CHAPTER 5: HEAT

SUMMARY

• The transfer of energy from one substance to another because of a temperature difference
between the two substances is called heat.
• Heat flows from a substance at a higher temperature to a substance at a lower temperature.
• When two substances have attained the same temperature, no further transfer of heat takes
place.

• S.I. Unit of heat: joule (J)

Other units: calorie and kilocalorie
• 1 calorie = 4.18J

The degree of hotness or coldness of an object is called its temperature.

The different scales for measuring temperature are:
1. Celsius scale
2. Fahrenheit scale
3. Kelvin scale

Celsius Scale Fahrenheit Scale Kelvin Scale

Freezing point of 0° C 32°F 273 K
water
Boiling point of water 100° C 212°F 373 K

The difference It is divided into 100 It is divided into 180 It is divided into
between the two fixed equal parts. equal parts. 100 equal parts.
point

The basic effects of heat can be classified as

• Change in state
• Change in temperature
• Change in size

Fire:
• Fire produces heat and light
• Substances are classified as
❖ Flammable/inflammable substances are those that catch fire easily. e.g., wood, paper
❖ Non-flammable substances are those that do not catch fire easily. e.g., stone, metal
Ignition temperature: The minimum temperature at which a substance catches fire and starts
burning.
2. Change in temperature:
• When an object is heated the random motion of particles increases, thereby the temperature
increases.
• When an object is cooled the random motion of particles decreases, thereby the temperature
decreases.

3. Changes in states of matter:

The change in the arrangement of particles in a substance due to heat is called change of state.

• Melting is the change of state from a solid to a liquid by the absorption of heat energy.
e.g., melting of ice
• Melting point is the fixed temperature at which the solid changes into a liquid.
• Condensation is the change of state from a gas into a liquid by giving out heat energy.
E.g., formation of fog, clouds, dew
• Solidification is the change of state from a liquid into a solid by giving out heat energy.
E.g., freezing of water
• Freezing point is the fixed temperature at which the liquid changes into a solid.
• Sublimation is the change of state from a solid to a gas by the absorption of heat energy
without passing through the liquid state. E.g., camphor, dry ice
• Deposition is the change of state from a gas to a solid by the release of heat energy without
passing through the liquid state. E.g., formation of frost
• Vaporization is the change of state from a liquid to a gas by the absorption of heat energy.
The process of vaporization takes place in two ways: evaporation and boiling
❖ Boiling is the change of state from a liquid to a gas by the absorption of heat energy at
the boiling point.
❖ Evaporation is the change of state from a liquid to a gas by the absorption of heat
energy at a temperature below the boiling point.
 • melting point: the fixed temperature at which a solid changes to a liquid is called its melting
point.
• freezing point: the fixed temperature at which a liquid changes to a solid is called its
freezing point.
• boiling point: the fixed temperature at which a liquid changes to a gas is called its boiling
point.
• condensation point: the fixed temperature at which a vapour changes to a liquid is called its
condensation point.

4. Change in size:

The tendency of matter to change its shape, area or volume due to the change in temperature is
called thermal expansion.
• When a substance is heated, the kinetic energy of the particles increases. The particles begin
to vibrate (in solids) or move more (in liquids and gases), because of this there is an increase
in the space between the particles. Hence the shape of the substance changes.

Solid Liquid Gas

Thermal expansion in liquids is Thermal expansion in
Thermal expansion in solids is more compared to solids. gases is most compared to
very less. solids and liquids.

Refer textbook for examples of thermal expansion page 71 and page 72.

What is a bimetallic strip? Where is it used?

When two different metals which expand at different amounts are welded together, they form
a bimetallic strip.
Transfer of heat takes place in three ways:
1. Conduction
2. Convection and
3. Radiation

1. Conduction of heat
Transfer of heat from an object at a higher temperature to an object at lower temperature when
they are in direct contact is called conduction.
When an object is heated, the heat is conducted from one end to the other end by means of
vibration of particles and movement of electrons. This is how conduction takes place in solids.

Thermal conductors Thermal insulator

Materials that conduct heat easily are Materials that do not conduct heat
called good conductors of heat. easily are called good conductors of
heat.
e.g., metals e.g., glass, wood

2. Convection of heat
Transfer of heat due to actual movement of particles as a result of temperature difference is called
convection.
When a fluid is heated, the particles closer to the source of heat gets warm and becomes lighter.
The lighter particles rise up and the heavier particles of the fluid take their place. This is how
convection takes place in fluids.

Land breeze Sea breeze

Warm air over the sea rises and the Warm air over the land rises and the
cool air from the land replaces it. cool air from the sea replaces it.
It occurs during the night. It occurs during the day.

3. Radiation of heat

The process by which heat energy from a source is transferred without the help of a medium is
called radiation.
Dark, rough and dull surfaces absorb heat radiation.
Light, smooth and shining surfaces reflect heat radiation .
• We wear light-coloured clothes in summer as they reflect most of sun’s radiation and absorb
very little heat, thus keeping us cool.
 Conduction Convection Radiation
Transfer of heat through Transfer of heat by actual Transfer of heat without the
matter from particle to movement of particles in help of the medium.
particle. matter.

Takes place only in solids. Takes place in liquids or Takes place in gases or even
gases. when there is no medium.

Comparatively slow process. Faster than conduction. Faster than conduction and
convection.

Takes place from a hotter Takes place only in the Takes place in all directions.
body to a colder body. upward direction.

Thermos flask
• It consists of a glass vessel with double walls. Glass is a bad conductor
of heat therefore heat loss or gain by conduction is reduced.
• There is vacuum between the two walls, thus heat loss by conduction
or convection is reduced.
• The outer surface of the inner wall and the inner surface of the outer
wall is made shiny. The shiny surface reduces heat loss or gain by radiation.
• The mouth of the vessel is closed with a cork to prevent heat loss by evaporation from the
hot liquid.

CHAPTER 5: HEAT
I. Answer the following questions:
1. What is heat? Write its SI unit.
2. What is thermal equilibrium?
3. What is temperature? Name the instrument used to measure temperature.
4. What are the values of the following in the three temperature scales?
a) melting point of ice
b) boiling point of water
c) absolute zero
5. What is the relationship between Celsius scale and Fahrenheit scale?
6. Write any two effects of heat.
7. What is ignition temperature?
8. What do you mean by change of state? Name any two changes of state.
9. Explain how transfer of heat takes place in solids.
10. Explain how temperature increase takes place in solids.
11. What is liquefaction?
12. What is thermal expansion?
13. Which state of matter has maximum thermal expansion and least thermal expansion.
14. How does conduction take place in solids?
15. What are good conductors? Give two examples.
16. What are bad conductors? Give two examples.
17. How does convection take place in fluids?
18. Differentiate between the following:
a) heat and temperature
b) flammable substances and non-flammable substances (give one example for each)
c) evaporation and boiling
d) conduction, convection, and radiation
e) sea breeze and land breeze
19. What is a bimetallic strip? Where is it used?
20. Write two applications of good conductors of heat.
20. Write two applications of bad conductors of heat.

II. Define the following:

1. Melting 2. Melting point
3. Condensation 4. Vaporization
5. Boiling 6. Solidification
7. Boiling point 8. Evaporation
9. Freezing point 10. Sublimation
11. Condensation point 12. melting point

III. Numerical Questions:

1. Convert 40oC to Fahrenheit.

2. Convert 121oF to Celsius.
3. Convert 38 oC to kelvin.
4. Convert 303K to Celsius.