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Physics Project

The document summarizes recent trends in black hole physics. It describes black holes as regions with enormous mass packed into a tiny volume, creating strong gravity not even light can escape. Albert Einstein first predicted black holes in 1916, while the term was coined in 1967. The first discovered black hole was Cygnus X-1 in 1971. Black holes have three layers: the event horizon boundary, inner region singularity, and exert gravity but do not suck objects in. There are three main types - stellar resulting from collapsed stars, supermassive likely from merged smaller black holes or gas clouds, and intermediate discovered between the other two sizes. Black holes are common but their inner workings remain mysterious.

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Aakrish Aryal
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374 views

Physics Project

The document summarizes recent trends in black hole physics. It describes black holes as regions with enormous mass packed into a tiny volume, creating strong gravity not even light can escape. Albert Einstein first predicted black holes in 1916, while the term was coined in 1967. The first discovered black hole was Cygnus X-1 in 1971. Black holes have three layers: the event horizon boundary, inner region singularity, and exert gravity but do not suck objects in. There are three main types - stellar resulting from collapsed stars, supermassive likely from merged smaller black holes or gas clouds, and intermediate discovered between the other two sizes. Black holes are common but their inner workings remain mysterious.

Uploaded by

Aakrish Aryal
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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PROJECT WORK

OF
PHYSICS
Chapter: Recent Trends in Physics

Submitted by: Aakrish Aryal Submitted to: Suraj Acharya


Class: 11 G Roll no: 02 (SA SIR)
Topic: Black Holes

Introduction:
Black holes are regions in space where an enormous
amount of mass is packed into a tiny volume. This
creates a gravitational pull so strong that not even
light can escape. They are created when giant stars
collapse, and perhaps by other methods that are
still unknown and are made of matter packed so
tightly that gravity overwhelms all other forces.
History:
Albert Einstein first predicted the existence of black
holes in 1916, with his general theory of relativity. The
term "black hole" was coined many years later in 1967
by American astronomer John Wheeler. After decades
of black holes being known only as theoretical objects.

Discovery:
The first black hole ever discovered was Cygnus X-1,
located within the Milky Way in the constellation of
Cygnus, the Swan. In 1971, astronomers determined
that the X-rays were coming from a bright blue star
orbiting a strange dark object. It was suggested that the
detected X-rays were a result of stellar material being
stripped away from the bright star and "gobbled" up by
the dark object called as dark hole.

[ Additional information: Though detecting black holes is a difficult task and NASA
suggests there could be as many as 10 million to a billion stellar black holes in the
Milky Way. ]
Structure/layers of black hole:
Black holes have three "layers": the outer and inner
event horizon, and the singularity.

The event horizon of a black hole is the boundary around


the mouth of the black hole, past which light cannot
escape. Once a particle crosses the event horizon, it
cannot leave. Gravity is constant across the event
horizon.

The inner region of a black hole, where the object's


mass lies, is known as its singularity, the single point in
space-time where the mass of the black hole is
concentrated.

[ Additional information: Black holes don't suck. Suction is caused by pulling


something into a vacuum, which the massive black hole definitely is not. Instead,
objects fall into them just as they fall toward anything that exerts gravity, like the
Earth.]
Types of black hole:
So far, astronomers have identified three types of black holes:
stellar black holes, supermassive black holes and intermediate
black holes.

1. Stellar black holes — small but deadly


When a star burns through the last of its fuel, the object
may collapse, or fall into itself. For smaller stars (those up
to about three times the sun's mass), the new core will
become a neutron star or a white dwarf. But when a larger
star collapses, it continues to compress and creates a
stellar black hole.

Stellar black holes then consume the dust and gas from
their surrounding galaxies, which keeps them growing in
size.
2.Supermassive black holes — the birth of
giants
Supermassive black holes may be the result of hundreds or
thousands of tiny black holes that merge. Large gas clouds
could also be responsible, collapsing together and rapidly
accreting mass. A third option is the collapse of a stellar cluster,
a group of stars all falling together. Fourth, supermassive black
holes could arise from large clusters of dark matter.

3. Intermediate black holes


Scientists once thought that black holes came in only small and
large sizes, but research has revealed the possibility that
midsize, or intermediate, black holes (IMBHs) could exist. Such
bodies could form when stars in a cluster collide in a chain
reaction. Several of these IMBHs forming in the same region
could then eventually fall together in the center of a galaxy and
create a supermassive black hole.
Conclusion:
Black holes sound too strange to be real. But they are
actually pretty common in space. There are dozens
known and probably millions more in the Milky Way and
a billion times that lurking outside. Scientists also believe
there could be a supermassive black hole at the center of
nearly every galaxy, including our own.
Black holes curve into one of the darkest mysteries in
physics. Scientists can’t explain what happens when
objects cross the event horizon and spiral toward the
singularity. General relativity and quantum mechanics
collide and Einstein’s equations explode into infinities.
Black holes might even house gateways to other
universes called wormholes and violent fountains of
energy and matter called white holes, though it seems
very unlikely that nature would allow these structures to
exist.

The End
THANK YOU

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