6.

1 The Laplace Transform

clear, clc
hold on
grid on
xlabel 't', ylabel 'f(t)'
t = 0:0.01:1;
plot(t,t.^2)
t = 1.01:0.01:2;
plot(t,2+t)
t = 2.01:0.01:3;
plot(t,6-t,'g')
legend('t^2','2+t','6-t', ...
'Location','northwest')

clear, clc
hold on
grid on
ylim([0 5]) % set vert axis range
xlabel 't', ylabel 'f(t)'
t = 0:0.01:1;
plot(t,t.^2)
t = 1.01:0.01:2;
plot(t,(t-1).^-1)
t = 2.01:0.01:3;
plot(t,t./t,'g')
legend('t^2','(t-1)^-1','1', ...
'Location','northwest')
clear, clc
hold on
grid on
ylim([0 1.5]) % set vert axis range
xlabel 't', ylabel 'f(t)'
t = 0:0.01:1;
plot(t,t.^2)
t = 1.01:0.01:2;
plot(t,t./t)
t = 2.01:0.01:3;
plot(t,3-t,'g')
legend('t^2','1','3-t', ...
'Location','northwest')
clear, clc
syms s a t
f = int(exp(-s*t)*t^2*sin(a*t),t);
collect(f, [cos(a*t) sin(a*t)])
6.2 Solution of Initial Value Problems

clear, clc
syms s
f = 2/(s^2 + 3*s -4)
partfrac(f)
clear, clc
syms s
f = (8*s^2 - 4*s + 12)/(s*(s^2 + 4))
partfrac(f)
clear, clc
syms s
f = (s-2)/((s-3)*(s+2))
partfrac(f)
clear, clc
syms s
f = (s+3)/((s+2)*(s+1))
partfrac(f)
clear, clc
syms s
factor(s^4 - 4*s^3 + 6*s^2 - 4*s +1)

clear, clc
syms s
f = (s^2 - 4*s + 7)/(s-1)^4
partfrac(f)
clear, clc
syms s
f = 1/((s+1)*(s^2 - 2*s + 2))
partfrac(f)
clear, clc
syms t
f(t) = sin(t)/t;
for n = 1:8
df=diff(f,t,n);
limit(df,t,0)
end
 6.3 Step Functions

clear, clc
syms t g
g = heaviside(t-1) + ...
2*heaviside(t-3) - ...
6*heaviside(t-4);
fplot(g)
xlim([0 5]);
ylim([-4 4]);
grid on
title('g(t) = u1(t) + 2*u3(t) - 6*u4(t)')
xlabel 't', ylabel 'g(t)'
clear, clc
figure
hold on
xlim([0 5]);
ylim([-4 4]);
grid on

PlotHzLine(0,1,0) %initial part of u1

PlotHzLine(1,3,1) %u1 to next endpoint
PlotHzLine(3,4,3) %jump up 2 at next endpoint
PlotHzLine(4,9,-3) %jump down 6 at next endpoint

title('g(t) = u1(t) + 2*u3(t) - 6*u4(t)')

xlabel 't', ylabel 'g(t)'

function PlotHzLine(x1, x2, yvalue)

t = x1:0.01:x2-0.01;
plot(t,0*t + yvalue, '-b')
plot(x2,yvalue,'Marker',"o", "Color",'b')
end
clear, clc
figure
hold on
xlim([0 5]);
ylim([-1 5]);
grid on
t = 0:0.01:pi-0.01;
plot(t, 0*t) % plot 0
t= pi:0.01:5;
plot(t, (t-pi).^2)
title('g(t) = f(t-pi) * u_p_i(t), f(t) = t^2')
xlabel 't', ylabel 'g(t)'
clear, clc
figure
hold on
xlim([0 2*pi]);
ylim([-1.2 1.2]);
grid on
t = 0:0.01:3-0.01;
plot(t, 0*t) % plot 0
t= 3:0.01:2*pi;
plot(t, sin(t-3))
title('g(t) = f(t-3) * u_3(t), f(t) = sin(t)')
xlabel 't', ylabel 'g(t)'

clear, clc
figure
hold on
xlim([0 5]);
ylim([-1.2 1.2]);
grid on
t = 0:0.01:1-0.01;
plot(t, 0*t) % plot 0
t = 1:0.01:2-0.01;
plot(t, t-1) % t-1 on [1,2]
t = 2:0.01:3-0.01;
plot(t, (t-1) - 2*(t-2)) % on [2,3]
t = 3:0.01:5;
plot(t, (t-1) - 2*(t-2) + (t-3)) % on [3,5]
title('g(t) = (t-1)*u_1(t) - 2(t-2)*u_2(t) + (t-3)*u_3(t)')
xlabel 't', ylabel 'g(t)'
clear, clc
figure
hold on
x = [0, 9]; % xmin, xmax
xlim(x);
ylim([-3 3]);
grid on
int = [3, 5, 7]; % interval break points

t = 0:0.01:int(1)-0.01;
plot(t, 0*t) % plot 0
plot(int(1), 0, 'Marker',"o")

t = int(1):0.01:int(2)-0.01;
plot(t, 0*t - 2)
plot(int(2), -2, 'Marker',"o")

t = int(2):0.01:int(3)-0.01;
plot(t, 0*t + 2)
plot(int(3), 2, 'Marker',"o")

t = int(3):0.01:x(2);
plot(t, 0*t + 1)

xlabel 't', ylabel 'f(t)'

clear, clc
figure
hold on
x = [0, 5]; % xmin, xmax
xlim(x);
ylim([-2 2]);
grid on
int = [1, 2, 3, 4]; % interval breaks

t = 0:0.01:int(1)-0.01;
plot(t, 0*t + 1)
plot(int(1), 1, 'Marker',"o")

t = int(1):0.01:int(2)-0.01;
plot(t, 0*t - 1)
plot(int(2), -1, 'Marker',"o")

t = int(2):0.01:int(3)-0.01;
plot(t, 0*t + 1)
plot(int(3), 1, 'Marker',"o")

t = int(3):0.01:int(4)-0.01;
plot(t, 0*t - 1)
plot(int(4), -1, 'Marker',"o")

t = int(4):0.01:x(2);
plot(t, 0*t)

xlabel 't', ylabel 'f(t)'

clear, clc
figure
hold on
x = [0, 4]; % xmin, xmax
xlim(x);
ylim([0 2]);
grid on
int = [2]; % interval breaks

t = 0:0.01:int(1)-0.01;
plot(t, 0*t + 1)
%plot(int(1), 1, 'Marker',"o")

t = int(1):0.01:x(2);
plot(t, exp(-(t-2)))

xlabel 't', ylabel 'f(t)'

clear, clc
figure
hold on
x = [0, 9]; % xmin, xmax
xlim(x);
ylim([-1 3]);
grid on
int = [2, 5, 7]; % interval breaks

t = 0:0.01:int(1)-0.01;
plot(t, t)

t = int(1):0.01:int(2)-0.01;
plot(t, 0*t + 2)

t = int(2):0.01:int(3)-0.01;
plot(t, 7 - t)

t = int(3):0.01:x(2);
plot(t, 0*t)

xlabel 't', ylabel 'f(t)'

clear, clc
syms s
partfrac(1/(s^2 + s - 2))
clear, clc
figure
hold on
xlim([0 3]);
ylim([-1 2]);
grid on

PlotHzLine(0,1,1) %initial part of u1

PlotHzLine(1,5,0) %u1 to next endpoint

title('f(t) = 1 - u_1(t)')
xlabel 't', ylabel 'f(t)'

function PlotHzLine(x1, x2, yvalue)

t = x1:0.01:x2-0.01;
plot(t,0*t + yvalue, '-b')
plot(x2,yvalue,'Marker',"o", "Color",'b')
end
clear, clc
t = 0:0.01:1;
plot(t, t)
hold on
t = 1:0.01:3;
plot(t, 0*t + 1)
xlim([0 3]);
ylim([-1 2]);
grid on
title('g(t) = t, [0,1), 1 [1,...]')
xlabel 't', ylabel 'g(t)'
clear, clc
syms t g h
g(t) = t - (t-1)*heaviside(t-1);
h = g(t) - g(t-1)*heaviside(t-1);
fplot(h)
xlim([0 3]);
ylim([-1 2]);
grid on
title('h(t) = g(t) - u_1(t)*g(t-1)')
xlabel 't', ylabel 'h(t)'
clear, clc
figure
hold on
xlim([0 8]);
ylim([-1 2]);
grid on
for i = 0:2:6
PlotSawtooth(i)
end
title('p(t) = t [0,1), 2-t [1,2) p(t+2) = p(t)')
xlabel 't', ylabel 'p(t)'

function PlotSawtooth(x)
t = x:0.01:x+1; % [0,1]
plot(t, t-x, '-b') % subtract x start value
t = x+1:0.01:x+2; % [1,2]
plot(t, 2-(t-x), 'b')
end
6.4 Differential Equations with Discontinuous Forcing Functions

clear, clc
figure
hold on
xlim([0 14]);
ylim([-0.5 1.5]);
grid on

PlotHzLine(0,3*pi,1) %initial part of u1

PlotHzLine(3*pi,15,0) %u1 to next endpoint

title('f(t) = u_0(t) - u_3_p_i(t)')

xlabel 't', ylabel 'f(t)'

function PlotHzLine(x1, x2, yvalue)

t = x1:0.01:x2-0.01;
plot(t,0*t + yvalue, '-b')
plot(x2,yvalue,'Marker',"o", "Color",'b')
end
clear, clc
syms t
y(t) = 1 + sin(t) - cos(t) - heaviside(t-3*pi)*(1 + cos(t));
fplot(y(t), [0,30])
grid on
ylim([-3, 3])
xlabel 't', ylabel 'y(t)'
title 'y(t) = 1 + sin(t) - cos(t) - u_3_p_i*(1 + cos(t))'
clear, clc
figure
hold on
xlim([0 14]);
ylim([-0.5 1.5]);
grid on

PlotHzLine(0,pi,0)
PlotHzLine(pi,2*pi,1)
PlotHzLine(2*pi,15,0)

title('h(t) = u_p_i(t) - u_2_p_i(t)')

xlabel 't', ylabel 'h(t)'

function PlotHzLine(x1, x2, yvalue)

t = x1:0.01:x2-0.01;
plot(t,0*t + yvalue, '-b')
plot(x2,yvalue,'Marker',"o", "Color",'b')
end
clear, clc
syms t
y(t) = exp(-t)*sin(t) + ...
(1/2)*heaviside(t-pi)*(1 + exp(pi-t)*(cos(t) + sin(t))) - ...
(1/2)*heaviside(t-2*pi)*(1 - exp(2*pi-t)*(cos(t) + sin(t)));
fplot(y(t), [0,12])
grid on
ylim([-0.3, 0.8])
xlabel 't', ylabel 'y(t)'
title 'Solution to D_2y + 2D_1y + 2y = h(t)'
clear, clc
syms t
f(t) = sin(t) - heaviside(t-2*pi)*sin(t);
fplot(f)
xlim([0 4*pi]);
ylim([-1.5 1.5]);
grid on
title('h(t) = sin(t) - u_2_p_i(t)*sin(t)')
xlabel 't', ylabel 'f(t)'
clear, clc
syms t
y(t) = (1/6)*(1 - heaviside(t-2*pi))*(2*sin(t) - sin(2*t));
fplot(y(t), [0, 4*pi])
grid on
ylim([-0.5, 0.5])
xlabel 't', ylabel 'y(t)'
title 'y(t) = (1/6)[1 - u_2_p_i(t)] * [2*sin(t) - sin(2*t)]'
clear, clc
figure
hold on
xlim([0 14]);
ylim([-0.5 1.5]);
grid on

PlotHzLine(0,10,1)
PlotHzLine(10,15,0)

title('f(t) = 1 - u_1_0(t)')
xlabel 't', ylabel 'f(t)'

function PlotHzLine(x1, x2, yvalue)

t = x1:0.01:x2-0.01;
plot(t,0*t + yvalue, '-b')
plot(x2,yvalue,'Marker',"o", "Color",'b')
end
 clear, clc
syms s
d = s*(s+2)*(s+1);
partfrac(1/d)

clear, clc
syms t
g(t) = 1/2 + (1/2)*exp(-2*t) - exp(-t);
y(t) = g(t) - heaviside(t-10)*g(t-10);
fplot(y(t), [0, 20])
grid on
ylim([-0.2, 0.8])
xlabel 't', ylabel 'y(t)'
title 'Solution to D_2y + 3D_1y +2y = f(t)'
clear, clc
syms t
f(t) = t - heaviside(t - pi/2)*(t - pi/2);
fplot(f(t), [0, 4])
grid on
ylim([-0.2, 2])
xlabel 't', ylabel 'f(t)'
title 't - u_p_i_/_2(t - pi/2)'

clear, clc
syms s
d = s^2*((s+1/2)^2 + 1)
partfrac(1/d)
clear, clc
syms t
g(t) = -16/25 + (4/5)*t + (1/25)*(exp(-t/2))*(16*cos(t)-12*sin(t));
y(t) = g(t) - heaviside(t - pi/2)*g(t - pi/2);
fplot(y(t), [0, 20])
grid on
ylim([-0.2, 2])
xlabel 't', ylabel 'y(t)'
title 'Solution to D_2y + D_1y + 5/4y = t - u_p_i_/_2(t) (t - pi/2)'
clear, clc
syms t
g(t) = sin(t) + heaviside(t-pi)*sin(t-pi);
fplot(g(t), [0, 3*pi])
grid on
ylim([-0.2, 1.2])
xlabel 't', ylabel 'g(t)'
title 'sin(t) - u_p_i(t-pi)*sin(t-pi)'
clear, clc
syms s
d = (s^2 + 1)*((s+1/2)^2 + 1)
partfrac(1/d)
clear, clc
syms t
h(t) = (4/17)*(-4*cos(t) + sin(t) + ...
4*exp(-t/2)*cos(t) + exp(-t/2)*sin(t));
y(t) = h(t) + heaviside(t-pi)*h(t-pi);
fplot(y(t), [0, 20])
grid on
ylim([-0.2, 1])
xlabel 't', ylabel 'y(t)'
title 'Solution to D_2y + D_1y + 5/4y = sin(t) + u_p_i(t) sin(t - pi)'
clear, clc
figure
hold on
xlim([0 14]);
ylim([-0.5 1.5]);
grid on

PlotHzLine(0,pi,0)
PlotHzLine(pi,3*pi,1)
PlotHzLine(3*pi,15,0)

title('f(t) = u_p_i(t) - u_3_p_i(t)')

xlabel 't', ylabel 'f(t)'

function PlotHzLine(x1, x2, yvalue)

t = x1:0.01:x2-0.01;
plot(t,0*t + yvalue, '-b')
plot(x2,yvalue,'Marker',"o", "Color",'b')
end
clear, clc
syms t
y(t) = (1/4)*heaviside(t-pi)*(1-cos(2*t)) - ...
(1/4)*heaviside(t-3*pi)*(1-cos(2*t));
fplot(y(t), [0, 20])
grid on
ylim([-0.2, 1])
xlabel 't', ylabel 'y(t)'
title '(1/4)u_p_i(1-cos(2t)) - (1/4)u_3_p_i(1-cos(2t))'
clear, clc
figure
hold on
xlim([0 2*pi]);
ylim([-0.5 1.5]);
grid on

PlotHzLine(0,pi,1)
PlotHzLine(pi,10,0)

title('f(t) = 1 - u_p_i(t)')
xlabel 't', ylabel 'f(t)'

function PlotHzLine(x1, x2, yvalue)

t = x1:0.01:x2-0.01;
plot(t,0*t + yvalue, '-b')
plot(x2,yvalue,'Marker',"o", "Color",'b')
end
clear, clc
syms s
d = s*(s^2 + 4)*(s^2 + 1);
partfrac(1/d)
clear, clc
syms t
y(t) = 1/4 - (1/3)*cos(t) + (1/12)*cos(2*t) - ...
heaviside(t-pi)*(1/4 + (1/3)*cos(t) + (1/12)*cos(2*t));
fplot(y(t), [0, 4*pi])
grid on
ylim([-1, 1])
xlabel 't', ylabel 'y(t)'
title 'Solution to D_4y + 5D_2y + 4y = 1 - u_p_i(t)'
clear, clc
syms t
h = 4; k = 3; t0= 2; % example values
f(t) = heaviside(t-t0)*(h/k)*(t-t0) - ...
heaviside(t-t0-k)*(h/k)*(t-t0-k);
fplot(f(t), [0, 10])
ylim([-0.2, h + 0.2])
grid on
clear, clc
syms t
h = 4; k = 3; t0= 2; % example values
f1(t) = (h/k)*(t-t0)*(heaviside(t-t0) - heaviside(t-(t0+k)));
f2(t) = ((-h/k)*(t-t0-k)+h)*(heaviside(t-(t0+k)) - heaviside(t-(t0+2*k)));
fplot(f1(t)+f2(t), [0, 10])
ylim([-0.2, h + 0.2])
grid on
clear, clc
figure
hold on
xlim([0 4]);
ylim([-0.5 1.5]);
grid on

PlotHzLine(0,3/2,0)
PlotHzLine(3/2,5/2,1)
PlotHzLine(5/2,15,0)

title('g(t) = u_3_/_2(t) - u_5_/_2(t)')

xlabel 't', ylabel 'g(t)'

function PlotHzLine(x1, x2, yvalue)

t = x1:0.01:x2-0.01;
plot(t,0*t + yvalue, '-b')
plot(x2,yvalue,'Marker',"o", "Color",'b')
end
clear, clc
syms t
a = 3*sqrt(7)/8; b = sqrt(7)/21; % constants
h(t) = 1 - exp(-t/8)*(cos(a*t) + b*sin(a*t));
fplot(heaviside(t-3/2) - heaviside(t-5/2)) % the impulse
hold on
for k = [1/2 1 2]
y(t) = k*heaviside(t-3/2)*h(t-3/2) - ...
k*heaviside(t-5/2)*h(t-5/2);
fplot(y(t))
end
grid on
xlim([0 30]), ylim([-2 2])
xlabel 't', ylabel 'u(t)'
title(['Solution to ' ...
'u" + (1/4)u'' + u = k[u_3_/_2(t) - u_5_/_2(t)], '...
'k = 1/2, 1, 2'])
legend('impulse', 'k = 1/2', 'k = 1', 'k = 2')
clear, clc
t = 0:0.001:5;
a = 3*sqrt(7)/8; b = sqrt(7)/21; % constants
c3 = 3/2; c5 = 5/2;
%h(t) = 1 - exp(-t/8).*(cos(a*t) + b*sin(a*t));
% loop through computations until get y(t) > 2.0
for k = 2:0.01:3
h3 = 1 - exp(-(t-c3)/8).*(cos(a*(t-c3)) + b*sin(a*(t-c3)));
h5 = 1 - exp(-(t-c5)/8).*(cos(a*(t-c5)) + b*sin(a*(t-c5)));
y = k*heaviside(t-c3).*h3 - ...
k*heaviside(t-c5).*h5;
if max(y) > 2
break
end
end
maxk = num2str(k); % the k that gives y(t) > 2.0
maxy = num2str(max(y)); % the value of y at maxk
plot(t, y)
hold on
plot(t,k*heaviside(t-c3) - k*heaviside(t-c5)) % the impulse
grid on
xlim([0 5]), ylim([-0.2 k + 0.2])
xlabel 't', ylabel 'u(t)'
str = 'Solution to u" + (1/4)u'' + u = k(u_3_/_2(t) - u_5_/_2(t)), k = ';
title(strcat(str,maxk))
str = strcat('max y = ', maxy);
legend(str, 'impulse')
clear, clc
tmax = 30; %local max seems < 0.1 at t 0 30 ses
mesh = 100000;
t = 0:1/mesh:tmax;
a = 3*sqrt(7)/8; b = sqrt(7)/21; % constants
c3 = 3/2; c5 = 5/2;
k = 2;
%h(t) = 1 - exp(-t/8).*(cos(a*t) + b*sin(a*t));
h3 = 1 - exp(-(t-c3)/8).*(cos(a*(t-c3)) + b*sin(a*(t-c3)));
h5 = 1 - exp(-(t-c5)/8).*(cos(a*(t-c5)) + b*sin(a*(t-c5)));
% load the plot values - take absolute value
y = abs(k*heaviside(t-c3).*h3 - ...
k*heaviside(t-c5).*h5);
plot(t, y)
grid on, grid minor
xlim([0, tmax]), ylim([-0.2, k])
xlabel 't', ylabel 'u(t)'
str = 'Solution to u" + (1/4)u'' + u = k[u_3_/_2(t) - u_5_/_2(t)], k = ';
title(strcat(str,num2str(2)))

format long % display answers to 15 decimals

indexMax = tmax*mesh + 1; % MATLAB arrays are 1-based
for i = indexMax:-1:1
if y(i)> 0.1
maxIndex = i;
break
end
end
tau = (maxIndex-1)/mesh
y(maxIndex), y(maxIndex + 1) % show values at and after tau
clear, clc
t = 500:0.1:500+4*pi;
figure
hold on
for k = [1,2,3]
amp = 1/(8*k);
y = 1/4 - amp*(sin(2*t-10) - sin(2*t-10-2*k));
plot(t, y)
end
grid on
grid minor
xlabel 't', ylabel 'y'
title 'plot of y(t) for large t'
legend('k=1', 'k=2', 'k=3')
clear, clc
syms t f
f = heaviside(t);
for k = 1:6
f = f + 2*(-1)^k*heaviside(t-k*pi);
end
hold on
fplot(f)
fplot(0)
ylim([-1.5, 1.5])
xlim([0, 6*pi])
grid on
xlabel 't', ylabel 'f(t)'
clear, clc
n = 15; tmax = 60;
t = 0:0.01:tmax;
y = 1 - cos(t);
for k = 1:n
y = y + 2*(-1)^k*heaviside(t-k*pi).*(1 - cos(t-k*pi));
end
plot(t, y)
grid on
xlim([0, tmax])
xlabel 't', ylabel 'y(t)'
title('y" + y = f(t)')
clear, clc
syms t
n = 40; tmax = n*pi + 100;
c = 0.05; w = sqrt(0.9975);
d = -atan(c/w);
h(t) = 1 - exp(-c*t)*((1/w)*cos(w*t - d));
y(t) = h(t);
for k = 1:n
y(t) = y(t) + 2*(-1)^k*heaviside(t-k*pi)*h(t-k*pi);
end
fplot(y(t))
hold on
fplot(h(t))
xlim([0,tmax])
ylim([-15, 15])
grid on, grid minor
xlabel 't', ylabel 'y(t)'
title 'Solution to y" + 0.1y'' + y = f(t), y(0) = 0, y''(0) = 0')
legend('y(t)', 'h(t)')
clear, clc
syms t g
g = heaviside(t); % u0(t)
for k = 1:6
g = g + (-1)^k*heaviside(t-k*pi);
end
hold on
fplot(g)
ylim([-0.25, 1.5])
xlim([0, 6.5*pi])
grid on
xlabel 't', ylabel 'g(t)'
clear, clc
n = 15; tmax = 80;
t = 0:0.01:tmax;
y = 1 - cos(t);
for k = 1:n
y = y + (-1)^k*heaviside(t-k*pi).*(1 - cos(t-k*pi));
end
plot(t, y)
hold on
xline(n*pi,'Color', 'r', 'LineWidth', 0.75); % forcing ends
grid on
xlim([0, tmax])
xlabel 't', ylabel 'y(t)'
title('y" + y = g(t)')
legend('y(t)', 'forcing ends', 'location', "northwest")
clear, clc
syms t
n = 40; tmax = n*pi + 100;
c = 0.05; w = sqrt(0.9975);
d = -atan(c/w);
h(t) = 1 - exp(-c*t)*((1/w)*cos(w*t - d));
y(t) = h(t);
for k = 1:n
y(t) = y(t) + (-1)^k*heaviside(t-k*pi)*h(t-k*pi);
end
fplot(y(t))
hold on
fplot(h(t))
xline(35*pi, 'color', 'g'); % vertical line at t = 35*pi
xline(37*pi, 'color', 'g'); % vertical line at t = 37*pi
xlim([0,tmax])
ylim([-8, 8])
grid on, grid minor
xlabel 't', ylabel 'y(t)'
title 'Solution to y" + 0.1y'' + y = g(t), y(0) = 0, y''(0) = 0')
legend('y(t)', 'h(t)')
clear, clc
n = 35; f = 11/4; tmax = n*f + 25;
t = 0:0.01:tmax;
y = 1 - cos(t);
for k = 1:n
y = y + (-1)^k*heaviside(t-k*f).*(1 - cos(t-k*f));
end
plot(t, y)
hold on
xline(n*f,'Color', 'r', 'LineWidth', 0.75); % forcing ends
grid on, grid minor
xlim([0, tmax])
xlabel 't', ylabel 'y(t)'
title('y" + y = h(t) n = 35')
legend('h(t)', 'forcing ends', 'location', "southwest")
clear, clc
syms t
f = 11/4;
h = heaviside(t); % u0(t)
for k = 1:4
h = h + 2*(-1)^k*heaviside(t-k*f);
end
hold on
fplot(h)
yline(0); % horizontal line y = 0
ylim([-1.5, 1.5])
xlim([0, 4.5*f])
grid on, grid minor
xlabel 't', ylabel 'h(t)'
6.5 Impulse Functions

clear, clc
syms t
f = exp(-t)*(cos(t) + sin(t)) + ...
heaviside(t-pi)*exp(pi-t)*sin(t-pi);
fplot(f, [0,4*pi])
ylim([-0.1, 1.1])
hold on
xline(pi, 'color', 'r'); % show the impulse
grid on
xlabel('t'), ylabel('y(t)')
title('y" + 2y'' + 2y = delta(t-pi), y(0)=1, y''(0)=0')
clear, clc
syms t
f = (1/2)*heaviside(t-pi)*sin(2*t) - ...
(1/2)*heaviside(t-2*pi)*sin(2*t);
fplot(f, [0,3*pi])
ylim([-0.6, 0.6])
hold on
xline(pi, 'color', 'r'); % show the impulse
xline(2*pi, 'color', 'r');
grid on
xlabel('t'), ylabel('y(t)')
title('y" + 4y = delta(t-pi)-delta(t-2*pi), y(0)=0, y''(0)=0')
clear, clc
syms s
d = s*(s+2)*(s+1);
partfrac(1/d)
clear, clc
syms t
f = (1/2)*(exp(-t) - exp(-2*t)) + ...
heaviside(t-5)*(exp(-(t-5)) - exp(-2*(t-5))) + ...
heaviside(t-10)*(-exp(-(t-10)) + (1/2)*exp(-2*(t-10)) + 1/2);
fplot(f, [0,20])
ylim([-0.1, 0.6])
hold on
xline(5, 'color', 'r'); % show the impulse
xline(10, 'color', 'r');
grid on
xlabel('t'), ylabel('y(t)')
title('y" + 3y'' + 2y = delta(t-5) + u_1_0(t), y(0)=0, y''(0)=1/2')
 clear, clc
syms s
d = (s^2 + 1)*(s^2 + 2*s + 3);
partfrac(1/d)

clear, clc
syms t
a = sqrt(2);
f = (1/4)*(exp(-t)*cos(a*t) - cos(t) + sin(t)) ...
+(1/a)*heaviside(t-3*pi)*exp(3*pi-t)*sin(a*(t-3*pi));
fplot(f, [0,6*pi])
ylim([-0.6, 0.6])
hold on
xline(3*pi, 'color', 'r'); % show the impulse
grid on
xlabel('t'), ylabel('y(t)')
title('y" + 2y'' + 3y = sin(t) + delta(t-3*pi), y(0)=0, y''(0)=0')
legend('y(t)', 'impulse')
clear, clc
syms t
f = sin(t) + heaviside(t-2*pi)*sin(t);
fplot(f, [0,6*pi])
ylim([-2.1, 2.1])
hold on
xline(2*pi, 'color', 'r'); % show the impulse
grid on
xlabel('t'), ylabel('y(t)')
title('y" + y'' = delta(t-2*pi)cos(t), y(0)=0, y''(0)=1')
legend('y(t)', 'impulse', 'location', "southwest")
clear, clc
syms t
f = -heaviside(t-pi/4)*cos(2*t);
fplot(f, [0,3*pi])
ylim([-1.5, 1.5])
hold on
xline(pi/4, 'color', 'r'); % show the impulse
grid on
xlabel('t'), ylabel('y(t)')
title('y" + y'' = -u_p_i_/_4(t)cos(2t), y(0)=0, y''(0)=0')
legend('y(t)', 'impulse')
clear, clc
syms s
d = (s^2 + 1)*(s^2 + 2*s + 2);
partfrac(s/d)
clear, clc
syms t
f = (1/5)*(cos(t) + 2*sin(t)) ...
- (1/5)*exp(-t)*(cos(t) + 3*sin(t)) ...
+ heaviside(t-pi/2)*exp(pi/2 - t)*sin(t-pi/2);
fplot(f, [0,4*pi])
ylim([-0.8, 0.8])
hold on
xline(pi/2, 'color', 'r'); % show the impulse
grid on
xlabel('t'), ylabel('y(t)')
title('y" + 2y'' + 2y = cos(t) + delta(t-pi/2), y(0)=0, y''(0)=0')
legend('y(t)', 'impulse')
clear, clc
syms t
f = (1/2)*heaviside(t-1)*(sinh(t-1) - sin(t-1));
fplot(f, [0,6])
ylim([-0.2, 10])
hold on
xline(1, 'color', 'r'); % show the impulse
grid on
xlabel('t'), ylabel('y(t)')
title('y"" - y = delta(t-1), y(0)=0, y''(0)=0, y"(0)=0, y(0)"''=0')
legend('y(t)', 'impulse', 'location', "southeast")
clear, clc
syms t
a = sqrt(15)/4;
t0 = 5 + 2*pi/a;
k = -exp(-2*pi/sqrt(15));
f(t) = (1/a)*exp(-t/4)*sin(a*t);
y = (1/2)*heaviside(t-5)*f(t-5) + (k/2)*heaviside(t-t0)*f(t-t0);
fplot(y, [0,2*t0-5])
ylim([-0.3, 0.5])
hold on
xline(5, 'color', 'r'); % show the impulses
xline(t0, 'color', 'r');
grid on
xlabel('t'), ylabel('y(t)')
title('2y" + y'' + 2y = delta(t-5) + k*delta(t-t0), y(0)=0, y''(0)=0')
legend('y(t)', 'impulses')
clear, clc
syms t
a = sqrt(15)/4;
y = (1/a)*heaviside(t-1)*exp(-(t-1)/4)*sin(a*(t-1));
fplot(y, [0, 1+5*pi])
ylim([-1, 1])
hold on
xline(1, 'color', 'r'); % show the impulse
grid on
xlabel('t'), ylabel('y(t)')
title('y" + 1/2y'' + y = delta(t-1), y(0)=0, y''(0)=0')
legend('y(t)', 'impulse')
clear, clc
tmesh = 0.0001; % indicate precision of times
t = 0:tmesh:5*pi; %create an array of times
a = sqrt(15)/4;
y = (1/a)*heaviside(t-1).*exp(-(t-1)/4).*sin(a*(t-1));
plot(t, y)
xlim([0,5*pi])
ylim([-1, 1])
hold on
xline(1, 'color', 'r'); % show the impulse
grid on
xlabel('t'), ylabel('y(t)')
title('y" + 1/2y'' + y = delta(t-1), y(0)=0, y''(0)=0')
legend('y(t)', 'impulse')
[ymax,tindex] = max(y)
tmax = (tindex-1)*tmesh % arrays are 1-based
clear, clc
tmesh = 0.0001; % indicate precision of times
t = 0:tmesh:6*pi; % create an array of times
a = 3*sqrt(7)/8;
y = (1/a)*heaviside(t-1).*exp(-(t-1)/8).*sin(a*(t-1));
plot(t, y)
xlim([0,6*pi])
ylim([-1, 1])
hold on
xline(1, 'color', 'r'); % show the impulse
grid on
xlabel('t'), ylabel('y(t)')
title('y" + 1/4y'' + y = delta(t-1), y(0)=0, y''(0)=0')
legend('y(t)', 'impulse')
[ymax,tindex] = max(y)
tmax = (tindex-1)*tmesh % arrays are 1-based
clear, clc
syms t
k = 0.25;
f = (1/(2*k)*(heaviside(t-(4-k))-heaviside(t-(4+k))));
fplot(f, [0,6])
ylim([-0.2, 2.2])
grid on
xlabel 't', ylabel 'f(t)'
title 'f(t) = 1/2k[u_4_-_k(t) - u_4_+_k(t)]'
clear, clc
syms t
phi0 = heaviside(t-4)*sin(t-4);
fplot(phi0)
hold on
h(t) = 1 - cos(t);
for k = [1/2, 1/4]
t1 = t - (4-k);
t2 = t - (4+k);
c = 1/(2*k);
phi = c*(heaviside(t1)*h(t1) - heaviside(t2)*h(t2));
fplot(phi)
end
xlim([0, 4 + 2.6*pi])
ylim([-1.1, 1.1])
grid on
xlabel 't', ylabel 'phi(t,k)'
title 'y" + y = 1/2k[u_4_-_k(t) - u_4_+_k(t)], y(0)=0, y''(0)=0'
legend('phi0(t)', 'phi(t, 1/2)', 'phi(t, 1/4)', 'location', "southwest")
clear, clc
syms t y
figure
hold on
y = 0;
for k = 1:20
y = y + heaviside(t-k*pi)*sin(t-k*pi);
xline(k*pi, 'color', 'r'); % show impulses
end
fplot(y)
xlim([0, 22*pi])
ylim([-0.2, 1.1])
grid on
xlabel 't', ylabel 'y(t)'
title 'y" + y = Sigma(delta(t-k*pi), y(0)=0, y''(0)=0'
legend('impulses', 'location', "southeast")
clear, clc
syms t y
y = 0;
for k = 1:20
y = y + ((-1)^(k+1))*heaviside(t-k*pi)*sin(t-k*pi);
end
fplot(y, [0, 24*pi])
ylim([-21, 21])
grid on
xlabel 't', ylabel 'y(t)'
title 'y" + y = Sigma((-1)^(^k^+^1^)delta(t-k*pi)), y(0)=0, y''(0)=0'
clear, clc
syms t y
y = 0;
for k = 1:15
y = y + heaviside(t-(2*k-1)*pi)*sin(t-(2*k-1)*pi);
end
fplot(y, [0, 32*pi])
ylim([-17, 17])
grid on
xlabel 't', ylabel 'y(t)'
title 'y" + y = Sigma(delta(t-(2k-1)*pi)), y(0)=0, y''(0)=0'
clear, clc
syms t y
y = 0; a = 11/4;
for k = 1:40
y = y + ((-1)^(k+1))*heaviside(t-a*k)*sin(t-a*k);
end
fplot(y, [0, 125])
ylim([-7, 7])
grid on
xlabel 't', ylabel 'y(t)'
title 'y" + y = Sigma((-1)^(^k^+^1^)delta(t-(11/4)k)), y(0)=0, y''(0)=0'
clear, clc
syms t y
y = 0; a = sqrt(399)/20;
h(t) = (1/a)*heaviside(t)*exp(-t/20)*sin(a*t);
for k = 1:20
y = y + ((-1)^(k+1))*h(t-k*pi);
end
fplot(y, [0, 38*pi])
ylim([-8, 8])
grid on
xlabel 't', ylabel 'y(t)'
title 'y" + 0.1y'' + y = Sigma((-1)^(^k^+^1^)delta(t-k*pi)), y(0)=0, y''(0)=0'
clear, clc
syms t y
y = 0; a = sqrt(399)/20;
h(t) = (1/a)*heaviside(t)*exp(-t/20)*sin(a*t);
for k = 1:15
y = y + h(t-(2*k-1)*pi);
end
fplot(y, [0, 50*pi])
ylim([-4, 4])
grid on
xlabel 't', ylabel 'y(t)'
title 'y" + 0.1y'' + y = Sigma(delta(t-(2k-1)*pi)), y(0)=0, y''(0)=0'
6.6 The Convolution Integral
clear, clc
syms s
d = s^4 + 5*s^2 + 4;
partfrac((s^3 + 5*s)/d)
clear, clc
syms s
d = (s^2 + 1)*(s^2 + 4);
partfrac(2*s^2/d)
clear, clc
syms s
d = (s+1)^3;
partfrac((s^2 + 1)/d)
clear, clc
syms s
d = (s+1)^2;
partfrac((s - 1)/d)
clear, clc
syms s
d = s^3 + 1;
partfrac(1/d)
clear, clc
a = 5; % arbitrarily assigned
th = 0:0.01:pi;
x = a*(th + sin(th));
y = a*(1 - cos(th));
plot(x,y)
grid on
xlabel 'x', ylabel 'y'