shear reinforment. Where the torsional resistance or stiffness of mem-
bers is taken into account in the analysis, the members shall be
designed for torsion.
In the Indian Standard Code (IS : 456-1978), torsional rein-
forcement is not calculated separately from that required for bending
and shear. Instead, the total longitudinal reinforcement is determined
for a fictitious (or equivalent) bending moment which is a function
of actual bending moment and torsion. Similarly, web reinforcement
is determined for a fictitious ( or equivalent) shear which is a function
of actual shear and torsion.
‘The design rules laid down in (c) and (d) below, shall apply
to beam of solid rectangular cross-section. However, these clauses
may also be applied to flanged beams by substituting b, for b in
which case they are generally conservative ; therefore specialist literature
may be referred to. BEAMS CURVED IN PLAN 43
() Critical Section
Sections located less than a distance d from the face of the
support may be designed for the same torsion as computed at a
distance d where d is the effective depth.
(©) Shear and Torsion
© Equivalent shear
Equivalent shear V, shall be calculated from the formula
eaV+ Lez (1.62)
where V, = equivalent shear ; V=S.F.
T = torsional moment ; 6 = breadth of
beam.
The equivalent nominal shear stress (r,-) shall be calculated
from the expression
A
we bd
(where b =, for flanged sections)
The values of t,- shall not exceed the values Of Teimax) given
in Table 1.8 (If it exceeds, the section should be redesigned by increasing
the concrete area).
(i) If the equivalent nominal shear stress does not exceed
given z. in Table 1.7, minimum shear reinforcement shall be provided
in the form of stirrups, such that
An, 04
bs,
The above equation can be rearranged in the following form
to give the maximum spacing for the stirrups
2
5 s=4 (1.63)
where A,, is the total cross-sectional area of stirrup legs effective
in shear, s, is the stirrup spacing and f, is the characteristic strength
of the stirrup reinforcement in N/mm* , which shall not be taken
greater than $15 N/mm’ .
(iii) If ty, exceeds 7, given in Table 1.7, both longitudinal
and transverse reinforcement shall be provided in accordance with
clause (d) below : “4 REINFORCED CONCRETE STRUCTURES
TABLE 1.7
PERMISSIBLE SHEAR STRESS (tc) IN CONCRETE
(Is : 456-1978)
Note : A, is that area of longitudinal tensile reinforcement
which continues atleast one effective depth beyond the section being
considered, except at supports where the full area of tension rein-
forcement may be used.
TABLE 18
MAXIMUM SHEAR STRESS tem) N/mum*
(1S : 456-1978) BEAMS CURVED IN PLAN 45
@ Reinforcement in members subjected to ‘torsion
Reinforcement in torsion, when required, shall consist of lon-
gitudinal and transverse reinforcement.
Longitudinal Reinforcement
‘The longitudinal reinforcement shall be designed to resist an
equivalent moment M,, given by
Mey = M+ Mz
where M= BM. at the cross-section
and Mr=T 1+ Di (1.64 b)
where T is the torsional moment, D is the overall depth and b
is the breadth of the beam.
If the numerical value of Mz as detined above exceeds the
numerical values of M, longitudinal reinforcement shall be provided
‘on the flexural compression face, such that the beam can also with-
stand an equivalent moment M2 given by
Me =Mr-M
the moment M2 being taken as acting in the oposite sense to the
moment M.
Transverse Reinforcement
Two legged closed hoops enclosing the corner longitudinal
bars shall have an area of cross-section A,, given by
= Se Visy
An = Ban * Tdson (1.65)
However the total transverse reinforcement shall not be less
than
(ive — te) dy
where T = torsional moment
V = shear force
Sv = spacing ‘of the stirrup reinforcement
6, =centre to centre distance between corner bars
in the direction of the width
d, = centre to centre distance between corner bars in
the direction of the depth
b =breadth of member
Oy = permissible tensile stress in shear reinforcement
Tve = equivalent shear stress = 46 REINFORCED CONCRETE STRUCTURES:
-= shear strength of concrete as specified in Table 1.7.
Note 1. Distribution of torsion reinforcement
When a member is designed for torsion, torsion reinforcement
shall be provided as below :
(a) The transverse reinforcement for torsion shall be rectangular
closed stirrups placed perpendicular to the axis of the member. The
spacing of the stirrups shall not exceed the least of x, ,~ = and
300 mm, wherex, andy, are respectively the short and long dimensions
of the stirrup.
(6) Longitudinal reinforcement shall be placed as close as
is practicable to the corners of the cross-section and in all cases,
there shall be at least one longitudinal bar in cach corner of the
ties. When the cross sectional dimension of the member exceeds
450 mm, additional Jongitudinal bars shall be provided to satisfy
the requirements of minimum reinforcement and spacing given in
Note 2.
Note 2. Side face reinforcement
The total area of side face reinforcement shall be not less
than 0.1 per cent of the web area and shall be distributed equally
‘on two faces at a spacing not exceeding 300 mm or web thickness
whichever is less.
Example 1.4. A rectangulur beam 400 mm wide is subjected
to the following at a section : (i) B.M. of 45 kN-m, (ii) Shear force
of 30 KN and (iii) torsional moment of 20 kN-m. Design the section
and the torsional reinforcement. Take the following permissible values
04=140 N/mtn® = Op 5 Octe = 5SN/mm? ; m = 19, f, = 250 N/mm*;
Grade of concrete = M 15.
Solution.
L. Design constants
Given C = Ode =5;1 = 09 = 140 and m=19,
we have kate 9X5 _ Lo. goy
j=1-"4 < 0865
R= hejk=4x 5 x 0.865 x 0.404 = 087 BEAMS CURVED IN PLAN 47
2, Design of section for BM.
b = 400 mm; M=45 kN-m=45 x 10° N-mm
45 x 10°
a=Ve Re = V 087x400 =360 mm
Keep total D = 400 mm
Using 16 mm @ bars and a clear cover of 25 mm,
d = 400 - 25-8 = 367 mm
3. Equivalent shear
T
WeoVt 165
20 x 10°
= 30x 10° + 1.6
ie = & = ee, = 0.75 N/mm?
s11x10'N
For M 15 concrete, t- for 0.5 % reinforcement is 0.29N/mm? and
Te for 1% reinforcement is 0.37N/mm* (Table 1.7). Though the
percentage reinforcement is not known, it is certain that permissible
shear stress t- will be less than 1. . Hence shear reinforcement
is necessary.
Also from Table 1.9, temax for M: 15 concrete is 1.6 N/mm’.
Thus is less then tema Hence dimensions of the beam are all
right.
4. Longitudinal Reinforcement
Since te exceeds t., both longitudinal and transverse rein-
forcement are necessary. The longitudinal reinforcement is designed
to resist an equivalent B.M. Me given by
Ma=M + Mr
where M=B.M.=45 x 10° N-mm
Mr = T- 1+ Die + Where T= torsional moment
_ (1+ 400/400) _
=20x 10 23.53 x 10° N-mm
Ma = 45 x 10° + 23.53 x 10° = 68.53 x 10° N-mm
Ma _ 68.53 x 10°
Onjd — TH x 0865 x 367
Using 16 mm © bars, Ag = 3 (16)? = 201 mm*
1542
-. No. of 16 mm ® bars =r <8
Au = = 1542 mm? 4B REINFORCED CONCRETE STRUCTURES
Since M; is less than M, no longitudinal reinforcement
is necessary at the top of the beam.
5. Transverse Reinforcement
Transverse reinforcement is provided in the form of vertical
stirrups. Provide two corner bars of 16 mm 9, at the top face, at
a clear cover of 25 mm, to hold the stirrups, as shown in Fig.
1.16,
~. by = centre to centre distance between corner bars in
the direction of width = 400—25x2—-16= 334 mm
d; = centre to centre distance between corner bars in
the direction of width = 400 - 50 - 15 = 334 mm
The area of cross-section Aj, of the stirrups is given by :
Ts» Visy
Ay = +
1d). LOA Oy
Using 12 mm © —2 Igd stirrups,
Ar = 23 (12) = 226 mm?
_|__20 x10 30000
26 = | ag gt a
from which s, = 147 mm.
However, the spacing +— 400mm ——
should not exceed the least of
4 ph and: 300 mm i
wherex, = short dimension ada e-Igd
of stirrup mm) an
= 334+ 16 + 12 = 362 mm ce
Yi = 334 + 16 + 12 = 362 mm
ty _ 362 + 362
4 4
Sv
FIG. 1.14.
= 181 mm.
Thus, 5, = 147 mm is permissible.
However, provide 12 mm ® 2 Igd stirrups @ 145 mm cc.
The section of the beam is shown in Fig. 1.14.
Example 1.5,
Design the section of the beam analysed in example 1.2, using
M 1S concrete. Take © 04 = 0, = 140 N/mm. BEAMS CURVED IN PLAN 49
Solution :
From example 1.2, we have the following data :
Maximum B.M.= 137.28 KN-m hogging at the support and
48.46 kN-m sagging at the intermediate
point.
S.F. at end support = 45.66 kN
S.F. at central support = 80 kN-m
Maximum torsional moment = 33.42 kN-m
S.F. at point of max. torsion = 37.31 KN
1. Design constants
For M 15 concrete,
k = 039 j = 0.87; R=085
wen of Section for B.M.
b= 500 mm
M = B78 x10 _
4V gs = Vos x50 = 568mm
Provide D= 650 mm
Using 20 mm diameter bars and a clear cover of 4 cm,
d = 650 — 20 - 40 = 590 mm.
3. Equivalent shear
veavr ior
At the point of max. torsion, V = 37.31 kN
33.42
Ve = 3731 + 1.6 =F 5 = 144.25 kN
Te fy = ISX 1000 2 0.49 N/mm?
For balanced design, percentage reinforcement (p) = 0.72. From
Table 1.6, r, + 0.33N/mm’, Since 1,, is greater than r,, shear rein-
forcement is necessary. Also, from Table 3.7 Temax) for M 15 concrete
is 1.6N/mm*, Hence r,, is less than T-max Therefore, the dimensions
of the beam afe ok.
At the central support, S.F.= . 80 .kN
3
Te = aii agg = 0.27 N/mm?
‘This is less than t,. Hence only nominal shear reinforcement
is necessary. At the end supports also,
po = B60 0.15 N/mm? 50 REINFORCED CONCRETE STRUCTURES
This is less than half te. Hence even nominal shear rein-
forcement is not necessary at the end support.
4. Main and Longitudinal reinforcement.
(@) Section at point of maximum torsion :
T = Mae = 33.42 KN-m at ¢ = 59.44° where the B.M. is zero.
Ma=M+Mr
where M= zero
1
M,= Tht De ~sol* $s)
= 45.22 KN-m = 45.22 x 10" Nemm
Ma = Mr = 45.22 x 10°
Ma _ 4522 x 10°
Aa = Tid ~ 140 x 087 x 50
= 629.3 mm’. ‘
Using 20 mm @ bars, having Ag = 314 mm*
629.3
No. of bars = 314 =2
Since M is zero, Mr>M.
Hence Ma= Mr—- M = Ma.
Thus, the above reinforcement has also to be provided at
the top of the section.
Thus provide 2-20 mm bars both at top as well as at
bottom of section, at this location.
(6) Section at point of maximum hogging BM. :
Maximum hogging B.M. occurs at the central support
= 90° where torsional moment is zero.
Mmax = 137.28 kN-m.
137.28 x 10° 2
«= Tay x 087 x 550~ 110mm
No. of 20 mm © bars = 420 6
Hence use 6 Nos. 20 mm bars. These bars will be provided
at the top of the section since max. B.M. is hogging at the intermediate
support. The bending moment is zero at a section at an angle of 59.44°
with end radial line, or at an angle of. (90° — 59.44°) = 30.56° from.
the central pillar in either direction. Distance of this section, along
the axis of beam = R x ¢ = 4 x 3058.5 = 2.13 m from the support. BEAMS CURVED IN.PLAN SL
Development length Ly = fe Sy
=58@ for M 15 concrete
La = 58 x 20 = 1160 mm = 1.16 m.
Thus, 4 bars can be curtailed at a distance, say, 2 m from
the mid support. It can be shown that the remaining 2 bars will
easily take the hogging B.M. and the torsional moment beyond 2 m
(ie o= 3x 18 ~ 2865") from the central support.
(c) Section at point of max. Sagging B.M.
At the point of max. sagging B.M. (¢ = 29.72°),
M = 48.46 kN-m
M! =T = 16.95 kN-m
Shear force = zero.
650
1+
y= 12420) « yg9511* 500)
=22.93 kN-m
Ma = M + Mz = 48.46 + 22.93 = 71.39
Ag = Ma _ 7139 x 10°
” Gajd T40X 0.87 x 590
. 993
No. of 20 mm bars =37*
Hence provide 4-20 mm @ bars at the bottom of the section.
Out of these, two bars can be curtailed at a point where they are
no longer required, provided that point is at least at a distance
of L4=58= 1160 mm away. The bars are to be continued to
a distance of 12@=240 mm beyond that point.
Hence discontinue two bars at a distance of 1160 + 240
= 1400 mm = 1.4 m on either side of the point of max. sagging
BM. (¢ = 30°). Thus the distance of point of curtailment ‘from
support = 420 + 14= 210+ 14=3.5 m and 0.7 m from face
of support. The remaining two bars are to be continued to take
care of torsional B.M., and also to satisfy the bond and anchorage
requirements at the end.
= 993 mm* $2 REINFORCED CONCRETE STRUCTURES.
5, Bond and anchorage requirements
At end supports, there are two bars of 20 mm @ each
at top and bottom. These bars should satisfy the bond and anchorage
requirements envisaged in the following equation :
Beet
where M, = moment of resistance of the section assuming all
reinforcement at the section to be stressed to oy
=Ag.oujd
= (2 x 314) (140) (0.87 x 590)
= 45.13 x 10° N-mm
V = 45.66 KN = 45.66 x 10° N
Mi _ 45.13 x 10°
Mi. 5.13 X10. ogg mm
V 45.66 x 10°
650mm
he
be byv2—obe asree300
FIG. 1.15
Let us assume width of support /, = 600 mm. Assuming side
cover x’ = 40 mm (Fig, 1.15), anchorage value of hook = 16 and
the distance between the beginning of the hook and its apex of
curvature = 34, we have
: Le = (300 — 40 — 3 x 20) + 16 x 20 = 520 mm
1A + Ly = 988 + 520 = 1508 mm
La = 58 = 58 x 20 = 1160 mm BEAMS CURVED IN PLAN 33
M+ Ly > Ly Hence OK.
6. Transverse reinforcement
(@) Point of max. torsional moment
At the point of max torsion, S.F.= 37.31 KN (sce Fig.1.6).
As found in step 3, ty. = 0.49 N/mm’, which his more than t, = 0.33
N/mm’. Hence shear reinforcement is required.
The area of cross-section A,, of the stirrups is given by
T.sv Visy
a
bidion = 25didw
= Centre to centre distance between corner bars in
the direction of width = 500 — (40 x 2) — 20
= 400 mm
= Centre to centre distance between corner bars in
the direction of depth = 650 ~ (40 x 2) —
= 550 mm.
Aw - 334210" _, _37.31X10'__ jog
“Sy 400x550 x 140 © 25x 550x140
However, the minimum transverse reinforcement should be
governed by
As > (= xt ) b
Sv Ow
, 4m = (049 - Sag) % 500= 057
Sy
“. Hence keep hs
Using 12 mm © 2-Igd stirrups having A,=2x113=226 mm’,
However, the spacing should not excced the least of x,
nye and 300 mm, where
%1 = short dimension of stirrup= 400 + 20 + 12 =32 mm
Yi = 550 + 20 + 12 = 582 mm.
. HAY 2 432+ $82 _ 954
. 35 = .
Hence s, = 176 mm is pertnissible. However, provide 12 mm
® two-legged stirrups @ 170 mm c/c at the section of maximum
torsional moment. This spacing may be continued for a distance
of say 17m on either