umhen ot nueleon and

Nucdei
neuhr) ae coled NucLEONS A: p+n
SizE OE NucLEus; Velume o a nueleuo
6
à direetly oraporinal to the
nunbe

Voune Number o Nucleens

A
R3
92
’R e A'3
’R= Ro A3

R: |.2 A'3

A\3
Re ()
6 Nucleax Ahape i> Nuele one regonded as
'spheical'. Mouewer duwiakon yrom spheit
absut so.

P: Ma o Nucleon
Velune of Naebus
 4 'A s be nmer ot ueleons and
is the uerage mass of nucleons hen
m A
4R3
3
Buut Radis of muelews R= Ro A3

Put an ee then we

3 m
R
3 m

Bice above elahon s eicdeAenden ram A'

the nucler ol all
ll aem is
So density
almost Aame
Ro I-2xI'
.:. from e ge
Density o Nucleus lo"x Densiby o Mate
6 Atemic Mases (Unitied Atone Mass Unit)
One- uellth aut he mas ok Canbon
the
(ec)don is Called ahomie mass ut.
1amu =(Mess o aom o c
12

Na
 1 aM 6-012xè3
NA

1 ame = l6605 65 Xlo 'kg

CLASSIFICATION OF NUCLEI -

1. IsDtopes 2. Lsobars 3. Îsorones

.Elements hawing . Nuclei having sam .Nuclei hawing
'A' but dlet same nunber
diteent no o Nurens
nutry ecalled and neutrns au e callad
ISOTOPES Callled ISOBARS. IsoTONES.

) 7
23
(mi) U238
92
m

Nuclea Forces' hee s Some sreng atrachive

toreas acting with n the ucleus bahween p-p,
p-n and mn to keep Be ueles entot:m..These
turees are caled NUCLEAR FORCES EXCH ANGE FoRCES.

Propaties of Nuclasn frcesi> 1. They ae shongeat

trce pesent 0 nare.
They poumaruly atracive.
3 Thy ane short ranged. (ioS)
4. They ane men elic , nen gravitahnal
 spin dependent. Rapufpive
lhy ae
They ae change hdependent REPULSiVE
6 noncerral To=08fm
7 Exchange furces,
T<Yo shong repulive Pottidl
altraehve
IAArrRACTIVE
r (in fm)
-(00 (ueleor
keporahon)
atrache
6Einstein's mass- energy Telahon:’ "Energy and mass are
Telaked to each othen and eey substance has
'Enengg
due to ts mans alao.
ehegy

$Paie-roduchon and ain- annihil ahion: when an

enengeie T- xay hotou all on a heavy subshanca,
it is absorbed by some nucles o the substance
it enwgy gives se to eleoten (-, P) and
and
positn (,8° Jhes bhenomenen,s cala d PAIR
PRODUcTIDN. hy

(r-Phelen) Nuclaus
+

(Elechon) (Posiho)
(T- Pholon)
is cenveled nto mass
In His process enegy
I)J
Engy of TPholbn E 2m,c = 2x9-X1o (3%
2x9 Ix 9 x105Mmey
Fr pair praduchom ’ E ·02 MeV )
 Ya Annihilaioni the rereue phenomenen o
produch'on. hhen an elecron - and a posiben
paun Y-Photons hen
+| ecmbuie and give
gve suse to 2
calld PAIR ANNIHILATION.
his henomenon s
hyt h-siMe to
mass Csiveed
8 coDveed no enegy
S
n Hhis brocess momentun along sith en
* To tonvente
ned aomie mas witi
fEnerggy eauvalence o
We ka6) hat

Nsw by Einsheun's mas eng relaien

Am:·66os xI0*k

|·660SX 9 XIo MeV

4E 93)·5 Mey ]
J amu = 931·5 MeV

( PACKING FRACTION (e.E) Jhe xoio o mass

de<ect (am) to We mas nenber 'A her
uelei called P:F o hat nuclei.

P.F. of a nwcleus Am]

A
A PF+Ve uelews s unstabe.
ueews stable. stabiliy of ucluu
P.F s direetl relaled to availabilit, o nuclear enngyk
Nuclean Fission:- Jhe phentmenon in hch a
heavy nueleus l A> 230) when exu'kd splits nto.
bo smalleu nuele' o neany comporalble messes
A Cad NuCLEAR FISSION.
235 141 92
Ba +
36
Kr +3 n + Q
92 92 56 (20oMeV)
(usbable)
* Nuelea ision is an enormous surce os enegy
$ Nueleo Chain Reachn:> In ucear ssion the
'sston s baeig place at each succesive
umber of
ancreasing a
at aa rap1d
rap1d rale (ui G-e )
skage goes on
Thin as called CHAIN REACTIoN.

Reachon; When a h'ssionable makevil

Chain Reacion:
1. Unconolled Chain
grealen Han crihcal mass, Hen te reach
heve mass hat Me whole
wil accelerale at Such a rapid rale
makual will explode within a mcrosRCond, iberatie
a huge amount o ene Such a reachon es called'
UNCONTROLLE D CHAIN REACT ION. ATOM Bom
a. Contolld Chan Reachon :>
The chan reachen Can he
Cenrolled and maubtauied skady huy aasorbing a
Sutabla neurons aeach
nber of neurons at each shage o he
reachon, So het on an aveage one neuhon
remais ava'labls fer erahng tur her t'ss .Such
a reachcn is caled cONTROLL ED CHAIN REACTION.
NUCLEAA REAC TOA.
Thexmal Neuton The neutons foduced sn Hston
k.E = 2 Mel. such
ucle' have awenage
235,

neuhens au called Fast neuhns.

moving nautens of enngies
Jhe slow thermal neuhens. These
O0235Xel ae calod
neuhrons hare veloihes 2200 m$!
sebstance which is uscd to
Moderar. Ary hemal
fast moving newrens to
slow don called a modevaer.
energies(Oo235 el) sis buyllin
modrahr CD,o), graphte ad
Nalen, heavy
ae commen moderah.
slow down meuhons by eleshe
modray
" Agood
cl'sions:
. des removes neuhrons rom e syslem by
hem.
absrbarg uatio of he nunber
Mulhiplicahen tacbrC) Jhe
tte beinnig o a pahesa
o newtrons present at neahons hreet at
genahen o he nenber of
ke beginnesg toutos gonorahion calle
temass.
'k'

"4 k> 4, chan reaehon gros.

k=l chain achbn semains slecdy.
K<1 chain reachon graduelly dies ot.
Crikical Sine and Criheal Mass:> Jhe siye f a
h'ssionable maleual tor shich the mlhpliad -
and
callad cRITICAL SIZE
Lon facr k=t,
CRITICAL MASS. The chan reachon
t mas is called
sustauied.
hi ccse Temains sleady or

( Nuelea Reaebri Do yoursel

Nuele Fusion:-’Jke þroces
exhemely high emperahre) oþorm
nuclei cembene ( at called uclear usin
heaviex Tucleus is (Thmonweloar veachai)
sigle H +et + y o42 Me V
H +H Mey
H +H P + V+ o42
Aomron Positron

Nuclea Fusion:>
Necesasuy cendihons for nclei sulfeciet
kempeahne gives ligkt
. The hghHat they can overcome Coulombt seepulhia
sange o nuclear frce.
and coma cloer "han he tregueney o
a high denaity or preue hcreases
nuele
Rssion and Nuelear Fusian
8 D'fferance behvean Nuclea
ucleu hen Two ge nuele use
1.A heay ntotogether tb fom a heawie
exu kd gets salit up neay nuclous
to dighes nucle'o hegh temf.and high
Omrable marses. 2. Exhremely
ane
Temp and reAsurepreMuTe ane regured.
2. No nigh
more slable
 Fission Fus ion
3. Neutrons ae e link3. Protons ae be ink
poshclon o this pr cee panhicles of his þrocees
4. Guick þrocers 4. It oCcurs nseveal stees
skps
and seeqire sutty'eent fine.
5: Enengy per ncleon s.Enexgy per nucleon large
s.Enegy
small (aogsMeoo75 MeV)
procucks ae hamles
hazm-6. The rocduck
6. 3t ooduces Veny harm
l sadioachve wasles.
7. The fuel required tor
7 The sock of tasinoble fusion eà availabl n
tusion linsed.
pleny
 Beidig Gurve (B-£) Crve) A ’ 8 Mel

56 (8"sMel). A 200

35
U

12 (7-6Mel)
7
Prome to Nuelear issig
B"e
frcate
stabeley

200 220 246

20

Mas No (A)
12
bindig Enegy Curve:> ) Een-even nu eler' lke He, ë and 8
have qreater B"E per nuclen than khe
inmediale neughbor
fir A < 20 vey les3 hay ae least shable
BE p nuclesn is maximum So

meat stoble - Fo has maxinen BE per uCleen (9.8 Mev) So

Fe os stale

fur A>)20 6"E/ucleon shoos gradu al olecrease and dros To

7"6 MeV fsr

Nuclean h'sston' heay nueleon like

than muddle ones So
92
aoe les3 ebable. when
leser BE/ ucler
a heat nhclew
Splet into te kiyhle nclee
and beeene B'E/A changes om 7-6 Mew to g.mey
more Shable
4) Nucleat tuson > when 2 nueler cenbie to orm a heawie
uclews, hei 3E/A creases an d
thay beeeme comparadesy
mere able