9/21/2023 1

Differential Calculus
A field in mathematics, which study of how
functions change when their inputs change. This
rate of change of a function with respect to a
chosen input value (the independent variable) is
called derivative. A closely related notion is the
differential, which simply means change, while
derivative is the rate of change of a function
with respect to an independent variable. The
process of taking the derivative of a function is
called differentiation.

9/21/2023 2
The LIMIT OF A FUNCTION is the
value a function approaches as the
variable approaches a value.
Lim f(x) = the limit
x →c
Limits involving algebraic operations are often
performed by replacing sub expressions by
their limits.
9/21/2023 3
 THE 7 INDETERMINATE FORMS:

0  
, ,  −  ,  , 1 , 0  , 0
0 0

0 
APPLY L’HOSPITALS’
RULE

4
9/21/2023
Solution: ➢Evaluate lim x + Sin2x
x →0 x − Sin2x
➢A. 1
➢B. 2.
➢C. -3
➢D. 3
 3x − 4x + 2
3
Solution: ➢Find Lim
x → 7x + 5
3

➢A. infinity
➢B. 2/7
➢C. 3/7
➢D. 3/5
➢ Sample Problem
➢Solve for the limit of x3 as x
approaches + infinity ex − x2
A. 0
B. infinite
C. 1/3
D. can’t solved

9/21/2023 7
➢ Sample Problem

( z − 2z + 2 )
the lim z 2+ z − 1 − 3i
2
➢Evaluate
z→(1+i)

➢A. 1-1.5j
➢B. 1+1.5j
➢C. 1.5-j
➢D. 1.+j

9/21/2023 8
➢ Sample Problem
➢Find the horizontal asymptotes of
the graph of the function defined
x
➢A. y = +/- 1 f (x) =
x2 + 1
➢B. y = +/- 2
x
f (x) =
➢C. x = +/- 1 2
x +1

➢D. y = +/- 0.5

9/21/2023 9
 DERIVATIVE
DEFINITION: y
Given a continuous
function , the
derivative of y=f(x) is
defined as the
(instantaneous) rate
of change of y with x
respect to the
independent variable
x.
9/21/2023 10
Differentiate: y = arcsinh(x/2)
A. 1/2square root (4+x2)
B. 1/square root (4-x2)
C. 1/square root (4+x2)
D. 1/square root (2+4x2)
➢ If ( ) , find the second derivative of
y = ln x 2  e x

y with respect to x.

9/21/2023 14
➢ Given 3x = y^3 + 3y , find dy/dx.

9/21/2023 15
➢ Find the total derivative of the function
f ( x,y,z ) = 3x 2 y 4 z

9/21/2023 16
➢At what point on the graph of y = (1/2)x^2 is the tangent line
parallel to the line 2x - 4y = 3?
➢(A) (1/2, ½)
➢(B) (1/2, 1/8))
➢(C) (1,-1,4)
➢(D) (1,1/2)
➢(E) (2,2)
MAXIMA AND MINIMA

m=0
If f(x) is continuous on the closed interval
[a,b] and differentiable on the open interval
(a,b), then there is a number c in (a,b) such
that :
f(b)-f(a)
f ' (c)=
b-a
Rolle’s Theorem
If f(x) is continuous over a closed interval
[a,b]and differentiable on the open interval
(a,b), and if f(a)=f(b), then there is at least
one number c in (a,b) such that f’(c)=0

Solve for the value of x in f(x) = x2-2x-3 on [-

1,3] that satisfies the Rolle’s Theorem.
MAXIMA AND MINIMA

➢Steps in Solving Worded Problems in Maxima and

Minima:
1. Draw a diagram if necessary.
2. Write an equation representing the quantity to
be maximized or minimized. This quantity will
typically be represented in terms of two or more
variables.
3. Use any relationships between the variables to
express the equation obtained in step 2 into a
function of single variable.
4. Differentiate and equate the function to zero.
9/21/2023 23
➢At x=0, which of the following is true of
the function f defined by ?
f ( x ) = x 2 + e −2 x
➢(A) f is increasing.
➢(B) f is decreasing.
➢(C) f is discontinuous.
➢(D) f has a relative minimum.
➢(E) f has a relative maximum.
➢At x=0, which of the following is true of
the function f defined by ?
f ( x ) = x 2 + e −2 x
➢(A) f is increasing.
➢(B) f is decreasing.
➢(C) f is discontinuous.
➢(D) f has a relative minimum.
➢(E) f has a relative maximum.
➢Find the absolute maximum and
minimum value of the function .
 1 
f ( x ) = x 3 − 3x 2 + 1 for  − ,4 
 2 

➢Ans. Max = 17 Min = -3

➢Ifc is the number that satisfies the conclusion of the Mean Value
Theorem for f (x) = x^3 - 2x^2 on the interval 0 x 2, then c =
➢(A) 0
➢(B) ½
➢(C) 1
➢(D) 4/3
➢(E) 2
➢ Sample Problem
Given the function y = x3-5x2-8x+3.
Determine the following:
a. maximum point
b. minimum point
c. point of inflection
A.(-0.67,5.81),(4,-45),(1.67,-19.65)
B. (0.67,5.81),(-4,45),(-1.67,19.65)
C.(-0.78,6.74), (4,45),(1.67,19.65)
D. (5.81,0.67), (45,-4),(1.67,-19.65)

9/21/2023 29
➢Find the minimum distance from the curve y=2(sqrt2x) to the point
(6,0).
➢A. 3.46 C. 5.66
➢B. 6.67 D. 4.86
➢Find the approximate radius of curvature of the function at the
point (-3,86.0)
y = 9 x 2 − 5 x − 10
➢A. 6086.35
➢B. 11414.9 *
➢C. 13327.9
➢D. 39040.3
➢The three sides of a trapezoid are 10 m long. How long must the
fourth side be to make the area maximum?
➢A. 15 C. 25
➢B. 20 D. 18
➢A poster is to contain 300 cm2 of printed matter with margins of 10 cm at
the top and bottom and 5 cm at each side. Find the overall dimensions, if
the total area of the poster is minimum
➢A. 27.76 m2, 47.8 cm
➢B. 20.45 cm, 35.6 cm*
➢C. 22.24 cm, 44.5 cm
➢D. 25.55 cm, 46.7 cm

9/21/2023 33
➢A rectangular box open at the top is to be formed from a rectangular
piece of cardboard 3 inches by 8 inches. What size square should be cut
from each corner to form the box with maximum volume?
➢A. 3in. C. 2/3 in
➢B. 1.5 in. D. 2 in.

9/21/2023 34
➢At 12:00 noon ship B is 100 miles east of ship A. If ship B sails west at
10 mi/h and ship A sails south at 20 mi/h, find the distance between the
two ships when they are closest to each other?
➢A. 84.99 miles C.89.49 miles
➢B. 89.44 miles* D.84.94 miles
 TIME RATES
Steps in Solving Worded Problems Involving Rates
1. Draw a diagram if necessary. Label
constants with their numerical value.
2. Determine which rates are given and which
rate you need to find.
3. Find an equation relating the variables
defined in step 1.
4. Differentiate the equation in step 3
5. Substitute all the given information into the
result of step 4 and find the unknown rate.
9/21/2023 36
In the figure above, PQ represents a 40-foot ladder with end P against a vertical
wall and end Q on level ground. If the ladder is slipping down the wall, what is
the distance RQ at the instant when Q is moving along the ground ¾ as fast as P
is moving down the wall?
➢Water is flowing into a conical reservoir 29 ft deep and 14 feet across the top, at a
rate of 2 cubic feet per minute. Find how fast is the water rising when it is 25 feet
deep?
➢A. 0.00512 ft/min
➢B. 0.02303 ft/min
➢C. 0.01748 ft/min*
➢D. 0.00844 ft/min
➢A sponge is in the shape of a right circular cone. As it soaks up water, it grows in
size. At a certain moment, the height equals 6 inches, and is increasing at the rate of
0.3 inches per second. At that same moment, the radius is 4 inches, and is increasing
at the rate of 0.2 inches per second. How much is the volume changing at that time?
➢A. 24pi/5 C. 34pi/7
➢B. 16pi/6 D. 13pi/2
➢Car A is 70 km west of Car B and is sailing south at the rate of 25 km/h. Car B
is sailing north at the rate of 45 km/h. How fast is the distance between the two
ships changing 2 hours later?
➢A. 26.2 km/h C. 66.2 km/h
➢B. 26.6 km/h D. 62.6 km/h

9/21/2023 40
 “Hard work beats talent when talent
doesn’t work hard.”
~ Tim Notke

9/21/2023 41