Tracing the Hazy Air 2024

Progress Report on National Clean Air Programme (NCAP)

01/2024

Authors
Manoj Kumar N, and Sunil Dahiya

Editor(s)
Nandikesh Sivalingam
About CREA
The Centre for Research on Energy and Clean Air (CREA) is an independent research
organisation focused on revealing the trends, causes, and health impacts, as well as the
solutions to air pollution. CREA uses scientific data, research, and evidence to support the
efforts of governments, companies, and campaigning organisations worldwide in their
efforts to move towards clean energy and clean air, believing that effective research and
communication are the keys to successful policies, investment decisions, and advocacy
efforts. CREA was founded in Helsinki and has staff in several Asian and European
countries.

Disclaimer

CREA is politically independent. The designations employed and the presentation of the
material on maps contained in this report do not imply the expression of any opinion
whatsoever concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city or area or of its
authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries.

The views and opinions expressed in this publication are those of the authors and do not
necessarily reflect the official policy or position, or represent the views or opinions, of the
Centre for Research on Energy and Clean Air (CREA), or its members and/or funders. CREA
assumes no responsibility or liability for any errors or omissions in the content of this
publication.
Contents
List of Abbreviations 4
Summary 5
Introduction 8
Purpose and Scope of the Report 10
Materials and Methodology 10
Institutional Strengthening 11
Financial Support 14
Mitigation Actions 16
Knowledge Network and Augmentation 19
Air Quality Monitoring Network 19
Source Apportionment Study 21
Air Quality Levels in 2023 22
PM10 Levels in 2023 23
NCAP Cities Target Achieved Vs Not Achieved Cities 25
NCAP and Non-NCAP cities 26
PM2.5 levels in 2023 27
Conclusion and the way forward 28
References 31
Annexure 34
Annexure 1: Details of Ambient Air Quality Monitoring Stations in 489 cities in the country
(as on 03.10.2023) 34
Annexure 2: Ranking of cities based on PM10 concentrations from CAAQMS in 2023 44
Annexure 3: Funds released and utilized in 131 NCAP cities (FY 20 to FY24) 50
Annexure 4: State-wise progress under Swacch Bharat Mission 2.0 53
Annexure 5: PM2.5 Concentration and exceedance percentage of all Indian Cities 54
List of Abbreviations
AMRUT - Smart City Mission, and Atal Mission for Rejuvenation and Urban Transformation
CAAQMS - Continuous Ambient Air Quality Monitoring Stations
CBG - Compressed Bio-Gas
CEMS - Continuous Emission Monitoring System
CFBC - Circulating Fluidized Bed Combustion
CPCB - Central Pollution Control Board
DSI - Dry sorbent injection
DSS - Decision Support System
EC - Environmental Clearance
FAME - Faster Adoption and Manufacturing of Hybrid and Electric Vehicles
FGD - Flue Gas Desulfurization
MOEF&CC - Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change
NAAQS - National Ambient Air quality Standards
NAMP - National Air Quality Monitoring Programme
NCAP - National Clean Air Programme
OCEMS - Online Continuous Emission and Effluent Monitoring System
PM10 - Particulate Matter with aerodynamic diameter of 10 micrometers or less
PM2.5 - Particulate Matter with aerodynamic diameter of 2.5 micrometers or less
PCC - Pollution Control Committees
PNGRB - Petroleum and Natural Gas Regulatory Board
PRANA - Portal for Regulation of Air Pollution in Non-Attainment Cities
SATAT - Sustainable Alternative Towards Affordable Transportation
SBM - Swachh Bharat Mission
SPCB - State Pollution Control Board
Summary
The National Clean Air Programme (NCAP) was launched in India in 2019 aimed to
significantly enhance the air quality in India by 2024 by reducing PM concentration by
20-30 per cent which in 2022 has been extended to 2026 aiming to have a 40% reduction in
pollution levels compared to 2017. The programme has faced challenges and
shortcomings, as highlighted in the 'Tracing the Hazy Air 2022 & 2023' reviews. The latest
report evaluates the progress under NCAP and ambient air quality trends for 2023,
revealing critical findings:

​ Air Information Centers and Pollution Forecasting:

● NCAP aimed to establish air information centres at central and regional
levels by 2020; however, as of December 2023, only the central 'Portal for
Regulation of Air Pollution in Non-Attainment Cities (PRANA)' portal by
Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB) is functional.
● Despite NCAP's goal for air pollution forecasting systems in non-attainment
cities by 2022, only Delhi has a functional system by December 2023.
​ Committee Setup and Utilization of Funds:
● Committees at various levels were proposed by NCAP, but their
functionality, transparency, and public availability of information remain
challenging.
● Out of total allocations of 1253 crore to 82 non-attainment cities, only 498
crores (40%) was utilized till November 2023 while 49 million plus cities
were allocated 9610 crores out of which 5909 crore (62%) was utilised,
showing significant underutilization of the allocated funds.
​ Monitoring Stations and Continuous Ambient Air Quality Monitoring Stations:
● NCAP envisaged augmenting the manual monitoring stations under the
National Air Quality Monitoring Programme (NAMP) from the existing 703
stations to 1,500 stations by 2024, but as of December 2023, only 931
manual stations were operational, with a minimal increase from the
previous year, showing critical shortfall against the target.
● NCAP aimed for 150 Continuous Ambient Air Quality Monitoring Stations
(CAAQMS), but 531 stations are currently operational, indicating very good
progress.
 ● The rural monitoring network consists of 26 manual stations, covering
limited areas. Efforts to set up 100 monitoring stations by 2024 in rural areas
are yet to be fully realized and seem difficult to achieve.
​
​ Source Apportionment:
● Only 44 out of 131 non-attainment cities conducted source apportionment
studies by December 2023.
​ Air Quality and Most Polluted Cities:
● Byrnihat (301 µg m-3) in Meghalaya/Assam, Begusarai (265 µg m-3) in Bihar,
and Greater Noida (228 µg m-3) in Uttar Pradesh were among the most
polluted cities in 2023.
● Sri Ganganagar (Rajasthan), Chhapra (Bihar), Patna (Bihar), Hanumangarh
(Rajasthan), Delhi, Bhiwadi (Rajasthan), and Faridabad (Haryana) were the
other cities in the top 10 most polluted cities list in India in 2023 holding
respective positions from fourth to 10th in order of mention.
● Of the top 50 polluted cities, Bihar (19) had the highest representation,
followed by Haryana (8) and Rajasthan (8).
​ Data Availability and Compliance with National Ambient Air quality Standards:
● Of the 227 cities with over 75% data availability days in 2023, 85 cities were
under NCAP. Additionally, 142 cities were not covered by NCAP. Within the
NCAP cities, 78 exceeded PM10 levels above National Ambient Air quality
Standards (NAAQS). Conversely, among the non-NCAP cities, 118 surpassed
NAAQS for PM10 levels.
● This highlights widespread air quality concerns, emphasizing the need to
reassess the list of non-attainment cities. Such reassessment is crucial to
reverse the trend of increasing air pollution levels in cities with recent
ambient air quality monitoring but recording pollution levels above the
prescribed standards.

In conclusion, the report underscores the need for enhanced coordination, monitoring,
and effective utilization of allocated funds to achieve the ambitious goals set by NCAP for
improving air quality in India.

Recommendations:

● The presence of a high number of non-NCAP cities recording hazardous pollution

levels highlights widespread air quality concerns, emphasizing the need to reassess
the list of non-attainment cities. Such reassessment is crucial to reverse the trend
 of increasing air pollution levels in cities with recent ambient air quality monitoring
but recording pollution levels above the prescribed standards.
● Setting up a penalization mechanism for the responsible authorities and sectors for
non-compliance to the timelines and action points stipulated under the original
NCAP and revised action points thereafter. Failure to abide by timelines for
conducting various research studies (i.e., emission Inventory, source
apportionment, carrying capacity studies and health baselines etc.) should be
penalised. These research studies are only helpful in setting the baseline if
conducted within proper timelines.
● Public access to national air quality data generated through satellite, industrial air
quality monitoring, continuous emission monitoring system (CEMS), low-cost
sensors and manual monitors should be ensured at an easy-to-use platform such as
Central Control Room for Ambient Air Quality Data by CPCB which should further be
linked to PRANA portal.
● A future roadmap for NCAP will need to expedite the identification of airsheds in
the country to formulate and implement airshed-based air quality management.
The National Ambient Air Quality Standards Revision Committee should also
discuss the notification of varied ambient air quality standards or guidelines based
on the background air quality levels for different airsheds and set ambitious targets
by tightening the NAAQS for airsheds having ambient air quality levels near or
under the NAAQS. The ambition should be to move towards WHO guideline levels in
the long term while setting interim guideline levels as short-term and mid-term
targets.
● A national emissions database quantifying the emission reduction targets at
district/state and national levels, based on emission load should be set up to propel
the improvements in ambient air quality levels.
● An effective resource distribution strategy should be adopted where a more
balanced allocation of funds to address emission load reduction at source should
be prioritised rather than a disproportionate focus on any single action
point/sector.
● Accelerate the efforts to expand the air quality monitoring network to meet the
stipulated targets. Increase the number of monitoring stations to cover a wider
geographical area, including rural regions, with the integration of satellite data and
early warning/forecasting systems for air quality.
Introduction
In January 2019, the Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change (MoEFCC)
initiated the National Clean Air Programme (NCAP) with the objective of enhancing air
quality in 102 cities initially, which has now increased to 131 cities with the inclusion of
new cities (non-attainment and million plus cities) in the list, these cities are across 24
States/Union Territories. The initial goal of the National Clean Air Programme (NCAP) was
to achieve a 20-30% reduction in key air pollutants such as particulate matter less than
2.5μm (PM2.5) and 10μm (PM10) by the year 2024, using the pollution levels from 2017 as
the baseline for improvement (MOEF&CC, 2019 & CPCB, 2023).

In 2022 a new goal of achieving a 40% reduction in PM10 concentration by 2026 was
introduced (PIB, 2023a). After the 2022 update in the target for pollution reduction under
NCAP, 82 cities were assigned annual targets for reducing PM10 levels by 3-15%,
contributing to an overall reduction of air quality of up to 40% in PM10 levels. Additionally,
the other 49 cities, benefiting from the XVth Finance Commission air quality grant, were
allocated an annual target of a 15% reduction in average annual Particulate Matter of 10
µm aerodynamic diameter (PM10) concentrations, along with an enhancement of good air
quality days (Air Quality Index less than 200).

IQAir, 2023 report indicates that despite ongoing efforts to address air quality, India still
retained 12 of Central and South Asia's 15 most polluted cities list and approximately 60
percent of Indian cities had PM2.5 levels at least seven times higher than the World Health
Organization's guideline (IQAir, 2023).

The entire Indian population of 1.3 billion people residing in areas with annual average
PM2.5 levels surpassing the World Health Organization (WHO) guideline, faces significant
health burden due to high pollution levels. Exposure to high pollution levels in the country
reduces the average Indian's life expectancy by 5.3 years, surpassing the impact of
cardiovascular diseases (4.5 years) and child/maternal malnutrition (1.8 years) (AQLI,
2023).

While efforts such as access to finances for air quality improvement, setting up of an
institutional mechanism for better governance and policies such as the introduction of
BSVI fuel for transportation and stricter emission standards for industries have been
introduced over the past years, the persistent high pollution levels highlight the need for
an assessment of prevailing trends in pollution levels as well as progress on indicators
stipulated under NCAP. Such an assessment helps identify the deviation from the efficient
path towards clean air and ensures course correction for efficient utilisation of time and
resources through gap identification in the existing approach.

This report serves as a follow-up to the 'Tracing the Hazy Air: Progress Report on National
Clean Air Programme' released by the Centre for Research on Energy and Clean Air in both
January 2022 and January 2023 (CREA, 2022 & CREA, 2023a). The first report highlighted
sluggish progress in formulating state action plans, regional action plans, and the
transboundary action plan. The report also highlighted the fact that only 15 out of all
non-attainment cities had completed the source apportionment studies by December
2022, which were initially planned to be completed by 2020. While the source
apportionment studies were at least initiated in most non-attainment studies, none of the
cities completed carrying capacity studies. The report also highlighted that against a target
of installing 1500 manual ambient air quality stations, only 818 stations were present (till
December 2021) while the PM2.5 monitoring capability was only available at 262 stations
against a target of all manual stations to be covered by 2024.The report recommends
making NCAP legally binding, setting interim and long-term targets aligned with WHO
guidelines, and improving transparency through platforms like the PRANA web portal
developed by CPCB (PRANA, 2023).

In the second report, we again accessed the progress of NCAP and found that after four
years of NCAP being in force, only 37 of 131 non-attainment cities had completed source
apportionment studies by December 2022 and almost all of them lacked availability in the
public domain, raising questions on the purpose of conducting these studies and limiting
their effectiveness in playing a significant role in pollution reduction. The report
highlighted that although the committees and framework for implementing, monitoring
and review of actions stipulated under NCAP have been formulated, their functioning and
transparent information sharing with the public remains opaque, reducing the
effectiveness of such measures at the State level.

Between 2019 and 22, India added only 45 air quality monitoring stations annually,
totalling 883 stations by December 2022. The report stressed that India will be required to
install more than 300 manual air quality monitoring stations per year under NAMP to reach
the NCAP goal of 1,500 monitoring stations by 2024. The review identified lacunae,
including a lack of emission reduction-based approaches, transparent air quality data
sharing, and integration of management plans. The absence of a cap on fossil fuel
consumption, integration of monitoring infrastructure, and collaboration with forecasting
mechanisms were also noted. The report recommended expediting the airshed
identification, setting stratified ambient air quality standards with the aim to move
towards WHO interim targets first and then to the WHO guideline levels.

Purpose and Scope of the Report

The current report is a continuation of previous reports ‘Tracing the Hazy Air: Progress
Report on National Clean Air Programme’ released by the Centre for Research on Energy
and Clean Air in January 2022 and January 2023 (CREA, 2022 & CREA, 2023a). This report
endeavors to assess the implementation and progress of the National Clean Air
Programme (NCAP) in reducing air pollution levels since its initiation in January 2019. The
aim of this analysis is to assist policymakers, civil society organizations, researchers, and
citizens in realigning actions and priorities for the effective use of resources and energy in
air quality improvement.

Focusing on governance and management of ambient air quality in the country until
December 2023, this review specifically evaluates the flagship NCAP, concentrating on key
areas such as institutional strengthening, finance, mitigation measures, source
apportionment studies, and air quality trends.

The scope of the study is limited to tracking the indicators at the national level coordinated
or implemented by national institutions while an in-depth analysis of the actions by
non-attainment cities and their respective states or union territories is not included in the
current study.

Materials and Methodology

The methodology employed to monitor the implementation of the NCAP involved the
comprehensive examination of both primary and secondary sources. Valuable information
was gathered from various government ministries, including but not limited to MoEFCC,
MoPNG, CPCB, SPCBs, and MoP. Additionally, data was extracted from parliamentary
sessions in both Houses (Loksabha and Rajyasabha), encompassing questions posed
during different sessions. The research process extended to the inclusion of reports from
non-governmental organizations, articles from diverse news agencies, and the submission
of several RTIs to pertinent government ministries and departments. The compiled data
from these diverse sources was systematically organized using Google Sheets, with a focus
on quantifiable parameters.

Institutional Strengthening
NCAP in 2019 January advocated for setting up of air information centres at central
and regional levels by 2020; as of December 2023, the only air information system
available is at the central levels ‘PRANA’ portal by CPCB, apart from which no other
regional air information system seems to be available (PRANA, 2023). A dashboard for
monitoring air pollution levels for Delhi-NCR as per GRAP categories ‘Central Control Room
for Air Quality Monitoring-Delhi-NCR (CCR: Delhi-NCR)’ by CPCB is also available, which
provides average air quality levels in the Delhi-NCR region, but no other information on
policies, guidelines and directions etc (CPCB-CCR, 2023). Similar to CCR: Delhi-NCR, Delhi
NCR also has a specific body the ‘Commission for Air Quality Management (CAQM),
responsible for regional air quality governance and works with other existing bodies
(CAQM, 2023). The CAQM provides a repository of prevailing policies, guidelines and
directions. No institution or commission similar to CAQM exists for any other city, state or
region in India.

NCAP also outlined that by 2022 all non-attainment cities will have an air pollution
forecasting system. Still, as of December 2023, only Delhi has a functionally used air
quality forecasting system, while SAFAR has developed air quality forecasting models for
other cities such as Pune, Mumbai and Ahmedabad; these are still not widely known or
used for air pollution regulation purposes (IITM, 2023). The remaining cities are still left
without any such system. NCAP also envisioned setting up hotspot-based forecasting to
be taken up from city-specific forecasting in non-attainment cities by 2022, but in the
absence of city-based forecasting, no city has deployed hotspot-based forecasting of
air quality in India, including Delhi.

The efforts to augment ambient air quality monitoring through ground measurements are
a focus area under the ‘Knowledge and Database Augmentation’ section of the NCAP.
Under institutional strengthening, NCAP proposed the integration of ISRO satellite data for
monitoring and forecasting by 2022. As of December 2023, the available information
suggests that in September 2023 IIT Delhi started working on phase 2 of Satellite-based
Applications for Air quality monitoring at the National Scale (SAANS) project funded by
CPCB under which the researchers will develop hourly PM2.5 and PM10 products for
tracking progress under the NCAP (Dey et.al, 2020). The project is estimated to be
completed by 2026 (IITD, 2023).

Apart from SAANS, the Ministry of Earth Sciences has developed an advanced integrated
air quality early warning and decision support system for providing early warnings on air
quality in Delhi at a resolution of 400 meters and in other major cities like Kanpur and
Lucknow at a resolution of 10 kilometres. This prototype system serves as a noteworthy
contribution towards improving air quality management in India. The system employs
advanced technology, incorporating both ground-based and satellite-based
measurements, to deliver timely information on air quality. The real-time data collection
and analysis capabilities of the system enable the generation of accurate air quality indices
and forecasts, thereby enabling decision-makers to take appropriate action in response to
deteriorating air quality (PQLS 5087, 03/04/23)

NCAP proposed setting up of various committees at the Centre, State and City/District
levels, where most of these committees have been set up their functioning and
transparency in terms of working, actions taken and public availability of information still
remains a big challenge. Table 1 outlines the committees to be formulated under NCAP
and their respective timelines:

Table 1: Committees to be set-up under NCAP

Level of Level of Timeline

Activity Agencies
Funding Implementation (Year)
Apex committee at the MoEF&CC Centre Centre MoEF&CC 2019
National Level PMU at the MoEF&CC Centre Centre MoEF&CC 2019
MoEF&CC, MoP,
Five Sectoral Working Groups on a
Centre Centre MoRTH, MoHUA, 2019
cochairing basis
MoA, DIPP
A Monitoring and Forecasting Working
Centre Centre MoEF&CC 2019
Group
A Technical Expert Committee at the
Centre Centre MoEF&CC 2019
MoEF&C
A national-level Project Implementation
Centre Centre CPCB 2019
Unit (PIU) at the CPCB
A State Monitoring Committee under the
State State DoE 2019
chief secretary in the states
State-level PMU at the SPCB State State SPCB 2019
City-level Review Committee under the Municipal
State City 2019
municipal commissioner Corporation
A DM-level committee in the districts State City/District DM 2019
In addition to the committees proposed above an additional Steering Committee to review
and approve the MoEF&CC budget required for city clean air action plans and their
components for the priority cities under NCAP receiving MoEF&CC funding was also set-up
in 2019 holding its first meeting in June 2019. The committee has met six times since then
with the latest meeting being held on 13th September 2023.

Table 2:. Meetings held by centre levels committees between 2019 to 2023 (November)

Committees # Meetings Till Date # Meetings in 2023 Last Meeting Held

Apex Committee 2 1 15.03.2023
Steering Committee 6 1 13.09.2023
Monitoring Committee 11 3 27.10.2023
Implementation Committee 14 3 18.08.2023

The committees displayed varying levels of activity and engagement from 2019 to 2023,
while the Apex committee at the national level was constituted in 2021 and has only met
twice since then; the other national levels committees such as the steering committee,
Monitoring committee and Implementation committee were constituted in 2019. Having
convened twice, the Apex committee held its most recent meeting on 15.03.2023.

The Steering committee, with a total of six meetings, conducted one session in 2023, with
the last meeting occurring on 13.09.2023. The Monitoring Committee, having met a total of
eleven times, demonstrated a high level of engagement by conducting three meetings in
2023, the latest of which was on 27.10.2023. Similarly, with a total of fourteen meetings,
the Implementation Committee held three sessions in 2023, concluding in the most recent
meeting on 18.08.2023 (PRANA MOM, 2023a).

Along with setting up of Centre level committees the NCAP also outlined setting up of state
levels Air Quality Management Committee (AQMC)/State Level Monitoring Implementation
Committee (SLMIC) and Steering Committee. Table 3 provides details of state-wise
meetings held by AQMC and SLMIC in 2023. Delhi leads with a total of seven meetings (5
AQMC/SLMIC and 2 Steering Committee meetings).

All states except Himachal Pradesh have conducted at least one AQMC or SLMIC meeting
during the period. However, Andhra Pradesh, Chandigarh, Chhattisgarh, Himachal
Pradesh, Jharkhand, Karnataka, Maharashtra, Rajasthan, Tamil Nadu, Telangana and
Uttarakhand did not conduct steering committee meetings (PRANA MOM, 2023b).
 Table 3: Meetings held in 2023 by the state-level committee under NCAP

AQMC/ SLMIC meeting Steering Committee

State held between January meeting held b/w 2023 - Total
2023 - November 2023 till date
Andhra Pradesh 3 0 3
Assam 1 4 5
Bihar 2 1 3
Chandigarh 2 0 2
Chhattisgarh 1 0 1
Delhi 5 2 7
Gujarat 2 1 3
Himachal Pradesh 0 0 0
Jammu & Kashmir 3 1 4
Jharkhand 1 0 1
Karnataka 3 0 3
Madhya Pradesh 1 1 2
Maharashtra 2 0 2
Meghalaya 1 1 2
Nagaland 2 2 4
Odisha 2 2 4
Punjab 2 1 3
Rajasthan 3 0 3
Tamil Nadu 1 0 1
Telangana 2 0 2
Uttar Pradesh 1 1 2
Uttarakhand 2 0 2
West Bengal 4 1 5
Note: SLMIC - State Level Monitoring and Implementation Committee and AQMC - Air Quality Monitoring Committee

Financial Support
Trends in the release and utilization of funds for air quality improvement initiatives in 82
Non-Attainment Cities and 49 Million Plus Cities, spanning the fiscal years 2019-20 to
2023-241 (PRANA MOM, 2023b) shows severe under utilisation of the funds. Fund released
and utilization details of all 131 NCAP cities are given in Annexure 3 (PIB, 2023b). Out of
total allocations of 1253 crore to 82 non-attainment cities, only 498 crores (40%) was
utilized till November 2023 while 49 million plus cities were allocated 9610 crores out of
which 5909 crore (62%) was utilised, showing significant underutilization of the allocated
funds.

While just looking at the overall utilization of the allocated funds does not provide details
on efficient allocation and utilization of the funds, the details of spending for specific
actions and activities are more useful in understanding whether the funds have been spent

1
Data for 2023-24 is from allocation grants and utilization till November 2023
on emission/pollution load reduction policies and actions or is allocated for inefficient
actions which do not necessarily result into systematic and comprehensive air pollution
level reductions.

Utilization of funds across different sectors in 131 cities since 2019 (till November 2023),
reveals a perplexing distribution strategy. Notably, a considerable portion of nearly 64% is
designated for addressing Road Dust,
signalling a disproportionate focus
on this specific component over
other sources of air pollution. A mere
6% of the utilized funds going to
capacity building suggests a modest
commitment to enhancing skills,
resources and tools for better air
pollution regulation, followed by
nearly negligible amounts of less
than 1% being spent on public
outreach, raising concerns about the
level of importance attributed to
engaging and informing the public in
the entire NCAP. The data prompts
questions about the rationale behind
these allocations and the overall
efficacy of the resource distribution strategy in comprehensively addressing the prevailing
high pollution levels across the country (PRANA MOM, 2023c).

Mitigation Actions
Table 5 provides a comprehensive overview of key initiatives undertaken by various
ministries Under NCAP (PRANA, 2023d).

● The Ministry of Housing and Urban Affairs is actively involved in the Swachh Bharat
Mission (SBM 2.0), Smart City Mission, and Atal Mission for Rejuvenation and Urban
Transformation (AMRUT), focusing on waste management, urban mobility, and
green spaces.
● The Ministry of Heavy Industries is driving the Faster Adoption and Manufacturing
of Hybrid and Electric Vehicles (FAME II) scheme to incentivize electric vehicle
adoption and boost domestic manufacturing.
● The Ministry of Petroleum and Natural Gas is spearheading Sustainable Alternative
Towards Affordable Transportation (SATAT), City Gas Distribution Network, and
GOBARdhan to promote bio-gas usage and expand gas infrastructure.
● The Ministry of Environment, Forest, and Climate Change's Nagar Van Yojana
targets the creation of green spaces.
● The Ministry of Power is actively engaged in biomass utilization and emission
reduction measures from thermal power plants.
● The Ministry of Road Transport and Highways' Vehicle Scrapping Policy aims to
phase out old vehicles, contributing to sustainable transportation practices.

While various ministries and departments responsible for actions linked to NCAP are
making progress on action points mentioned under NCAP, the Ministry of Power has been
dragging its feet on ensuring the implementation of emission standard notification, 2015
for coal-based power stations and has extended the deadline for power plants four times
since 2015. Only less than 8% of the nationally installed coal-based electricity generation
capacity have been able to install Flue Gas Desulfurization (FGD)/ Dry sorbent injection
(DSI)/ Circulating Fluidized Bed Combustion (CFBC) to control SO2 emissions till now,
while only seven (2 GW) out of 75 (23.5 GW) NCAP units have installed the retrofits to
comply to SO2 emission norms (CREA, 2023b).
 Table 4: Progress of action taken by various ministries under NCAP

Ministry Scheme Time Area Focused/Objectives Progress Made

SBM encompass all 131 NCAP cities. Approved action plans for waste
processing in 105 cities, legacy waste remediation in 76 cities, construction and
Ministry of Housing Swachh Bharat Mission
2026 Waste management demolition waste facilities in 52 cities, and road sweepers procurement in 82
and Urban Affairs (SBM 2.0)
cities. The status of remediated waste and area reclaimed in NCAP cities are
given in Annexure 4.
Connected 17 out of 47 smart cities (listed as NCAP) Integrate Command
Control Centers with environmental and air quality monitors. NCAP cities have
Ministry of Housing
Smart City Mission 2024 Urban Mobility an operational metro network of 845 km, with 908 km under construction in 21
and Urban Affairs
cities for urban transport.

Atal Mission For

Ministry of Housing Green Spaces & Parks and Implemented projects for green spaces and parks in 106 cities, and
Rejuvenation And Urban 2025-26
and Urban Affairs Non-Motorised Urban Transport non-motorized transport in 16 cities
Transformation (AMRUT)
So far scheme has incentivized 9.36 lakh electric vehicle (EV) consumers. Plans
Faster Adoption and to deploy 7210 e-buses in different cities. Rs.25,938 crore, is designed to
Ministry of Heavy Manufacturing of Hybrid enhance domestic manufacturing in Advanced Automotive Technology
2024 Support to Electric Mobility
Industries and Electric Vehicles (FAME products. Rs.18,100 crore, allocated to establish battery storage manufacturing
II) projects.

Sustainable Alternative
Petroleum and Natural Gas Regulatory Board (PNGRB) has granted
Ministry of Towards Affordable Set up 5,000 Compressed Bio-Gas
authorization for the development of the CGD network in 127 out of 131 cities.
Petroleum and Transportation (SATAT), 2024-25 (CBG) production plants. CBG for use
In NCAP cities, a total of 80.35 lakh PNG connections, 2578 CNG stations, and 21
Natural Gas City Gas Distribution in automotive fuels
CBG plants (with a daily capacity of 102 TPD) have been established.
Network and GOBARdhan
Ministry of
Targets the creation of 1000 Nagar 52 NCAP cities have submitted proposals, and 335 projects have received
Environment, Forest Nagar Van Yojana 2024-25
Vans/Vatikas approval under the scheme.
and Climate Change
Aims to address the air pollution due
97,635 MT of biomass has been used by 41 units with a capacity of 55,590 MW.
National Mission on to farm stubble burning and to
Ministry of Power 2026 The procurement of 1192.64 lakhs MT of biomass has been initiated and is at
Biomass reduce the carbon footprint of
various stages of the procurement process in several thermal power plants.
thermal power generation
 Installing Flue-Gas
Desulfurization and Reducing emissions from thermal
Ministry of Power 2027 7 NCAP Units (2080 MW) out of 75 NCAP units (23489 MW) installed FGD.
Pollution Control power plants
measures.
Registered Vehicles Scrapping Facility approved by 8 states of which 12 are
Ministry of Road Phasing out of old vehicles and the operational and 20 are in the process of operationalization. 63 automated
Transport and Vehicle Scrapping Policy implementation of the vehicle testing station applications approved by 7 states of which 7 are operational.
Highways scrapping policy More than 8800 vehicles scrapped to date (Private vehicles: 5800 and
Government vehicles: 3074)
Knowledge Network and Augmentation
Air Quality Monitoring Network
NCAP Report, released in January 2019, aimed to:

● Augment the manual monitoring stations under the National Air Quality Monitoring
Programme (NAMP) from the then-existing 703 stations to 1,500 stations by 2024. in
2023, the government had also proposed to augment the manual monitoring
stations from 818 to 1936 by FY 2025-26 to monitor ambient air quality under NAMP
(PQRS, 1803, 16/03/2023).
○ As of December 2023, the network has only grown to 931 manual stations,
installing only 48 new monitoring stations in the last year since December
2022 (PQRS 1009, 15/12/22).

● The NCAP proposed to augment the number of monitoring stations for PM2.5 from
the then-existing 167 in 80 cities to all stations under NAMP. The number of manual
stations under NAMP with PM2.5 monitoring had increased to 360 stations by March
2022, and information was available after that.
○ Total funds of 766.5 lakhs were released to 68 cities across 11 states/UTs for
the augmentation of 192 stations for PM2.5 monitoring in 2021-22 (PQRS
1009, 15/12/22).
 ○ 2096.4 lakhs were released for establishing 282 new NAMP stations in 54
cities/towns across 31 states/UTs in FY 2021-22 to strengthen NAMP (PQRS
1009, 15/12/22).
○ During the same FY 2021-22, an amount of 2954.71 lakhs was released for
O&M of the NAMP stations to 30 states/institutions (PQRS 1009, 15/12/22).
● Under initial NCAP it was proposed to install 150 CAAQMS (additional to 110
existing CAAQMS in 2018) with an average of 2–3 stations in each city prioritizing the
Indo-Gangetic plain.
○ As of December 2023, a total of 531 CAAQM stations have been installed
across 279 cities spread across 31 states/union territories which has grown
by 130 stations since December 2022 (PQRS 1009, 15/12/22).
● NCAP also proposed setting up 100 monitoring stations in rural areas by 2024.
○ The rural network consists of 26 manual stations in 26 villages covering 1
state & 1 UT. Funds were released in FY 2021-22 to establish 17 new NAMP
stations in rural areas (PQRS 1803, 16/03/2023).
● Set up 10 city Super-Network to generate highly-quality controlled data and
represent national air quality dynamics.
○ The information on city Super-Networks isn’t available in the public domain.

The Ministry of Earth Sciences (MoES) has developed an advanced integrated air quality
early warning and decision support system for providing early warnings on air quality in
Delhi at a resolution of 400 meters and in other major cities like Kanpur and Lucknow at a
resolution of 10 kilometres. This prototype system serves as a noteworthy contribution
towards improving air quality management in India. The system employs advanced
technology, incorporating both ground-based and satellite-based measurements, to
deliver timely information on air quality. The system's real-time data collection and
analysis capabilities enable the generation of accurate air quality indices and forecasts,
thereby enabling decision-makers to take appropriate action in response to deteriorating
air quality (PQLS 5087, 03/04/23). While the efforts by MoES, IITM Pune, and CPCB-IIT Delhi
are underway for air quality forecasting and satellite air quality monitoring, it only cover a
few cities under the NCAP, and even for cities for which such systems are available, there
seems to be very little information available in public domain and its usage for air
pollution governance.
Online Continuous Emission and Effluent Monitoring System (OCEMS) is an initiative by the
Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB) aimed at promoting real-time monitoring of
industrial emissions and effluent in India. It involves collecting and transmitting accurate
and continuous data directly from industrial units to the CPCB server and State Pollution
Control Boards (SPCBs) or Pollution Control Committees (PCCs).

Out of 36 states and union territories in India, only 17 state facilities (Andhra Pradesh,
Bihar, Chhattisgarh, Delhi, Goa, Haryana, Himachal Pradesh, Jammu & Kashmir,
Jharkhand, Kerala, Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra, Meghalaya, Odisha, Punjab, Rajasthan,
and Tamil Nadu) are collecting the OCEMS data and all states except Chhattisgarh and
Jammu Kashmir, have started providing public access to this data but the data quality
remains a big concern.

Source Apportionment Study

NCAP outlined that all non-attainment cities should conduct source apportionment
studies by 2020 against which as of December 2023 only 44 cities have completed source
apportionment studies leaving 87 cities without the baseline of emission load and
scientific understanding of what pollutes these cities. (PRANA MOM, 2023b & PRANA MOM,
2023c). Further, not all of these source apportionment studies are in the public domain,
reducing the effectiveness of usage of these studies to inform ground actions and enhance
the accountability of polluting sectors and authorities.
 Table 5: State-wise Source Apportionment Study Completed Cities
State Source Apportionment Study Completed Cities
Andhra Pradesh Vijayawada
Delhi Delhi
Maharashtra Mumbai, Pune, Solapur, Nashik, Navi Mumbai, Amravati, Aurangabad, Kolhapur
Bihar Gaya, Patna, Muzaffarpur
Gujarat Ahmedabad, Surat
Karnataka Bangalore, Gulburga, Hubli Dharwad and Devanagere
Mandi-Gobindgarh, Khanna, Patiala, Dera Bassi, Naya Nangal, Dera Baba Nanak, Ludhiana &
Punjab
Jalandhar
Tamil Nadu Chennai, Madurai, Trichy
Jharkhand Dhanbad
Rajasthan Jaipur
Uttar Pradesh Kanpur, Agra & Ghaziabad
West Bengal Kolkata & Howrah
Himachal Pradesh Baddi, Damtal, Kala-Amb, Nalagarh, Paonta Sahib, Parwanoo, Sunder Nagar

Air Quality Levels in

2023
The increasing number of ambient air quality
monitoring stations is resulting in an
increased understanding of prevailing
pollution levels in NCAP and non-NCAP cities,
which either didn’t have comprehensive
monitoring stations or had just one or two
stations in cities. While the data coverage is
increasing, we must keep in mind that sighting
the new monitoring stations and their data
availability and averaging period can
misrepresent the trends and result in a false
sense of improving or deteriorating air quality.
For the purpose of tracking trends in ambient
air quality in this report, we have compiled the
CAAQMS data for PM10 and PM2.5 from only
the stations meeting the criteria of a minimum
of 75% of the data availability days.
PM10 Levels in 2023
Among the cities with more than 75% of days with data availability days in 2023, Byrnihat
in Assam was the most polluted city, with an average PM10 concentration of 301 µg
m-3. Out of the 347 monitored days, 324 days (93%) recorded PM10 levels above the Indian
NAAQS, while 344 days (99%) exceeded the WHO standard.

Begusarai in Bihar was India's second most polluted city in 2023, with an average
annual PM10 concentration of 265 µg m-3. The city recorded 89% of the monitored days
above the NAAQS by CPCB, and 97% of the recorded days were above the WHO guideline
levels.

The third polluted city in India in 2023 was Greater Noida in Uttar Pradesh, with 365
observations in 2023 recording the average PM10 concentration of 228 µg m-3. The city
recorded 89% of the days exceeding Indian NAAQS and 98% of the monitored days
exceeding WHO guidelines.

Sri Ganganagar (Rajasthan), Chhapra (Bihar), Patna (Bihar), Hanumangarh

(Rajasthan), Delhi, Bhiwadi (Rajasthan), and Faridabad (Haryana) were the other
cities in the top 10 most polluted cities list in India in 2023 holding respective positions
from fourth to 10th in order of mention.

The concentrations in the top 10 polluted cities were notably 3-5 times higher than
the Indian NAAQS and 13-20 times the WHO standard. While the number of days
exceeding the prescribed limits for
these cities ranged from 73% to 93%
for Indian NAAQS and 85% to 100% for
the WHO standard. With increasing
ambient air quality monitoring in
Bihar, it becomes evident that areas
without monitoring might not be seen
as polluted cities because of the
absence of the data, but this doesn’t
take away the fact that these cities also
lie in polluted airshed and have
hazardous air quality. Bihar had three
of the ten most polluted cities in India
(Begusarai, Chhapra, and Patna),
followed by three in Rajasthan (Sri
Ganganagar, Hanumangarh, and
Bhiwadi), one each in
Assam/Meghalaya (Byrnihat), Uttar
Pradesh (Greater Noida), Haryana
(Faridabad), and Delhi.

Out of the 50 most polluted cities in

India in 2023, 19 cities were present
in Bihar followed by Haryana and
Rajasthan with 8 cities. Uttar Pradesh
had seven cities in the 50 most
polluted cities list. Madhya Pradesh
and Assam had two cities each,
followed by Delhi, Andhra Pradesh,
Punjab, and Odisha with one city each
in the list of 50 most polluted cities in
India.
NCAP Cities Target Achieved Vs Not Achieved Cities2

82 cities covered by the NCAP are mandated to achieve an annual reduction target ranging
from 3% to 15% for PM10 levels, contributing to an overall goal of a 40% reduction in PM10
levels by 2025-26. Additionally, the 49 cities receiving air quality grants under the XVth
Finance Commission are assigned an
annual target of a 15% reduction in
the annual average PM10
concentration and an enhancement
in the number of good air quality
days (Air Quality Index less than 200).
Although a thorough evaluation
awaits the conclusion of the financial
year, this analysis offers an early
insight into the progress status of
NCAP cities towards meeting their
targets for FY24. As only 87 cities out
of 131 have CAAQMS data, we looked
at the performance of cities with
data availability for more than 75%
of the days in 2023 and found that

● 37 cities have already

achieved the NCAP target for
FY24, but despite achieving
FY24 targets 28 cities are still
above the Indian NAAQS.
● Nine cities namely
Vijayawada, Kalaburagi,
Kohima, Thoothukudi,
Davanagere, Rishikesh,
Kadapa, Sivasagar, and
Silchar achieved both NCAP
FY24 target and Indian NAAQS
by CPCB.

2
The data assessment here includes data from 1st April 2023 till 31st December 2023
 ● Out of 37 cities, only 4 cities namely Davanagere in Karnataka, Kadapa in Andhra
Pradesh, Sivasagar and Silchar in Assam had 2023-24 NCAP targets below Indian
NAAQS but 9 cities Vijayawada, Kalaburgi, Kohima, Thoothukudi, Davanagere,
Rishikesh, Kadapa, Sivasagar and Silchar all have recorded PM10 levels
(April-December 2023) below NAAQS.

The assessment also indicated that 50 cities have not achieved the FY24 targets under
NCAP and

● Byrnihat displays the highest PM10 concentration, requiring a reduction of

approximately 215% to meet the current-year target set under NCAP
● Jalgaon, Nalbari, Akola, Ujjain, Muzaffarpur, and Gaya cities require at least 50%
reduction in current levels to reach FY24 NCAP target
● Delhi needs a 44% reduction to meet the NCAP target for FY24
● 7 cities necessitate a 20-30% reduction, 14 cities need a 10-20% reduction, and 4
cities require a 6-9% reduction.

The assessment indicates that 13 out of the 50 cities that haven’t achieved the FY24 targets
as of December 2023 can still achieve them if they reduce PM10 levels by one to five per
cent.

NCAP and Non-NCAP cities

There were 227 cities in 2023 with more than 75% of the days with data availability from
the CAAQMS, of which 85 were covered under NCAP and the remaining 142 cities aren’t
covered under NCAP. The data assessment suggests that 78 of the 85 cities under NCAP
had PM10 levels above NAAQS with only seven cities recording air quality within the
NAAQS. Byrnihat recorded the highest annual average PM10 concentration of 301 µg m-3
among NCAP cities while Silchar recorded the lowest PM10 concentration of 29 µg m-3.

Out of the remaining 142 cities that aren’t covered under NCAP, 118 cities exceeded
NAAQS, and only 24 cities recorded PM10 levels under NAAQS. Begusarai was the city with
the highest annual average PM10 concentration of 265 µg m-3 among non-NCAP cities, and
Gadak recorded the lowest PM10 concentration of 31 µg m-3.

The presence of a high number of non-NCAP cities recording hazardous pollution levels
highlights widespread air quality concerns, emphasizing the need to reassess the list of
non-attainment cities. Such reassessment is crucial to reverse the trend of increasing air
pollution levels in cities with recent ambient air quality monitoring but recording pollution
levels above the prescribed standards.

PM2.5 levels in 2023

Out of a total of 271 cities with CAAQMS only 225 cities had more than 75% of the days with
PM2.5 data availability. Details on PM2.5 concentrations along with exceedance days above
Indian NAAQS and WHO standards are given in Annexure 5.

The data analysis showed that in terms of PM2.5 concentrations, Byrnihat, Begusarai, and
Delhi were India's three most polluted cities. Byrnihat was the most polluted city with
an annual average of 152 µg/m³, exceeding both NAAQS and WHO standards on 86% and
99% of monitored days, respectively.

Begusarai closely follows at 147 µg/m³, with 75% of days exceeding NAAQS and 98%
surpassing WHO standards.

Delhi, though with a comparatively lower average of 101 µg/m³, exceeds NAAQS on 57% of
days and WHO standards on 100% of days monitored.

Gurgaon, Katihar, Saharsa, Purnia, Patna, Siwan, and Greater Noida were the other cities in
the top 10 most polluted cities list according to PM2.5 concentrations taking the respective
positions from 4th to the 10th spot in order of mention.Six of the top 10 most polluted
cities by PM2.5 were recorded in Bihar and one each in Assam, Haryana, Uttar Pradesh and
Delhi.

Bihar also topped the list of 50 most

polluted cities by PM2.5 concentrations
with 15 cities featured in the list
followed by Haryana (15), Uttar
Pradesh (6), and Rajasthan (5).

Out of 225 cities 135 cities exceeded the

annual NAAQS for PM2.5 and all
monitored cities exceeded WHO
standards. The remaining 90cities
recorded PM2.5 levels below the annual
NAAQS with most of these cities located
in southern India.

Silchar and Aizwal were the cleanest

cities recording annual average PM2.5
levels below 10 µg/m³.

Conclusion and the way forward

The review of NCAP and the ambient air quality levels highlights various shortcomings in
air pollution regulation and governance process, such as

● Lack of penalization mechanism for the responsible authorities and sectors for
non-compliance to the timelines and action points stipulated under original NCAP
and revised action points thereafter.
● Lack of transparent information sharing at PRANA portal or any other state/city
portal (ideally should be linked to PRANA), i.e., absence of information on actions
taken at city levels for air pollution reduction, absence of Source apportionment
studies and carrying capacity studies etc.
 ● Lack of transparent data availability on air quality levels across the country in the
absence of an adequate air quality monitoring infrastructure, lack of integration of
already existing infrastructure i.e., ambient air quality monitoring stations installed
by industries in compliance of Environmental Clearance (EC) conditions and usage
of satellite data for remote assessment of pollution levels in a systematic manner.
● Lack of any substantive emission load reduction-based approach as no action plan
speaks of a cap on the consumption of fossil fuels and its reduced usage, especially
in the power, industry and transport sectors.
● Lack of integration of air quality management plans with forecasting mechanisms,
CEMS data and Decision Support System (DSS) by administrative agencies.

While the introduction of BS VI fuel and vehicles has reduced emissions from the
transportation sector, the absence of reliable and efficient electric vehicle (EV) powered
public transportation and non-motorized transport infrastructure still compels private
vehicle usage, resulting in increased fuel consumption and higher emissions. Delhi’s
experience illustrates the pitfalls of selective policy interventions, such as the introduction
of Compressed Natural Gas (CNG) for public transportation in the early 2000s, which
initially decreased emissions but was eventually outweighed by the surge in private
vehicle numbers.

Delhi also serves as a cautionary tale for other cities, emphasizing the importance of a
holistic approach rather than selective sectoral actions. While Delhi focused on reducing
transport sector emissions in the early 2000s, it simultaneously allowed polluting
industries and coal-based power stations in the Delhi-National Capital Region (NCR)
airshed to expand, increasing their production, fuelled by polluting fossil fuels. More than
75% operational capacity of coal-based power generation in the 300 km radius of Delhi has
been installed since 2007. Without adequate emission control technology, this unchecked
growth in coal-based power generation capacity substantially increased emissions in the
region. Similarly, many districts in Delhi-NCR saw an increase in small and medium-scale
industries, contributing to escalating emissions from the industrial sector. The expansion
of private vehicle usage, unregulated industrial growth, and power generation without
efficient emission controls in the larger airshed around polluted cities, compounded by the
absence of emission load caps, resulted in hazardous air pollution levels and despite
spending thousands of crores of rupees and almost 5 years since the NCAP was announced
most of the Indian population is exposed to high air pollution levels. Based on the current
review, we recommend:
● The presence of a high number of non-NCAP cities recording hazardous pollution
levels highlights widespread air quality concerns, emphasizing the need to reassess
the list of non-attainment cities. Such reassessment is crucial to reverse the trend
of increasing air pollution levels in cities with recent ambient air quality monitoring
but recording pollution levels above the prescribed standards.
● Setting up a penalization mechanism for the responsible authorities and sectors for
non-compliance to the timelines and action points stipulated under the original
NCAP and revised action points thereafter. Failure to abide by timelines for
conducting various research studies (i.e., emission Inventory, source
apportionment, carrying capacity studies and health baselines etc.) should be
penalised. These research studies are only helpful in setting the baseline if
conducted within proper timelines.
● Public access to national air quality data generated through satellite, Industrial air
quality monitoring, CEMS, low-cost sensors and manual monitors should be
ensured at an easy-to-use platform such as Central Control Room for Ambient Air
Quality Data by CPCB which should further be linked to PRANA portal.
● A future roadmap for NCAP will need to expedite the identification of airsheds in
the country to formulate and implement airshed-based air quality management.
The National Ambient Air Quality Standards Revision Committee should also
discuss the notification of varied ambient air quality standards or guidelines based
on the background air quality levels for different airsheds and set ambitious targets
by tightening the NAAQS for airsheds having ambient air quality levels near or
under the NAAQS. The ambition should be to move towards WHO guideline levels in
the long term while setting interim guideline levels as short-term and mid-term
targets.
● A national emissions database quantifying the emission reduction targets at
district/state and national levels based on emission load should be set up to propel
the improvements in ambient air quality levels.
● An effective resource distribution strategy should be adopted where a more
balanced allocation of funds to address emission load reduction at source should
be prioritised rather than a disproportionate focus on any single action
point/sector.
● Accelerate the efforts to expand the air quality monitoring network to meet the
stipulated targets. Increase the number of monitoring stations to cover a wider
geographical area, including rural regions, with the integration of satellite data and
early warning/forecasting systems for air quality.
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Annexure
Annexure 1: Details of Ambient Air Quality Monitoring Stations in 489 cities in the
country (as on 03.10.2023)
Number of Monitoring Manual Ambient Air Quality
State / Union Territory City / town
Stations Stations
Andaman & Nicobar (UT) Brookshabd 1
Andaman & Nicobar (UT) Port Blair 2
Andhra Pradesh Amaravati 1
Andhra Pradesh Anatapur 1 4
Andhra Pradesh Chittor 1 5
Andhra Pradesh Eluru 4
Andhra Pradesh Guntur 4
Andhra Pradesh Kadapa 1 5
Andhra Pradesh Kakinada 4
Andhra Pradesh Kurnool 4
Andhra Pradesh Nellore 4
Andhra Pradesh Ongole 4
Andhra Pradesh Rajahmundry 1 4
Andhra Pradesh Srikakulam 4
Andhra Pradesh Tirupati 2 4
Andhra Pradesh Vijayawada 4 9
Andhra Pradesh Visakhapatnam 1 9
Andhra Pradesh Vizianagaram 4
Arunachal Pradesh Itanagar 1
Arunachal Pradesh Naharlagun 1 1
Assam Bongaigaon 2
Assam Byrnihat 1
Assam Daranga 1
Assam Dibrugarh 1
Assam Golaghat 1
Assam Guwahati 4 8
Assam Magherita 1
Assam Nagaon 1 3
Assam Nalbari 1 3
Assam North Lakhimpur 1
Assam Silcher 1 3
Assam Sivasagar 1 3
Assam Tezpur 1
Assam Tinsukia 3
Bihar Araria 1
Bihar Arrah 1
Bihar Aurangabad 1
Bihar Begusarai 1 1
Bihar Bettiah 1
Bihar Bhagalpur 2
Bihar Bihar Sharif 1
Bihar Buxar 1
Bihar Chhapra 1
Bihar Darbhanga 1 1
Bihar Gaya 3 1
Bihar Hajipur 1
Bihar Katihar 1
Bihar Kishanganj 1
 Bihar Manguraha 1
Bihar Motihari 1
Bihar Munger 1
Bihar Muzaffarpur 3 1
Bihar Patna 6 2
Bihar Purnia 1
Bihar Rajgir 1 1
Bihar Saharsa 1
Bihar Samastipur 1
Bihar Sasaram 1 1
Bihar Siwan 1
Chandigarh (UT) Chandigarh 3 5
Chattisgarh Bilaspur 1 1
Chattisgarh Chhal 1
Chattisgarh Durg-Bhillainagar 3 4
Chattisgarh Korba 2 3
Chattisgarh Kunjemura 1
Chattisgarh Milupara 1
Chattisgarh Raigarh 3
Chattisgarh Raipur 4 6
Chattisgarh Tumidih 1
Dadara & Nagar Haveli and Baldevi (Dadra & Nagar Haveli) 1
Daman & Diu (UT)
Dadara & Nagar Haveli and Daman 2
Daman & Diu (UT)
Dadara & Nagar Haveli and 1
Patlara (Daman)
Daman & Diu (UT)
Dadara & Nagar Haveli and Silvasa 2
Daman & Diu (UT)
Delhi (UT) Delhi 41 10
Goa Amona 1
Goa Assanora 1
Goa Bicholim 1
Goa Codli 1
Goa Cuncolim 1
Goa Curchorem 1
Goa Honda 1
Goa Kundaim 1
Goa Mapusa 1
Goa Margao 1
Goa Marmagao 1
Goa Panaji 1
Goa Ponda 1
Goa Sanguem 1
Goa Tilamol 1
Goa Tuem 1
Goa Usgao-Pale 1
Goa Vasco 1
Gujarat Ahmedabad 9 9
Gujarat Ankleshwar 1 2
Gujarat Gandhinagar 4
Gujarat Jamnagar 1
Gujarat Nandesari 1
Gujarat Rajkot 2
Gujarat Surat 3
Gujarat Vadodara 5
Gujarat Vapi 1 2
Gujarat Vatva 1
Haryana Ambala 1
Haryana Bahadurgarh 1
 Haryana Ballabgarh 1
Haryana Bhiwani 1
Haryana Charkhi Dadri 1
Haryana Dharuhera 1
Haryana Faridabad 4 2
Haryana Fatehabad 1
Haryana Gurgaon 4
Haryana Hissar 1 2
Haryana Jind 1
Haryana Kaithal 1
Haryana Karnal 1
Haryana Kurukshetra 1
Haryana Mandikhera 1
Haryana Manesar 1
Haryana Narnaul 1
Haryana Palwal 1
Haryana Panchukula Urban Estate 1
Haryana Panipat 1
Haryana Rohtak 1
Haryana Sirsa 1
Haryana Sonepat 1
Haryana Yamuna Nagar 1 1
Himachal Pradesh Baddi 1 3
Himachal Pradesh Damtal 2
Himachal Pradesh Dharamshala 2
Himachal Pradesh Gulaba 1
Himachal Pradesh Kala Amb 2
Himachal Pradesh Manali 2
Himachal Pradesh Marhi 1
Himachal Pradesh Nalagarh 1
Himachal Pradesh Parwanoo 2
Himachal Pradesh Poanta Sahib 2
Himachal Pradesh Shimla 2
Himachal Pradesh Sunder Nagar 2
Himachal Pradesh Una 2
Himachal Pradesh Vashisht 1
Jammu & Kashmir (UT) Anantnag (K) 1
Jammu & Kashmir (UT) Bandipora (K) 1
Jammu & Kashmir (UT) Baramulla (K) 2
Jammu & Kashmir (UT) Budgam (K) 1
Jammu & Kashmir (UT) Doda (J) 1
Jammu & Kashmir (UT) Ganderbal (K) 1
Jammu & Kashmir (UT) Jammu 6
Jammu & Kashmir (UT) Khathua (J) 2
Jammu & Kashmir (UT) Kulgam (K) 1
Jammu & Kashmir (UT) Poonch (J) 1
Jammu & Kashmir (UT) Pulwama (K) 2
Jammu & Kashmir (UT) Rajouri(J) 2
Jammu & Kashmir (UT) Ramban (J) 1
Jammu & Kashmir (UT) Reasi (J) 1
Jammu & Kashmir (UT) Samba (J) 1
Jammu & Kashmir (UT) Shopian (K) 1
Jammu & Kashmir (UT) Srinagar (K) 1 5
Jammu & Kashmir (UT) Udhampur (J) 1
Jharkhand Barajamda 1
Jharkhand Dhanbad 1 3
Jharkhand Jamshedpur 2
Jharkhand Jharia 1
Jharkhand Jorapokhar 1
 Jharkhand Ranchi 1
Jharkhand Saraikela 1
Jharkhand Sindri 1
Karnataka Bagalkote 1 1
Karnataka Bangalore 14 9
Karnataka Belgaum 1 1
Karnataka Bidar 1 1
Karnataka Bijapur / Vijayapura 1 1
Karnataka Chamarajanagar 1
Karnataka Chikkaballapur 1
Karnataka Chikkamagaluru 1
Karnataka Chitradurga 1
Karnataka Devanagere 1 3
Karnataka Gadag 1
Karnataka Gulbarga / Kalaburgi 2 1
Karnataka Hassan 1 1
Karnataka Haveri 1
Karnataka Hubli-Dharwad 3 2
Karnataka Karwar 1
Karnataka Kolar 1 1
Karnataka Koppal 1
Karnataka Madikeri 1
Karnataka Mandya 1
Karnataka Mangalore 1 1
Karnataka Mysore 1 2
Karnataka Raichur 1 1
Karnataka Ramanagara 1
Karnataka Shimaga / Shivamogga 1 1
Karnataka Tumkuru 1 1
Karnataka Udupi 1
Karnataka Yadgir 1
Kerala Alappuzha 2
Kerala Eloor 1
Kerala Ernakulam 1
Kerala Kannur 1
Kerala Kochi 1 8
Kerala Kollam 1 2
Kerala Kottayam 2
Kerala Kozhikode 1 2
Kerala Mallapuram 2
Kerala Palakkad 1
Kerala Pathanamthitta 1
Kerala Thiruvalla 1
Kerala Thiruvanantapuram 2 4
Kerala Thrissur 1 2
Kerala Wayanad 2
Lakshadweep (UT) Kavaratti 1
Madhya Pradesh Amlai 2
Madhya Pradesh Bhopal 3 8
Madhya Pradesh Chindwara 2
Madhya Pradesh Damoh 1
Madhya Pradesh Dewas 1 3
Madhya Pradesh Gwalior 4 3
Madhya Pradesh Indore 2 3
Madhya Pradesh Jabalpur 3 2
Madhya Pradesh Katni 1 2
Madhya Pradesh Maihar 1
Madhya Pradesh Mandideep 1
Madhya Pradesh Nagda 3
Madhya Pradesh Pithampur 1 2
Madhya Pradesh Ratlam 1
Madhya Pradesh Rewa 1
Madhya Pradesh Sagar 2 2
Madhya Pradesh Satna 1 2
Madhya Pradesh Singrauli 1 3
Madhya Pradesh Ujjain 1 4
Maharashtra Akola 1 3
Maharashtra Ahmednagar 1
Maharashtra Ambernath 1
Maharashtra Amravati 2 3
Maharashtra Aurangabad 3 4
Maharashtra Badlapur 1 1
Maharashtra Belapur 1
Maharashtra Boisar 1
Maharashtra Bhiwandi 1 3
Maharashtra Chandrapur 2 6
Maharashtra Dhule 1
Maharashtra Dombivali / Kalyan 1 1
Maharashtra Jalgaon 1 3
Maharashtra Jalna 1 2
Maharashtra Kolhapur 2 3
Maharashtra Latur 1 3
Maharashtra Lote 2
Maharashtra Mahad 1 3
Maharashtra Mumbai 25 3
Maharashtra Nagpur 4 7
Maharashtra Malegao 1
Maharashtra Mira-Bhayander 1
Maharashtra Nanded 1 3
Maharashtra Nashik 4 4
Maharashtra Navi Mumbai 8 6
Maharashtra Parbhani 1
Maharashtra Pimpri-Chinchwad 3 1
Maharashtra Pune 10 3
Maharashtra Roha 2
Maharashtra Sangli 1 3
Maharashtra Solapur 3 2
Maharashtra Tarapur 3
Maharashtra Thane 3 3
Maharashtra Ulhasnagar 1 2
Maharashtra Vasai-virar 1
Manipur Imphal 2 1
Meghalaya Byrnihat 2
Meghalaya Dawki 1
Meghalaya Khlihriat 1
Meghalaya Nongstoin 1
Meghalaya Shillong 2 4
Meghalaya Tura 1
Meghalaya Umaim 1
Mizoram Aibawk 1
Mizoram Aizwal 1 5
Mizoram Biate 1
Mizoram Champhai 2
Mizoram Hnahthial 2
Mizoram Khawzawl 2
Mizoram Kolasib 3
Mizoram Lawngtlai 3
Mizoram Lunglei 3
 Mizoram Mamit 3
Mizoram North Vanlaiphai 1
Mizoram Saiha 3
Mizoram Saitual 2
Mizoram Serchhip 3
Nagaland Dimapur 7
Nagaland Kohima 1 3
Odisha Angul 3
Odisha Balangir 3
Odisha Balasore 3
Odisha Baripada 1
Odisha Berhampur 1
Odisha Bhubaneshwar 6
Odisha Bileipada 1
Odisha Bonaigarh 1
Odisha Brajrajnagar 1
Odisha Cuttack 3
Odisha Jharsuguda 3
Odisha Kalinga Nagar 3
Odisha Kandhamal 3
Odisha Kendrapara 3
Odisha Keonjhar 1
Odisha Konark 1
Odisha Mayurbhanj 3
Odisha Nayagarh 1
Odisha Paradeep 3
Odisha Puri 2
Odisha Rairangpur 1
Odisha Rajgangpur 1
Odisha Rayagada 3
Odisha Rourkela 3 4
Odisha Sambalpur 1
Odisha Suakati 1
Odisha Talcher 1 3
Odisha Tensa 1
Pondicherry (UT) Karaikal 3
Pondicherry (UT) Pondicherry 1 3
Punjab Aligarh (Jagraon) 1
Punjab Amritsar 1 2
Punjab Aspal Khurd (Tapa) 1
Punjab Bara Pind (Goraya) 1
Punjab Batala 1
Punjab Bhatinda 1 1
Punjab Binjon (Garshankar) 1
Punjab Bishanpura (Payal) 1
Punjab Changal (Sangrur) 1
Punjab Chowkimann (Jagraon) 1
Punjab Dera Baba Nanak 1
Punjab Dera Bassi 2
Punjab Fatehpur (Samana) 1
Punjab Gobindgarh Mandi Gobindgarh 1 3
Punjab Guru Ki Dhab (Kotkapura) 1
Punjab Gurdaspur 1
Punjab Jaito Sarja (Batala) 1
Punjab Jalandhar 1 4
Punjab Khanna 1 2
Punjab Kharaori (Sirhind) 1
Punjab Kotladoom (Ajnala) 1
Punjab Lakho ke Behram (Ferozpur) 1
 Punjab Ludhiana 1 4
Punjab Mrar Kalan (Muktsar) 1
Punjab Mukandpur (Nawashahar) 1
Punjab Mureedke (Batala) 1
Punjab Naudhrani (Malerkotla) 1
Punjab Naya Nangal 2
Punjab Patiala 1 3
Punjab Pathankot 1
Punjab Peer Mohammad (Jalalabad) 1
Punjab Poohli (Bhatinda) 1
Punjab Qila Bharian (Sangrur) 1
Punjab Rakhra (Patiala) 1
Punjab Rohila (Samrala) 1
Punjab Rupnagar 1
Punjab Subanpur (Dhilwan) 1
Punjab Srihind 1
Punjab Tirathpur (Amritsar I) 1
Rajasthan Ajmer 1
Rajasthan Alwar 1 3
Rajasthan Banswara 1
Rajasthan Baran 1
Rajasthan Barmer 1
Rajasthan Bharatpur 1 3
Rajasthan Bhilwara 1
Rajasthan Bhiwadi 1 3
Rajasthan Bikaner 1 3
Rajasthan Bundi 1
Rajasthan Churu 1
Rajasthan Chittorgargh 1 3
Rajasthan Dausa 1
Rajasthan Dholpur 1
Rajasthan Dungerpur 1
Rajasthan Hanumangarh 1
Rajasthan Jaipur 6 9
Rajasthan Jaisalmer 1
Rajasthan Jalor 1
Rajasthan Jhalawar 1
Rajasthan Jhunjhunu 1
Rajasthan Jodhpur 5 9
Rajasthan Karauli 1
Rajasthan Kota 3 6
Rajasthan Nagaur 1
Rajasthan Pali 1
Rajasthan Pratapgarh 1
Rajasthan Rajsamand 1
Rajasthan Sawai madhopur 1
Rajasthan Sirohi 1
Rajasthan Sikar 1 3
Rajasthan Sri Ganganagar 1
Rajasthan Tonk 1
Rajasthan Udaipur 1 3
Sikkim Chungthang 1
Sikkim Gangtok 1 2
Sikkim Mangan 1
Sikkim Namchi 1
Sikkim Pelling 1
Sikkim Rangpo 1
Sikkim Ravangla 1
Sikkim Singtam 1
 Tamilnadu Ariyalur 1
Tamilnadu Chengalpattu 1
Tamilnadu Chennai 9 11
Tamilnadu Coimbatore 2 3
Tamilnadu Cuddalore 2 3
Tamilnadu Dindigul 2
Tamilnadu Dharmapuri 3
Tamilnadu Gummidipoondi 1
Tamilnadu Hosur 1
Tamilnadu Kanchipuram 1
Tamilnadu Ooty 1
Tamilnadu Madurai 3
Tamilnadu Mettur 2
Tamilnadu Nagercoil 3
Tamilnadu Perambalur 3
Tamilnadu Ramanathapuram 1
Tamilnadu Salem 1 1
Tamilnadu Sivagangai 3
Tamilnadu Theni 3
Tamilnadu Tiruvannamalai 3
Tamilnadu Tiruvarur 3
Tamilnadu Trichy 5
Tamilnadu Tirupur 1
Tamilnadu Tuticorin / Thoothukudi 1 3
Tamilnadu Vellore 1
Tamilnadu Villupuram 3
Telangana Adilabad 1
Telangana Hyderabad 13 10
Telangana Karimnagar 1
Telangana Khammam 2
Telangana Kothur 1
Telangana Nalgonda 2
Telangana Nizamabad 1
Telangana Patencheru 1
Telangana Ramagundum 1
Telangana Sangareddy 3
Telangana Warangal 2
Tripura Agartala 2 2
Uttar Pradesh Agra 6 6
Uttar Pradesh Aligarh 2
Uttar Pradesh Allahabad 3 5
Uttar Pradesh Anpara 2
Uttar Pradesh Ayodhya 2
Uttar Pradesh Bagpat 2 2
Uttar Pradesh Bareily 2 2
Uttar Pradesh Bulandshahr 1
Uttar Pradesh Firozabad 2 3
Uttar Pradesh Gajroula 2
Uttar Pradesh Ghaziabad 4 4
Uttar Pradesh Gorakhpur 1 3
Uttar Pradesh Greater Noida 2 2
Uttar Pradesh Hapur 1 2
Uttar Pradesh Hatras 2
Uttar Pradesh Jhansi 1 2
Uttar Pradesh Kanpur 4 9
Uttar Pradesh Khurja 1 2
Uttar Pradesh Lucknow 7 8
Uttar Pradesh Mathura 2
Uttar Pradesh Meerut 3 2
Uttar Pradesh Moradabad 7 2
Uttar Pradesh Muzaffarnagar 1 2
Uttar Pradesh Noida 4 4
Uttar Pradesh Raibareli 3
Uttar Pradesh Saharanpur 2
Uttar Pradesh Unnao 2
Uttar Pradesh Varanasi 4 5
Uttar Pradesh Vrindavan 1
Uttarakhand Dehradun 1 3
Uttarakhand Haldwani 1
Uttarakhand Haridwar 1
Uttarakhand Kashipur 1 3
Uttarakhand Rishikesh 1 3
Uttarakhand Rudrapur 1
West Bengal Alipurduar 1
West Bengal Amtala 1
West Bengal Asansol 1 3
West Bengal Baharampur 1
West Bengal Balurghat 1
West Bengal Bankura 1
West Bengal Barasat 1
West Bengal Bardhaman 1
West Bengal Barrckpore 3
West Bengal Baruipur 1
West Bengal Birpara 1
West Bengal Bolpur 1
West Bengal Chinsura 1
West Bengal Coochbihar 2
West Bengal Dankuni 1
West Bengal Darjeeling 1
West Bengal Durgapur 1 4
West Bengal Ghatal 1
West Bengal Haldia 1 4
West Bengal Howrah 3 4
West Bengal Jalpaiguri 1
West Bengal Jhargram 1
West Bengal Jaigaon 1
West Bengal Kalimpong 1
West Bengal Kalyani 1
West Bengal Kharagpur 1
West Bengal Kolkata 7 21
West Bengal Krishnanagar 1
West Bengal Madhyamgram 1
West Bengal Malda 1
West Bengal Medinipur 1
West Bengal Purulia 1
West Bengal Raigunj 1
West Bengal Rampurhat 1
West Bengal Ranaghat 1
West Bengal Raniganj 3
West Bengal Rishra 1
West Bengal Sankrail 4
West Bengal Siliguri 1 1
West Bengal Suri 1
West Bengal Tamluk 1
West Bengal Tribeni 1
West Bengal Uluberia 1
West Bengal Uttarpara 1
 Annexure 2: Ranking of cities based on PM10 concentrations from CAAQMS in 20233

Annual
# Days # Days % Days % Days
Average
No.of.Obs exceeding exceeding exceeding exceeding NCAP/Non-
S.No. City Name State PM10
ervations Indian WHO Indian WHO NCAP
Conc.
NAAQS standard NAAQS standard
(µg/m3)
Assam/Megha
1 Byrnihat 347 301 324 344 93 99 NCAP
laya
2 Begusarai Bihar 346 265 307 335 89 97 Non-NCAP
3 Greater Noida Uttar Pradesh 365 228 325 359 89 98 Non-NCAP
4 Sri Ganganagar Rajasthan 300 215 268 297 89 99 Non-NCAP
5 Chhapra Bihar 361 212 262 313 73 87 Non-NCAP
6 Patna Bihar 365 212 287 357 79 98 NCAP
7 Hanumangarh Rajasthan 300 212 245 294 82 98 Non-NCAP
8 Delhi NCT of Delhi 365 206 299 360 82 99 NCAP
9 Bhiwadi Rajasthan 365 203 310 361 85 99 Non-NCAP
10 Faridabad Haryana 365 196 309 365 85 100 NCAP
11 Katihar Bihar 365 194 238 355 65 97 Non-NCAP
12 Munger Bihar 358 193 294 338 82 94 Non-NCAP
13 Noida Uttar Pradesh 365 193 295 355 81 97 NCAP
14 Bikaner Rajasthan 332 191 286 328 86 99 Non-NCAP
15 Bettiah Bihar 361 189 288 357 80 99 Non-NCAP
16 Samastipur Bihar 361 186 258 345 71 96 Non-NCAP
17 Dharuhera Haryana 363 184 289 356 80 98 Non-NCAP
18 Saharsa Bihar 357 184 251 320 70 90 Non-NCAP
19 Ghaziabad Uttar Pradesh 365 184 294 353 81 97 NCAP
20 Muzaffarpur Bihar 365 180 268 338 73 93 NCAP
21 Sonipat Haryana 347 179 283 341 82 98 Non-NCAP
22 Siwan Bihar 363 177 268 345 74 95 Non-NCAP
23 Gurgaon Haryana 365 176 292 363 80 99 Non-NCAP
24 Hajipur Bihar 365 174 259 327 71 90 Non-NCAP
25 Tonk Rajasthan 312 172 237 301 76 96 Non-NCAP
26 Arrah Bihar 359 168 287 349 80 97 Non-NCAP
27 Meerut Uttar Pradesh 365 168 269 332 74 91 NCAP
28 Araria Bihar 364 167 227 302 62 83 Non-NCAP
29 Bhagalpur Bihar 365 167 262 342 72 94 Non-NCAP
30 Bileipada Odisha 365 165 294 360 81 99 Non-NCAP
31 Dausa Rajasthan 307 164 248 303 81 99 Non-NCAP
32 Muzaffarnagar Uttar Pradesh 338 163 269 327 80 97 Non-NCAP
33 Baghpat Uttar Pradesh 354 158 259 329 73 93 Non-NCAP
34 Bharatpur Rajasthan 332 156 228 308 69 93 Non-NCAP
35 Nalbari Assam 350 155 228 305 65 87 NCAP
36 Purnia Bihar 364 153 231 345 63 95 Non-NCAP
37 Rupnagar Punjab 346 152 274 338 79 98 Non-NCAP
38 Bahadurgarh Haryana 364 149 247 347 68 95 Non-NCAP
39 Kishanganj Bihar 362 148 218 297 60 82 Non-NCAP
Madhya
40 Singrauli 354 144 207 299 58 84 Non-NCAP
Pradesh
41 Motihari Bihar 357 142 218 307 61 86 Non-NCAP

3
With data availability for more than 75% of the days in 2023
 Annual
# Days # Days % Days % Days
Average
No.of.Obs exceeding exceeding exceeding exceeding NCAP/Non-
S.No. City Name State PM10
ervations Indian WHO Indian WHO NCAP
Conc.
NAAQS standard NAAQS standard
(µg/m3)
42 Rajgir Bihar 364 141 234 323 64 89 Non-NCAP
43 Fatehabad Haryana 311 139 193 303 62 97 Non-NCAP
Madhya
44 Gwalior 362 139 224 335 62 93 NCAP
Pradesh
45 Aurangabad Bihar 365 138 222 362 61 99 Non-NCAP
46 Manesar Haryana 365 138 234 359 64 98 Non-NCAP
47 Ballabgarh Haryana 360 138 198 328 55 91 Non-NCAP
48 Bulandshahr Uttar Pradesh 365 137 244 333 67 91 Non-NCAP
49 Sikar Rajasthan 301 136 182 275 60 91 Non-NCAP
Andhra
50 Visakhapatnam 359 136 251 451 40 72 NCAP
Pradesh
51 Hisar Haryana 319 136 199 312 62 98 Non-NCAP
52 Charkhi Dadri Haryana 365 135 235 354 64 97 Non-NCAP
Himachal
53 Baddi 356 135 236 352 66 99 NCAP
Pradesh
54 Panipat Haryana 361 133 232 351 64 97 Non-NCAP
55 Navi Mumbai Maharashtra 365 133 211 315 58 86 NCAP
Mandi
56 Punjab 363 132 238 341 66 94 NCAP
Gobindgarh
57 Ludhiana Punjab 365 132 229 360 63 99 NCAP
58 Jodhpur Rajasthan 365 132 254 360 70 99 NCAP
Madhya
59 Katni 331 132 206 299 62 90 Non-NCAP
Pradesh
60 Kalyan Maharashtra 331 130 200 303 60 92 Non-NCAP
61 Bathinda Punjab 357 129 183 320 51 90 Non-NCAP
62 Yamunanagar Haryana 354 129 235 342 66 97 Non-NCAP
63 Asanol West Bengal 358 129 219 306 61 85 NCAP
64 Jaipur Rajasthan 365 128 249 352 68 96 NCAP
65 Rourkela Odisha 365 128 229 340 63 93 NCAP
66 Nayagarh Odisha 361 128 223 298 62 83 Non-NCAP
67 Narnaul Haryana 358 128 212 330 59 92 Non-NCAP
68 Thane Maharashtra 319 127 194 275 61 86 NCAP
69 Jhunjhunu Rajasthan 300 127 182 285 61 95 Non-NCAP
70 Guwahati Assam 365 126 211 334 58 92 NCAP
71 Kaithal Haryana 365 126 206 338 56 93 Non-NCAP
72 Bhiwani Haryana 365 125 224 335 61 92 Non-NCAP
Madhya
73 Ujjain 319 124 207 302 65 95 NCAP
Pradesh
74 Vrindavan Uttar Pradesh 355 123 213 290 60 82 Non-NCAP
75 Yamuna Nagar Haryana 294 122 177 282 60 96 Non-NCAP
76 Surat Gujarat 336 122 198 267 59 79 NCAP
Madhya
77 Mandideep 356 121 203 323 57 91 Non-NCAP
Pradesh
78 Lucknow Uttar Pradesh 365 121 223 326 61 89 NCAP
79 Bihar Sharif Bihar 362 121 212 268 59 74 Non-NCAP
80 Chandigarh Chandigarh 365 120 222 349 61 96 NCAP
81 Gaya Bihar 365 119 198 306 54 84 NCAP
82 Gummidipoondi Tamil Nadu 326 119 227 321 70 98 Non-NCAP
 Annual
# Days # Days % Days % Days
Average
No.of.Obs exceeding exceeding exceeding exceeding NCAP/Non-
S.No. City Name State PM10
ervations Indian WHO Indian WHO NCAP
Conc.
NAAQS standard NAAQS standard
(µg/m3)
83 Kota Rajasthan 365 119 205 354 56 97 NCAP
84 Vatva Gujarat 359 119 216 355 60 99 Non-NCAP
85 Durgapur West Bengal 356 118 203 315 57 88 NCAP
86 Agartala Tripura 353 117 195 335 55 95 Non-NCAP
87 Churu Rajasthan 290 116 141 256 49 88 Non-NCAP
88 Chittorgarh Rajasthan 304 115 147 287 48 94 Non-NCAP
89 Nagaon Assam 315 115 154 267 49 85 NCAP
Madhya
90 Pithampur 357 114 206 350 58 98 Non-NCAP
Pradesh
Madhya
91 Jabalpur 365 113 208 328 57 90 NCAP
Pradesh
92 Suakati Odisha 359 112 202 328 56 91 Non-NCAP
93 Banswara Rajasthan 304 111 173 293 57 96 Non-NCAP
Madhya
94 Satna 343 111 148 314 43 92 Non-NCAP
Pradesh
95 Kurukshetra Haryana 361 110 181 320 50 89 Non-NCAP
96 Jalandhar Punjab 365 110 187 351 51 96 NCAP
Madhya
97 Bhopal 365 110 195 348 53 95 NCAP
Pradesh
98 Ahmedabad Gujarat 365 109 216 360 59 99 NCAP
99 Pali Rajasthan 362 109 178 362 49 100 Non-NCAP
100 Howrah West Bengal 365 109 174 303 48 83 NCAP
101 Mumbai Maharashtra 365 109 180 329 49 90 NCAP
Madhya
102 Indore 362 108 187 345 52 95 NCAP
Pradesh
103 Vapi Gujarat 365 108 172 302 47 83 Non-NCAP
104 Sawai Madhopur Rajasthan 298 108 140 276 47 93 Non-NCAP
105 Udaipur Rajasthan 365 108 187 354 51 97 NCAP
106 Kanpur Uttar Pradesh 365 107 189 338 52 93 NCAP
107 Talcher Odisha 346 107 139 251 40 73 NCAP
108 Solapur Maharashtra 365 107 234 347 64 95 NCAP
109 Sirsa Haryana 356 106 170 322 48 90 Non-NCAP
Madhya
110 Dewas 338 105 193 293 57 87 NCAP
Pradesh
111 Tumakuru Karnataka 314 104 157 238 50 76 Non-NCAP
112 Muradabad Uttar Pradesh 365 103 192 349 53 96 Non-NCAP
113 Jind Haryana 365 103 150 321 41 88 Non-NCAP
114 Amritsar Punjab 359 103 164 345 46 96 NCAP
115 Hapur Uttar Pradesh 344 103 110 269 32 78 Non-NCAP
116 Barmer Rajasthan 306 103 151 286 49 93 Non-NCAP
117 Jhansi Uttar Pradesh 365 102 157 336 43 92 NCAP
118 Baripada Odisha 361 101 176 315 49 87 Non-NCAP
119 Ajmer Rajasthan 365 101 152 365 42 100 Non-NCAP
Madhya
120 Ratlam 347 100 160 307 46 88 Non-NCAP
Pradesh
121 Kurukshetra Haryana 301 100 125 260 42 86 Non-NCAP
122 Keonjhar Odisha 365 100 184 321 50 88 Non-NCAP
123 Sasaram Bihar 347 100 152 278 44 80 Non-NCAP
 Annual
# Days # Days % Days % Days
Average
No.of.Obs exceeding exceeding exceeding exceeding NCAP/Non-
S.No. City Name State PM10
ervations Indian WHO Indian WHO NCAP
Conc.
NAAQS standard NAAQS standard
(µg/m3)
124 Nagpur Maharashtra 365 99 173 310 47 85 NCAP
125 Pratapgarh Rajasthan 299 99 156 274 52 92 Non-NCAP
126 Mandikhera Haryana 359 99 149 291 42 81 Non-NCAP
127 Aurangabad Maharashtra 365 99 392 621 54 85 NCAP
128 Rairangpur Odisha 312 98 159 275 51 88 Non-NCAP
129 Jhalawar Rajasthan 297 97 134 260 45 88 Non-NCAP
130 Moradabad Uttar Pradesh 305 96 138 289 45 95 NCAP
131 Khurja Uttar Pradesh 365 96 125 353 34 97 NCAP
132 Patiala Punjab 365 95 156 306 43 84 NCAP
133 Khanna Punjab 365 94 132 352 36 96 NCAP
134 Gorakhpur Uttar Pradesh 365 94 170 324 47 89 NCAP
135 Kunjemura Chhattisgarh 343 94 153 281 45 82 Non-NCAP
136 Chandrapur Maharashtra 365 94 133 340 36 93 NCAP
137 Prayagraj Uttar Pradesh 365 94 137 332 38 91 NCAP
138 Kolkata West Bengal 365 93 151 277 41 76 NCAP
139 Pune Maharashtra 347 93 150 310 43 89 NCAP
140 Karnal Haryana 365 92 134 317 37 87 Non-NCAP
141 Rajsamand Rajasthan 293 92 106 270 36 92 Non-NCAP
142 Manguraha Bihar 355 91 133 260 37 73 Non-NCAP
143 Ankleshwar Gujarat 343 90 136 293 40 85 Non-NCAP
144 Dharwad Karnataka 345 89 115 302 33 88 NCAP
145 Sirohi Rajasthan 282 88 91 243 32 86 Non-NCAP
146 GandhiNagar Gujarat 365 87 121 345 33 95 Non-NCAP
147 Raichur Karnataka 331 86 138 253 42 76 Non-NCAP
148 Haldia West Bengal 359 86 136 247 38 69 NCAP
149 Hubballi Karnataka 365 86 109 312 30 85 NCAP
150 Tumidih Chhattisgarh 308 85 104 229 34 74 Non-NCAP
151 Bareilly Uttar Pradesh 365 85 118 294 32 81 NCAP
152 Alwar Rajasthan 365 85 83 356 23 98 NCAP
153 Hyderabad Telangana 365 85 79 365 22 100 NCAP
154 Tensa Odisha 337 85 119 269 35 80 Non-NCAP
155 Firozabad Uttar Pradesh 365 84 111 324 30 89 NCAP
156 Kolar Karnataka 276 82 98 200 36 72 Non-NCAP
157 Siliguri West Bengal 361 82 100 265 28 73 Non-NCAP
158 Ambala Haryana 358 81 102 291 28 81 Non-NCAP
159 Manglore Karnataka 363 80 95 311 26 86 Non-NCAP
160 Raipur Chhattisgarh 363 80 107 288 29 79 NCAP
161 Mangalore Karnataka 303 79 84 255 28 84 Non-NCAP
Rajamahendravar Andhra
162 362 79 117 251 32 69 NCAP
am Pradesh
163 Kochi Kerala 353 78 95 303 27 86 Non-NCAP
164 Palwal Haryana 365 78 74 252 20 69 Non-NCAP
165 Agra Uttar Pradesh 365 78 87 309 24 85 NCAP
166 Thrissur Kerala 346 77 86 323 25 93 Non-NCAP
167 Kollam Kerala 361 77 44 344 12 95 Non-NCAP
168 Hosur Tamil Nadu 332 77 88 248 27 75 Non-NCAP
169 Brajrajnagar Odisha 311 75 76 230 24 74 Non-NCAP
170 Dehradun Uttarakhand 319 75 75 236 24 74 NCAP
 Annual
# Days # Days % Days % Days
Average
No.of.Obs exceeding exceeding exceeding exceeding NCAP/Non-
S.No. City Name State PM10
ervations Indian WHO Indian WHO NCAP
Conc.
NAAQS standard NAAQS standard
(µg/m3)
171 Belgaum Karnataka 358 74 74 232 21 65 Non-NCAP
172 Nashik Maharashtra 365 74 83 277 23 76 NCAP
Madhya
173 Sagar 363 73 84 269 23 74 NCAP
Pradesh
Jammu and
174 Srinagar 321 73 55 232 17 72 NCAP
Kashmir
175 Bilaspur Chhattisgarh 353 72 67 288 19 82 Non-NCAP
Andhra
176 Vijayawada 291 71 52 184 18 63 NCAP
Pradesh
Andhra
177 Amaravati 358 70 88 234 25 65 NCAP
Pradesh
178 Bangalore Karnataka 365 69 31 311 8 85 NCAP
179 Korba Chhattisgarh 363 69 76 252 21 69 NCAP
180 Kannur Kerala 294 68 0 294 0 100 Non-NCAP
181 Chennai Tamil Nadu 365 68 44 296 12 81 NCAP
182 Hassan Karnataka 310 68 15 266 5 86 Non-NCAP
183 Kohima Nagaland 337 67 67 232 20 69 NCAP
184 Shillong Meghalaya 296 65 37 193 13 65 Non-NCAP
185 Chikkaballapur Karnataka 301 65 51 189 17 63 Non-NCAP
186 Eloor Kerala 282 64 0 252 0 89 Non-NCAP
187 Chikkaballarpur Karnataka 360 64 58 227 16 63 Non-NCAP
188 Chhal Chhattisgarh 347 64 51 248 15 71 Non-NCAP
189 Palwal Haryana 305 63 32 192 10 63 Non-NCAP
190 Bhilai Chhattisgarh 363 63 52 237 14 65 NCAP
191 Kalaburagi Karnataka 350 63 13 280 4 80 NCAP
192 Varanasi Uttar Pradesh 365 62 36 249 10 68 NCAP
193 Davanagere Karnataka 328 61 44 214 13 65 NCAP
194 Haveri Karnataka 347 61 51 199 15 57 Non-NCAP
Andhra
195 Tirupati 365 61 28 256 8 70 Non-NCAP
Pradesh
196 Yadgir Karnataka 361 60 30 235 8 65 Non-NCAP
197 Tirupur Tamil Nadu 293 58 19 182 6 62 Non-NCAP
198 Karauli Rajasthan 301 58 22 182 7 60 Non-NCAP
Andhra
199 Chittoor 365 58 43 208 12 57 NCAP
Pradesh
Andhra
200 Anantapur 352 58 16 244 5 69 NCAP
Pradesh
201 Ramanagara Karnataka 363 57 12 235 3 65 Non-NCAP
202 Bidar Karnataka 288 55 37 164 13 57 Non-NCAP
203 Ooty Tamil Nadu 346 54 23 199 7 58 Non-NCAP
Andhra
204 Kadapa 310 52 36 132 12 43 NCAP
Pradesh
205 Puducherry Puducherry 365 52 10 216 3 59 Non-NCAP
206 Thoothukodi Tamil Nadu 360 51 4 212 1 59 NCAP
207 Kanchipuram Tamil Nadu 310 51 14 168 5 54 Non-NCAP
208 Mysuru Karnataka 365 51 0 257 0 70 Non-NCAP
209 Salem Tamil Nadu 291 51 10 153 3 53 Non-NCAP
210 Aizawl Mizoram 302 50 41 126 14 42 Non-NCAP
 Annual
# Days # Days % Days % Days
Average
No.of.Obs exceeding exceeding exceeding exceeding NCAP/Non-
S.No. City Name State PM10
ervations Indian WHO Indian WHO NCAP
Conc.
NAAQS standard NAAQS standard
(µg/m3)
211 Rishikesh Uttarakhand 315 49 4 171 1 54 NCAP
Madhya
212 Maihar 311 49 19 137 6 44 Non-NCAP
Pradesh
213 Koppal Karnataka 311 48 35 136 11 44 Non-NCAP
214 Shivamogga Karnataka 365 47 0 220 0 60 Non-NCAP
215 Vijayapura Karnataka 360 47 0 271 0 75 Non-NCAP
216 Bagalkot Karnataka 365 46 0 219 0 60 Non-NCAP
217 Chikkamagaluru Karnataka 363 44 0 163 0 45 Non-NCAP
Thiruvananthapur
218 Kerala 364 43 3 141 1 39 Non-NCAP
am
219 Ariyalur Tamil Nadu 344 43 5 148 1 43 Non-NCAP
220 Chamarajanagar Karnataka 365 43 0 81 0 22 Non-NCAP
221 Ramanathapuram Tamil Nadu 349 42 2 132 1 38 Non-NCAP
Madhya
222 Damoh 342 40 5 120 1 35 Non-NCAP
Pradesh
223 Sivasagar Assam 364 37 0 125 0 34 NCAP
224 Gadag Karnataka 350 33 1 76 0 22 Non-NCAP
225 Madikeri Karnataka 362 32 0 38 0 10 Non-NCAP
226 Gangtok Sikkim 294 31 9 59 3 20 Non-NCAP
227 Silchar Assam 354 29 0 74 0 21 NCAP
 Annexure 3: Funds released and utilized in 131 NCAP cities (FY 20 to FY24)4

S.No City Total Fund released Total fund utilised

1 Anantapur 8.765 2.16
2 Chittoor 4.905 3.61
3 Eluru 4.625 3.42
4 Guntur 11.55 4.53
5 Kadapa 5.77 2.49
6 Kurnool 5.272 2.95
7 Nellore 14.855 7.36
8 Ongole 6.105 4.1
9 Rajamahendravaram 6.345 4.32
10 Srikakulam 3.59 3.19
11 Vijayawada 130.35 33.67
12 Visakhapatnam 129.37 0
13 Vizianagaram 4.6855 2.7
14 Guwahati 29.39 12.09
15 Nagaon 4.91 1.97
16 Nalbari 2.92 1.21
17 Silchar 3.92 2.48
18 Sibsagar 4.14 1.78
19 Patna 298.57 157.72
20 Gaya 9.4185 6.47
21 Muzaffarpur 14.01 5.39
22 Chandigarh 28.783 12.96
23 Korba 3.846 1.06
24 Bhilai Nagar 118.35 28.45
25 Raipur 125.35 51.86
26 Delhi 38.2185 10.77
27 Ahmedabad 365.54 261.93
28 Rajkot 83.1 64.61
29 Surat 261.15 254.23
30 Vadodara 98.15 81.98
31 Faridabad (NCR) 73.53 0.78
32 Baddi 2.7725 2.6
33 Damtal 1.5725 1.05
34 Kala Amb 3.5625 3.33
35 Nalagarh 1.925509 1.8
36 Paonta Sahib 1.7225 1.47
37 Parwanoo 1.6225 1.33
38 Sunder Nagar 1.9315 1.71
39 Jammu 19.9215 11.93
40 Srinagar 60.93 4
41 Dhanbad 69.09 57.39
42 Jamshedpur 116.85 31.9
43 Ranchi 93.5 48.09
44 Bengaluru 541.1 5.47
45 Devanagere 10.05 4.78
46 Gulburga 15.8965 1.29
47 Hubli-Dharwad 16.7245 0.8
48 Bhopal 183.85 166.44
49 Dewas 6.6415 5.31
50 Gwalior 102.64 65.08
51 Indore 191.95 166.64
52 Jabalpur 112.25 104.18
53 Sagar 8.9935 2.58
54 Ujjain 12.61 3.22

4
Till December 2023
S.No City Total Fund released Total fund utilised
55 Aurangabad 68.3 51.54
56 Akola 8.66 3.95
57 Amravati 25.005 12.87
58 Badlapur 2 0.15
59 Chandrapur 5.595 3.88
60 Greater Mumbai 938.59 680.32
61 Jalgaon 4.58 1.07
62 Jalna 5.415 3.09
63 Kolhapur 17.2 0.33
64 Latur 12.9965 5
65 Nagpur 142.05 6.32
66 Nashik 91.55 0
67 Navi Mumbai 9.45 26.43
68 Pune 271.3 70.48
69 Sangli 10.5 2.54
70 Solapur 31.725 7.18
71 Thane 0 41.49
72 Ulhasnagar 2.1 18.15
73 Vasai virar 72.35 13.46
74 Byrnihat 6.151 2.84
75 Dimapur 7.05 0.47
76 Kohima 6.65 1.15
77 Angul 0.3375 0.95
78 Balasore 3.741 1.16
79 Bhubaneswar 4.6237 20.53
80 Cuttack 40.23 14.23
81 Kalinga Nagar 4.6875 1.82
82 Rourkela 12.0575 6.55
83 Talcher 3.87 1.15
84 Amritsar 73.25 65.86
85 Pathankot/Dera Baba 4.73 1.66
86 DeraBassi 1.115 0.42
87 Jalandhar 30.045 2.63
88 Khanna 5.18 2.04
89 Ludhiana 97.75 56.48
90 Gobindgarh 5.269 2.8
91 NayaNangal 2.718 0.67
92 Patiala 14.86 2.96
93 Jaipur 325.85 260.71
94 Alwar 15 1.69
95 Jodhpur 80.34 55.99
96 Kota 101.2 63.34
97 Udaipur 14.7265 9.39
98 Chennai 367 367.51
99 Madurai 72.44 49.8
100 Trichy 50.35 46.36
101 Tuticorin 12.64 7.15
102 Hyderabad 454.3 365.6
103 Nalgonda 4.3965 1.62
104 Patencheru 0.48 0.39
105 Sangareddy 3.3575 2.03
106 Agra 175.92 128.63
107 Allahabad 180.78 141.72
108 Ghaziabad 136.25 97.08
109 Kanpur 249.34 209.47
110 Lucknow 385.83 199.5
111 Meerut (NCR) 139.19 86.84
112 Varanasi 229.17 83.49
S.No City Total Fund released Total fund utilised
113 Anpara 2.185 1.53
114 Bareily 49.24 11.68
115 Firozabad 34.355 17.9
116 Gajraula 4.04 0.89
117 Gorakhpur 52.19 19.56
118 Jhansi 9.06 4.74
119 Khurja 13.665 3.8
120 Moradabad 57.195 15.23
121 Noida 26.42 1.19
122 Raebareli 11.3685 5.5
123 Dehradun 38.24 10.11
124 Kashipur 6.772 2.76
125 Rishikesh 8.6715 3.9
126 Asansol/Raniganj 67.6 42.55
127 Barrackpore 2 1.94
128 Durgapur 44.58 5.87
129 Haldia 10.325 4.43
130 Howrah 5 7.71
131 Kolkata 687.25 636.18
 Annexure 4: State-wise progress under Swacch Bharat Mission 2.0

Total no. Legacy Remediated Waste to be

Area Area to be
of Waste Qty Waste Qty Remediate Area (In
S.No. State/UT Reclaimed Reclaimed
Dumpsit (In Lakh (In Lakh d (In Lakh Acre)
(In Acre) (In Acre)
e Tonne) Tonne) Tonne)

1 ANDHRA PRADESH 14 45.68 14.98 30.71 377.66 33 344.66

2 ASSAM 4 18.59 0 18.59 53.93 0 53.93
3 BIHAR 4 13.52 4.13 9.39 114.2 51 63.2
4 CHANDIGARH 2 12.77 10.56 2.21 28 20 8
5 CHHATTISGARH 2 2.65 2.39 0.26 33.4 31.4 2
6 DELHI 3 203 76.98 126.02 202 0 202
7 GUJARAT 6 146.05 122.87 23.18 217.2 104.2 113
8 HARYANA 2 47 23.51 23.49 20 20 0
9 HIMACHAL PRADESH 1 0.4 0.28 0.12 2.5 0 2.5
10 JAMMU AND KASHMIR 3 17.37 1.7 15.67 66.5 34 32.5
11 JHARKHAND 3 20.48 0 20.48 40.15 0 40.15
12 KARNATAKA 10 114.07 0 114.07 339.82 0 339.82
13 KERALA 4 10.17 4.12 6.05 100.56 11 89.56
14 MADHYA PRADESH 8 10.43 1.97 8.46 38.62 5.75 32.87
15 MAHARASHTRA 28 491.67 116.18 375.5 925.19 262.26 662.93
16 NAGALAND 2 6.1 0 6.1 28 0 28
17 ODISHA 5 26.07 0.35 25.72 107.14 10 97.14
18 PUNJAB 11 44.17 8.99 35.18 127.25 14 113.25
19 RAJASTHAN 7 36.37 1.45 34.93 282.7 2 280.7
20 TAMIL NADU 11 120.4 33.54 86.86 822.28 163 659.28
21 TELANGANA 5 125.55 121.95 3.61 454 395 59
22 UTTAR PRADESH 18 68.34 49.8 18.54 436.27 260.98 175.29
23 UTTARAKHAND 4 5.01 0.26 4.75 25.89 2 23.89
24 WEST BENGAL 12 66.66 5.88 60.78 185.7 22 163.7
 Annexure 5: PM2.5 Concentration and exceedance percentage of all Indian Cities5

Annual Average % days > Annual

City Monitored Days % days > Annual WHO
PM2.5 Conc. (µg/m3) NAAQS
Byrnihat 152 351 86 99
Begusarai 147 345 75 98
Delhi 101 365 58 100
Gurgaon 90 365 68 100
Saharsa 90 357 54 89
Katihar 90 365 55 92
Patna 89 365 64 100
Purnia 89 364 55 96
Greater Noida 87 365 52 98
Siwan 87 364 55 96
Bettiah 86 356 50 95
Faridabad 86 365 53 100
Muzaffarnagar 85 343 62 100
Arrah 84 355 59 98
Muzaffarpur 83 365 62 97
Chhapra 83 363 48 96
Noida 83 365 50 99
Samastipur 82 363 54 95
Bhagalpur 82 365 47 94
Meerut 81 365 53 93
Hanumangarh 80 298 42 93
Dharuhera 79 363 58 98
Manesar 78 365 56 100
Ghaziabad 78 365 47 99
Baghpat 77 353 56 96
Bhiwadi 77 365 55 99
Charkhi Dadri 77 365 60 99
Agartala 76 360 61 100
Bahadurgarh 76 364 47 99
Munger 73 358 56 96
Araria 73 362 47 79
Rajgir 72 365 40 90
Vapi 71 364 46 100
Rohtak 69 363 44 98
Kaithal 69 365 49 98
Sri Ganganagar 68 301 43 99
Mandi gobindgarh 68 363 50 98
Dholpur 68 306 32 96
Nalbari 67 356 46 87
Hisar 66 326 40 99
Bhiwani 66 365 46 95
Ballabgarh 66 360 39 96
Bharatpur 65 331 39 96
Gwalior 65 362 41 96
Jind 65 365 38 97
Fatehabad 65 329 39 95
Kurukshetra 63 361 45 98
Bileipada 63 364 49 100
Asansol 61 358 48 96
Yamunanagar 61 353 48 99
Chandigarh 61 365 40 98
Narnaul 61 358 39 97
Ludhiana 61 365 39 100

5
With data availability for more than 75% of the days in 2023
 Annual Average % days > Annual
City Monitored Days % days > Annual WHO
PM2.5 Conc. (µg/m3) NAAQS
Sonipat 61 345 37 86
Ujjain 60 324 37 97
Kota 60 365 35 99
Rairangpur 60 310 50 92
Gummidipoondi 60 328 42 99
Baddi 60 356 32 98
Aurangabad 60 365 35 91
Bulandshahr 60 365 41 96
Amritsar 59 359 44 99
Gaya 59 365 34 98
Navi Mumbai 59 365 39 88
Khurja 58 365 37 100
Guwahati 58 365 36 89
Kishanganj 58 363 38 85
Lucknow 58 365 41 97
Sasaram 58 345 33 90
Yamuna Nagar 57 294 41 98
Rourkela 57 363 39 98
Singrauli 57 365 40 89
Hajipur 57 365 39 90
Talcher 56 328 35 90
Keonjhar 56 365 38 96
Nayagarh 55 364 40 93
Jhunjhunu 55 300 29 95
Jaipur 55 365 30 99
Surat 54 336 40 86
Tonk 54 319 27 92
Pali 54 352 25 100
Chittorgarh 54 290 33 99
Vatva 54 359 33 99
Dausa 54 307 24 98
Suakati 53 361 35 99
Howrah 53 365 34 87
Visakhapatnam 53 358 19 86
Bikaner 53 332 27 94
Pune 52 347 40 99
Nagpur 52 365 35 94
Jalandhar 52 365 28 99
Hapur 51 365 29 85
Aurangabad 42 365 29 91
Panchkula 51 350 29 99
Ahmedabad 51 365 31 100
Chandrapur 51 365 30 91
Bathinda 50 361 24 90
Muradabad 50 365 32 99
Karnal 50 364 30 94
Durgapur 50 358 30 93
Rupnagar 50 348 29 93
Ankleshwar 50 342 38 96
Nagaon 49 324 25 86
Bhopal 49 365 27 97
Kanpur 48 365 29 98
GandhiNagar 48 365 26 99
Katni 48 330 28 93
Gorakhpur 48 365 24 99
Udaipur 48 365 19 100
Jabalpur 48 365 27 93
 Annual Average % days > Annual
City Monitored Days % days > Annual WHO
PM2.5 Conc. (µg/m3) NAAQS
Mumbai 47 365 32 93
Manguraha 47 357 32 76
Kolkata 47 365 30 87
Baripada 47 355 34 79
Churu 47 296 23 77
Motihari 47 359 27 77
Ajmer 46 365 16 100
Sawai Madhopur 46 294 28 94
Moradabad 45 305 23 99
Jodhpur 45 365 24 96
Dewas 45 357 22 94
Banswara 44 305 20 98
Pithampur 43 356 22 98
Mandideep 43 356 24 92
Sikar 43 301 22 84
Sirsa 43 356 22 85
Patiala 43 365 24 93
Tensa 43 329 17 87
Prayagraj 42 365 22 98
Ambala 42 355 25 87
Indore 42 362 18 99
Panipat 42 362 26 80
Alwar 42 365 19 99
Bihar Sharif 41 362 15 76
Khanna 41 365 20 95
Kalyan 40 354 24 88
Hosur 40 332 14 96
Vijayawada 40 300 18 87
Ratlam 39 346 12 96
Siliguri 39 361 17 94
Dharwad 39 340 22 88
Jhalawar 39 297 20 85
Firozabad 39 365 16 92
Hyderabad 38 365 2 100
Nashik 38 365 18 86
Rajamahendravaram 38 353 23 71
Rajsamand 38 293 15 89
Solapur 38 365 11 96
Jhansi 37 365 13 87
Thrissur 37 342 15 94
Tumakuru 36 307 13 77
Pratapgarh 36 299 11 94
Kochi 36 351 19 81
Bareilly 35 365 12 89
Kannur 35 294 0 100
Kollam 35 361 3 95
Kadapa 35 310 13 85
Dehradun 35 332 11 82
Manglore 34 364 12 92
Chittoor 34 364 12 86
Shillong 34 340 16 73
Tumidih 34 315 11 84
Agra 33 365 12 87
Amaravati 33 355 13 72
Tirupati 33 365 7 88
Kohima 33 350 12 81
Vrindavan 33 355 10 86
 Annual Average % days > Annual
City Monitored Days % days > Annual WHO
PM2.5 Conc. (µg/m3) NAAQS
Bangalore 33 365 2 93
Mangalore 32 304 11 91
Brajrajnagar 32 310 6 84
Haldia 32 359 11 68
Yadgir 32 361 7 78
Raipur 31 363 4 81
Chikkaballarpur 31 352 10 73
Palwal 30 365 6 87
Sirohi 30 281 6 82
Karauli 30 300 6 74
Bilaspur 30 355 5 90
Haveri 30 360 10 60
Chikkaballapur 30 293 9 70
Eloor 30 282 0 90
Hubballi 29 365 7 78
Chennai 29 365 3 90
Salem 29 303 4 82
Sagar 29 362 6 80
Korba 28 363 7 65
Kalaburagi 28 343 7 77
Bhilai 28 363 5 75
Ooty 28 345 1 82
Davanagere 28 358 4 71
Palwal 28 305 3 86
Chhal 28 348 4 80
Srinagar 28 300 5 82
Belgaum 27 359 11 73
Barmer 27 306 8 71
Ramanagara 27 363 2 75
Satna 27 344 2 88
Varanasi 26 365 2 76
Kanchipuram 25 309 0 77
Rishikesh 25 315 2 81
Puducherry 24 365 3 68
Maihar 24 292 3 65
Cuddalore 24 278 4 76
Anantapur 24 358 0 79
Ariyalur 23 320 2 67
Bagalkot 23 365 0 100
Thiruvananthapuram 22 365 2 57
Mysuru 21 365 0 88
Mandikhera 21 357 3 52
Visakhapatnam 21 272 0 70
Shivamogga 20 365 0 88
Vijayapura 19 360 0 99
Raichur 19 312 0 62
Koppal 19 315 0 58
Madikeri 19 362 0 72
Kunjemura 19 342 1 58
Chikkamagaluru 18 363 0 58
Gadag 18 343 1 52
Chamarajanagar 18 365 0 88
Ramanathapuram 17 345 2 40
Sivasagar 17 363 0 44
Damoh 16 348 0 47
Gangtok 15 308 5 22
Aizawl 10 301 0 23
 Annual Average % days > Annual
City Monitored Days % days > Annual WHO
PM2.5 Conc. (µg/m3) NAAQS
Silchar 10 316 0 27