This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles

for the
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

Designation: A751 − 14a

Standard Test Methods, Practices, and Terminology for

Chemical Analysis of Steel Products1
This standard is issued under the fixed designation A751; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the U.S. Department of Defense.

INTRODUCTION

These test methods, practices, and terminology were prepared to answer the need for a single
document that would include all aspects of obtaining and reporting the chemical analysis of steel,
stainless steel, and related alloys. Such subjects as definitions of terms and product (check) analysis
variations (tolerances) required clarification. Requirements for sampling, meeting specified limits, and
treatment of data usually were not clearly established in product specifications.
It is intended that these test methods, practices, and terminology will contain all requirements for
the determination of chemical composition of steel, stainless steel, or related alloys so that product
specifications will need contain only special modifications and exceptions.

1. Scope* priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
1.1 These test methods, practices, and terminology cover bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.
definitions, reference methods, practices, and guides relating to
the chemical analysis of steel, stainless steel, and related 2. Referenced Documents
alloys. It includes both wet chemical and instrumental tech- 2.1 ASTM Standards:2
niques. E29 Practice for Using Significant Digits in Test Data to
1.2 Directions are provided for handling chemical Determine Conformance with Specifications
requirements, product analyses, residual elements, and refer- E50 Practices for Apparatus, Reagents, and Safety Consid-
ence standards, and for the treatment and reporting of chemical erations for Chemical Analysis of Metals, Ores, and
analysis data. Related Materials
E60 Practice for Analysis of Metals, Ores, and Related
1.3 These test methods, practices, and terminology apply Materials by Spectrophotometry
only to those product standards which include these test E322 Test Method for Analysis of Low-Alloy Steels and
methods, practices, and terminology, or parts thereof, as a Cast Irons by Wavelength Dispersive X-Ray Fluorescence
requirement. Spectrometry
1.4 In cases of conflict, the product specification require- E350 Test Methods for Chemical Analysis of Carbon Steel,
ments shall take precedence over the requirements of these test Low-Alloy Steel, Silicon Electrical Steel, Ingot Iron, and
methods, practices, and terminology. Wrought Iron
1.5 Attention is directed to ISO/IEC 17025 when there may E352 Test Methods for Chemical Analysis of Tool Steels and
be a need for information on criteria for evaluation of testing Other Similar Medium- and High-Alloy Steels
laboratories. E353 Test Methods for Chemical Analysis of Stainless,
Heat-Resisting, Maraging, and Other Similar Chromium-
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the Nickel-Iron Alloys
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the E354 Test Methods for Chemical Analysis of High-
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro- Temperature, Electrical, Magnetic, and Other Similar Iron,
Nickel, and Cobalt Alloys
1
These test methods, practices, and terminology are under the jurisdiction of
ASTM Committee A01 on Steel, Stainless Steel and Related Alloys and are the
direct responsibility of Subcommittee A01.13 on Mechanical and Chemical Testing
2
and Processing Methods of Steel Products and Processes. For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
Current edition approved Oct. 1, 2014. Published October 2014. Originally contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
approved in 1977. Last previous edition approved in 2014 as A751 – 14. DOI: Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
10.1520/A0751-14A. the ASTM website.

*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard

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E415 Test Method for Analysis of Carbon and Low-Alloy NOTE 1—All of the chemical analysis procedures referenced in these
Steel by Spark Atomic Emission Spectrometry test methods include precision statements with reproducibility data, with
the exception of Test Methods E50.
E548 Guide for General Criteria Used for Evaluating Labo-
ratory Competence (Withdrawn 2002)3 3.1.1.3 product analysis tolerances (Note 2), n—a permis-
E572 Test Method for Analysis of Stainless and Alloy Steels sible variation over the maximum limit or under the minimum
by Wavelength Dispersive X-Ray Fluorescence Spectrom- limit of a specified element and applicable only to product
etry analyses, not cast or heat analyses.
E743 Guide for Spectrochemical Laboratory Quality Assur- NOTE 2—The term “analysis tolerance” is often misunderstood. It does
ance (Withdrawn 1998)3 not apply to cast or heat analyses determined to show conformance to
E851 Practice for Evaluation of Spectrochemical Laborato- specified chemical limits. It applies only to product analysis and becomes
ries (Withdrawn 1998)3 meaningful only when the heat analysis of an element falls close to one of
E882 Guide for Accountability and Quality Control in the the specified limits. For example, stainless steel UNS 30400 limits for
chromium are 18.00 to 20.00 %. A heat that the producer reported as
Chemical Analysis Laboratory 18.01 % chromium may be found to show 17.80 % chromium by a user
E1019 Test Methods for Determination of Carbon, Sulfur, performing a product analysis. If the product analysis tolerance for such a
Nitrogen, and Oxygen in Steel, Iron, Nickel, and Cobalt chromium level is 0.20 %, the product analysis of 17.80 % chromium
Alloys by Various Combustion and Fusion Techniques would be acceptable. A product analysis of 17.79 % would not be
E1085 Test Method for Analysis of Low-Alloy Steels by acceptable.
X-Ray Fluorescence Spectrometry 3.1.1.4 proprietary analytical method, n—a non-standard
E1086 Test Method for Analysis of Austenitic Stainless Steel analytical method, not published by ASTM, utilizing reference
by Spark Atomic Emission Spectrometry standards traceable to the National Institute of Standards and
E1097 Guide for Determination of Various Elements by Technology (NIST) (when available) or other sources refer-
Direct Current Plasma Atomic Emission Spectrometry enced in Section 10.
E1184 Practice for Determination of Elements by Graphite 3.1.1.5 referee analysis, n—performed using ASTM meth-
Furnace Atomic Absorption Spectrometry ods listed in 9.1.1, NIST reference standards or methods, and
E1282 Guide for Specifying the Chemical Compositions and reference standards agreed upon between parties. The selection
Selecting Sampling Practices and Quantitative Analysis of a laboratory to perform the referee analysis shall be a matter
Methods for Metals, Ores, and Related Materials of agreement between the supplier and the purchaser.
E1329 Practice for Verification and Use of Control Charts in 3.1.1.6 certified reference material, n—a specimen of mate-
Spectrochemical Analysis rial specially prepared, analyzed, and certified for chemical
E1476 Guide for Metals Identification, Grade Verification, content under the jurisdiction of a recognized standardizing
and Sorting agency or group, such as the NIST, for use by analytical
E1806 Practice for Sampling Steel and Iron for Determina- laboratories as an accurate basis for comparison. Reference
tion of Chemical Composition samples should bear sufficient resemblance to the material to
2.2 ISO Standards:4 be analyzed so that no significant differences are required in
ISO/IEC 17025 General Requirements for the Competence procedures or corrections (for example, for interferences or
of Testing and Calibration Laboratories inter-element effects).
3.1.1.7 working reference materials, n—reference materials
3. Terminology used for routine analytical control and traceable to NIST
3.1 Definitions: standards and other recognized standards when appropriate
3.1.1 Pertaining to Analyses: standards are available.
3.1.1.1 cast or heat (formerly ladle) analysis, n—applies to 3.1.2 Pertaining to Elements:
chemical analyses representative of a heat of steel as reported 3.1.2.1 intentionally added unspecified element, n—an ele-
to the purchaser and determined by analyzing a test sample, ment added in controlled amounts at the option of the producer
preferably obtained during the pouring of the steel, for the to obtain desirable characteristics.
elements designated in a specification.
3.1.2.2 residual element, n—a specified or unspecified
3.1.1.2 product, check, or verification analysis, n—a chemi-
element, not intentionally added, originating in raw materials,
cal analysis of the semifinished or finished product, usually for
refractories, or air.
the purpose of determining conformance to the specification
requirements. The range of the specified composition appli- 3.1.2.3 specified element, n—an element controlled to a
cable to product analysis is normally greater than that appli- specified range, maximum or minimum, in accordance with the
cable to heat analysis in order to take into account deviations requirements of the product specification.
associated with analytical reproducibility (Note 1) and the 3.1.2.4 trace element, n—a residual element that may occur
heterogeneity of the steel. in very low concentrations, generally less than 0.01 %.

4. Concerning Specification of Chemical Composition

3
The last approved version of this historical standard is referenced on Requirements
www.astm.org.
4
Available from American National Standards Institute (ANSI), 25 W. 43rd St., 4.1 It is recommended that Guide E1282 be consulted as a
4th Floor, New York, NY 10036, http://www.ansi.org. guide for specifying the chemical compositions for steels.

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 A751 − 14a
4.2 The recommended practice for specifying chemical 6.2 Product analysis tolerances may not be used to deter-
composition limits is to limit the number of significant figures mine conformance to the specified heat or cast analysis unless
for each element so that the number of figures to the right of the permitted by the individual material specification.
decimal point conforms to the following: 6.3 Product analysis tolerances, where available, are given
Chemical Maximum Number of Figures in the individual material specifications or in the general
Concentration: to the Right of the Decimal Point:
Up to 0.010 %, incl. 0.XXXX or may be expressed as ppm
requirement specifications.
Over 0.010 % to 0.10 %, incl. 0.XXX
Over 0.10 % to 3.0 %, incl. 0.XX 7. Unspecified Elements (Note 4)
Over 3.0 % 0.X
7.1 Reporting analyses of unspecified elements is permitted.
4.3 For those cases in which the composition range spans
NOTE 4—All commercial metals contain small amounts of various
either 0.10 % or 3.0 %, the number of figures to the right of the elements in addition to those which are specified. It is neither practical nor
decimal is to be determined by that indicated by the upper necessary to specify limits for every unspecified element that might be
limit. present, despite the fact that the presence of many of these elements is
often routinely determined by the producer.
4.4 Technical considerations may dictate the employment of
less than the number of figures to the right of the decimal as 7.2 Analysis limits shall be established for specific elements
previously recommended. rather than groups of elements such as “all others,” “rare
earths,” and “balance.”
NOTE 3—The recommendations should be employed to reduce the
number of significant figures, such as from 18.00 % to 18.0 %, but a 8. Sampling
significant figure should never be added unless there is a technical reason
for so doing.
8.1 Cast or Heat Analyses:
8.1.1 Samples shall be taken, insofar as possible, during the
5. Cast or Heat Analysis casting of a heat, at a time which, in the producer’s judgment,
best represents the composition of the cast.
5.1 The producer shall perform analyses for those elements 8.1.2 In case the heat analysis samples or analyses are lost
specified in the material specification. The results of such or inadequate, or when it is evident that the sample does not
analyses shall conform to the requirements specified in the truly represent the heat, representative samples may be taken
material specification. from the semifinished or finished product, in which case such
5.1.1 For multiple heats, either individual heat or cast samples may be analyzed to satisfy the specified requirements.
analysis, or an average heat or cast analysis, shall be reported. The analysis shall meet the specified limits for heat analysis.
If significant variations in heat or cast size are involved, a 8.2 Check, Product, or Verification Analyses—Unless other-
weighted average heat or cast analysis, based on the relative wise specified, the latest revision of Practice E1806 shall be
quantity of metal in each heat or cast, shall be reported. used as a guide for sampling.
5.1.2 For consumable electrode remelted material, a heat is
defined as all the ingots remelted by the same process from a 9. Test Methods
primary heat. The heat analysis shall be obtained from one 9.1 This section lists some test methods that have been
remelted ingot, or the product of one remelted ingot, from each found acceptable for chemical analysis of steels.
primary melt. If this heat analysis does not meet the heat 9.1.1 The following ASTM wet chemical test methods have
analysis requirements of the specification, one sample from the been found acceptable as referee test methods and as a base for
product of each remelted ingot shall be analyzed, and the standardizing instrumental analysis techniques:
analyses shall meet the heat analysis requirements. Test
Methods: General Description:
5.2 If the test samples taken for the heat analysis are lost, E350 basic wet chemical procedure for steels
inadequate, or not representative of the heat, a product analysis E352 wet chemical procedure for tool steels
of the semifinished or finished product may be used to establish E353 wet chemical procedure for stainless steels
E354 wet chemical procedure for high nickel steels
the heat analysis. E1019 determination of carbon, sulfur, nitrogen, oxygen, and hydrogen, in
5.2.1 If a product analysis is made to establish the heat steel and in iron, nickel, and cobalt alloys
analysis, the product analysis shall meet the specified limits for 9.1.2 The following ASTM instrumental test methods,
heat analysis and the product analysis tolerances described in practices, and guides may be employed for chemical analysis
Section 6 do not apply. of steels or may be useful as a guide in the calibration and
standardization of instrumental equipment for routine sampling
6. Product Analysis Requirements and analysis of steels:
6.1 For product analysis, the range of the specified chemical Standard: General Description:
E50 apparatus, reagents, and safety
composition is normally greater (designated product analysis E60 photometric and spectrophotometric work
tolerances) than that applicable to heat analyses to take into spectrographic analysis of steels (rod-to-rod technique)
account deviations associated with analytical reproducibility spectrographic analysis of acid-soluble aluminum
E322 x-ray fluorescence for steels
and the heterogeneity of the steel. If several determinations of spectrometric analysis of stainless steels
any element in the heat are made, they may not vary both E415 vacuum spectrometric analysis of steels
above and below the specified range. spectrographic determination of silicon and aluminum in high-

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 A751 − 14a

purity iron TABLE 2 Normal Elements and Ranges for Stainless Steels
E572 x-ray emission spectrometric analysis of stainless steels Using Spark Emission Spectroscopy
flame atomic absorption C 0.004–5.0 V 0.005–2.0
E882 accountability and quality control S 0.0005–0.1 Ti 0.005–2.5
E1019 determination of carbon, sulfur, nitrogen, oxygen, and hydrogen in N2 0.0020–0.3 Co 0.005–4.0
steel and in iron, nickel, and cobalt alloys MN 0.005–15.0 Sn 0.001–0.20
E1085 x-ray emission spectrometric analysis of low alloy steels P 0.001–1.5 W 0.005–3.0
E1086 optical emission vacuum spectrometric analysis of stainless steel Si 0.005–5.0 Pb 0.002–0.05
by the point-to plane excitation technique Cr 0.01–26.0 B 0.0005–0.05
E1097 direct current plasma spectroscopy Ni 0.01–36.0 Ca 0.0002–0.01
E1184 graphite furnace atomic absorption Al 0.001–5.5 Mg 0.001–0.01
E1282 selecting sampling practices and analysis methods Mo 0.005–8.0 Ce 0.001–0.2
E1329 verification and use of control charts Cu 0.005–4.0 Zr 0.001–0.1
E1806 sampling Cb 0.005–3.0 Ta 0.005–0.5
9.2 The following are some of the commonly accepted
techniques employed for routine chemical analysis of steels.
These routine analyses are the basis for the producers’ quality Element Ranges %
control/assurance programs. Proprietary methods are permis- B 0.0002–0.01
Ca 0.0002–0.01
sible provided the results are equivalent to those obtained from Mg 0.0002–0.01
standard methods when applicable. Ce 0.001–0.2
9.2.1 Analysis of stainless steels using x-ray fluorescence Zr 0.001–0.1
Ta 0.005–0.5
spectroscopy (XRF). See Table 1 for normal elements and La 0.001–0.01
ranges for stainless steels.
9.3 There are additional common techniques often used for
9.2.2 Analysis of stainless steels using spark emission
chemical analysis of standards for instrument analysis such as:
spectroscopy (OES). See Table 2 for normal elements and
polarographic analysis, ion exchange separations,
ranges for stainless steels.
radioactivation, and mass spectrometry.
9.2.3 Analysis of solutions using an atomic absorption
spectrophotometer. 10. Reference Materials
9.2.4 Analysis of solutions using an inductively coupled
10.1 For referee analyses, reference standards of a recog-
plasma emission spectrometer.
nized standardizing agency shall be employed with preference
9.2.5 Determination of carbon or sulfur, or both, by com-
given to NIST standard reference materials when applicable.
bustion (in oxygen) and measurement of CO2 or SO2, or both,
(NIST does not produce reference standards suitable for all
by thermal conductivity or infrared detectors.
elements or all alloys.5)
Element Ranges %
C 0.002–5.0
10.1.1 When standard reference materials for certain alloys
S 0.0005–0.1 are not available from NIST, reference materials may be
9.2.6 Determination of nitrogen and oxygen by fusion (in a produced by employing ASTM standard procedures and NIST
helium atmosphere) and measurement of N2 by thermal con- standard reference materials to the extent that such procedures
ductivity and oxygen by measurement of CO by infrared or and reference standards are available. Several independent
thermal conductivity detectors. laboratories should be used for certification of these standards
and their results statistically reviewed and merged.
Element Ranges %
N2 0.0005–0.3 10.1.2 Methods not published by ASTM, such as a defini-
O2 0.0008–0.02 tive analytical method, may be used when the method is
9.2.7 Analysis of solutions using inductively coupled validated by analyzing certified reference materials along with
plasma emission spectroscopy (ICP) or direct plasma emission the candidate reference material. Examples of definitive ana-
spectroscopy (DCP). Normal elements and ranges for stainless lytical methods include gravimetric, coulometry, titrimetric
steels are as follows: based on normality, and mass spectrometry.
10.2 Working reference materials may be used for routine
TABLE 1 Normal Elements and Ranges for Stainless Steels analytical control.
Using X-Ray Fluorescence Spectroscopy
Element Ranges % Element Ranges % 11. Significant Numbers
MN 0.005–15.0 Cu 0.005–4.0 11.1 Laboratories shall report each element to the same
P 0.001–0.15 Cb 0.005–3.0
Si 0.005–5.0 V 0.005–2.0
number of significant numbers as used in the pertinent material
Cr 0.01–26.0 Ti 0.005–2.5 specifications.
Ni 0.01–36.0 Co 0.005–4.0
Al 0.002–5.5 Sn 0.002–0.20
5
Mo 0.005–8.0 W 0.005–3.0 Some sources of reference materials are listed in ASTM Data Series Publication
No. DS2, issued 1963.

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11.2 When a chemical determination yields a greater num- 13. Records
ber of significant numbers than is specified for an element, the
13.1 In addition to the test data requested, the test records
result shall be rounded in accordance with Section 12.
shall contain the following information as appropriate:
12. Rounding Procedure 13.1.1 Description of the material tested, for example, heat
12.1 To determine conformance with the specification number, grade of material, product specification.
requirements, an observed value or calculated value shall be 13.1.2 Test method(s) or unambiguous description of the
rounded in accordance with Practice E29 to the nearest unit in nonstandard method(s) used.
the last right-hand place of values listed in the table of
chemical requirements. 14. Keywords
12.2 In the special case of rounding the number “5” when
14.1 cast analysis; chemical analysis; heat analysis; product
no additional numbers other than “0” follow the “5,” rounding
analysis; reference materials
shall be done in the direction of the specification analysis limits
if following Practice E29 would cause rejection of material.

APPENDIXES

(Nonmandatory Information)

X1. QUALITY ASSURANCE FOR VALIDITY OF ANALYTICAL RESULTS

X1.1 The requirements embodied in Guide E548, ISO/ X1.3.1 Replication of sampling and testing to improve the
IEC 17025, and Practice E851 provide generic requirements precision of results;
for production of valid chemical-analysis results. X1.3.2 Use of reference materials is crucial to accurate
results;
X1.2 Additional pertinent standards for improving the com-
petency of chemical analysis laboratories are included in X1.3.3 Instrumentation that is appropriate and properly
Guides E743 and E882. maintained; and
X1.3.4 Personnel who are properly trained, ethical chemists
X1.3 Keys to improving validity of chemical analytical or technicians, and who work with properly documented,
results are as follows: current standards.

X2. DISCUSSION OF POSITIVE MATERIAL IDENTIFICATION (PMI)

X2.1 PMI is not a true analysis method comparable to the sorting by material type.
methods described in the body of this standard and, therefore,
is not to be used for reportable analysis of material chemical X2.5 PMI is limited as to the elements reported. Lighter
composition. This appendix is included for reference purposes elements may not be reported or, if reported, may have a large
only and does not allow PMI to be used for the purpose of uncertainty.
analysis where A751 is referenced in other standards. X2.6 The applicable ASTM standard for PMI is Guide
X2.2 PMI typically utilizes portable instruments to deter- E1476. Users are directed to Guide E1476 for additional
mine material type for the purpose of identification and sorting. instruction.

X2.3 PMI can provide accurate non-destructive identifica- X2.7 In addition to Guide E1476, the user should refer to
tion of many material types. the instructions from the manufacturer of the specific instru-
ment to determine the operation, capabilities, and limitations of
X2.4 PMI is intended for material identification and for that instrument.

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SUMMARY OF CHANGES

Committee A01 has identified the location of selected changes to this standard since the last issue (A751 – 14)
that may impact the use of this standard. (Approved Oct. 1, 2014.)

(1) Added new Appendix X2. (2) Added Guide E1476 to Section 2.

Committee A01 has identified the location of selected changes to this standard since the last issue (A751 – 11)
that may impact the use of this standard. (Approved March 1, 2014.)

(1) Removed reference to analysis method standards that have

been withdrawn.

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