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Chapter2 Siteinvestigation

The document discusses site investigation techniques for high-rise buildings. It covers the mechanisms involved at different levels of high-rise buildings, including the foundation, podium, facility level, transfer floor, typical floor and upper roof level. It also discusses the importance of site investigations in assessing soil composition and strength to ensure safe and cost-effective construction. Key techniques discussed include desk studies, site visits, case studies, boreholes and instrumentation to establish an accurate model of ground conditions.

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badrinamin7
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29 views46 pages

Chapter2 Siteinvestigation

The document discusses site investigation techniques for high-rise buildings. It covers the mechanisms involved at different levels of high-rise buildings, including the foundation, podium, facility level, transfer floor, typical floor and upper roof level. It also discusses the importance of site investigations in assessing soil composition and strength to ensure safe and cost-effective construction. Key techniques discussed include desk studies, site visits, case studies, boreholes and instrumentation to establish an accurate model of ground conditions.

Uploaded by

badrinamin7
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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-BUILDING TECHNOLOGY 2

HIGHRISED BUILDING

Prepaired by:
Mohd Fakrul Adli
Mechanism in Highrise building
1. Foundation
Mechanism in Highrise building
2. Podium
Mechanism in Highrise building
2. Facility level
Mechanism in Highrise building
2. Transfer floor
Mechanism in Highrise building
2. Typical floor
Mechanism in Highrise building
2. Upper roof level
2.0 SITE INVESTIGATION

A site investigation is part of the planning stage of

any urban development project. It involves a

geotechnical engineer looking at the soil

composition of the area and the strength of the

soil and rock there, as well as some other

characteristics that could affect construction or

building safety.
2.1 SITE VISIT

80% of problems encountered on construction projects are

due to unforeseen ground conditions that could have been

avoided if a suitable site investigation was carried out.


2.1 SITE VISIT
2.1 SITE VISIT
2.1 SITE VISIT
2.1 SITE VISIT
2.2 CASE STUDY BUILDING
2.2 CASE STUDY BUILDING
2.2 CASE STUDY BUILDING
2.2 CASE STUDY BUILDING
2.2 CASE STUDY BUILDING
2.2 CASE STUDY BUILDING
2.2 CASE STUDY BUILDING
2.2 CASE STUDY BUILDING
2.2 CASE STUDY BUILDING
2.2 CASE STUDY BUILDING
2.2 CASE STUDY BUILDING
2.3 SITE INVESTIGATION TECHNIQUES

- AT ANY SITE, THE GROUND CONDITION NEED TO BE ASSESSED TO ENABLE

SAFE AND COST-EFFECTIVE DESIGN, CONSTRUCTION AND OPERATION OF

CIVIL ENGINEERING PROJECTS

- THIS WILL GENERALLY INCLUDE THE SUB-SURFACE GROUND INVESTIGATION

(GI), WHICH NEEDS TO BE FOCUSED ON THE PARTICULAR PROJECT NEEDS AND

UNKNOWNS.
2.3 SITE INVESTIGATION TECHNIQUES

1. SUITABILITY
To access the general suitability of a site and its environs for the proposed works
2.3 SITE INVESTIGATION TECHNIQUES
2. DESIGN
To enable an adequate and economic design, including for temporary works
2.3 SITE INVESTIGATION TECHNIQUES
3. CONSTRUCTION
To plan the best method of construction and for some projects to identify sources of suitable materials
such as concrete aggregate and fill to locate sites for disposal waste
2.3 SITE INVESTIGATION TECHNIQUES
4. EFFECTS OF CHANGES
To consider ground and environment changes on the works (ex: intense rainfall and low bearing
capacity soil) and to access the impact of the works on adjacent properties and the environment.
NATURE OF SITE INVESTIGATION
5. CHOICE OF SITE
Where appropriate, to identify alternative sites or allow optimal planning of the works
2.4 PRINCIPLE OF SITE INVESTIGATION

Site Investigation is the process of


collecting information, assessment of
the data and reporting potential
hazards beneath a site which are
unknown.
STAGES INVOLVED IN SITE
INVESTIGATION

Stage1:Desk study at project conception


stage
Identification of key geological and
environmental hazards at optional sites
based on broad desk study and possibly
site visit.
STAGES INVOLVED IN SITE
INVESTIGATION

Stage2 : Detailed desk study and


reconnaissance survey
Site mapping with advance contract
allowing for safe access, vegetation
clearance and trial pits or trenches.
STAGES INVOLVED IN SITE
INVESTIGATION

Stage 3 : Preliminary ground investigation


linked to basic engineering design
- Consider use of geophysical technique
to investigate large areas and volume.
- Preliminary boreholes design to prove
geological model.
- Instrumentation(to establish ground
water condition)
STAGES INVOLVED IN SITE
INVESTIGATION

Stage 4 : Detail ground investigation


- Further investigation to prepare detailed
ground model and allow detailed
design.
- In-situ and laboratory testing to establish
parameters.
- Detailed instrumentation and monitoring
STAGES INVOLVED IN SITE
INVESTIGATION

Stage 5 : Construction
- Review ground model during
construction
- Testing to confirm design parameter
- Revision to design.
2.5 COMPETENCE IN GEOMATIC

It encompasses the fields of surveying,


a. remote sensing (LiDAR or HDS Scanning),
b. photogrammetry,
c. global positioning systems (GPS),
d. geographic information systems (GIS).
2.5 COMPETENCE IN GEOMATIC

a. remote sensing (LiDAR or HDS Scanning),

Remote sensing is the process of detecting and


monitoring the physical characteristics of an area by
measuring its reflected and emitted radiation at a
distance (typically from satellite or aircraft). Special
cameras collect remotely sensed images, which help
researchers "sense" things about the Earth.
2.5 COMPETENCE IN GEOMATIC

b. photogrammetry,

Photogrammetric surveying or photogrammetry is the


branch of surveying in which maps are prepared from
photo-graphs taken from ground or air stations. With
an advancement of the photogrammetric techniques,
photographs are also being used for the interpretation of
geology, classification of soils
2.5 COMPETENCE IN GEOMATIC

c. global positioning systems (GPS),

The technique works by using two GPS

receivers. These receivers are placed at

each end of a line to be measured.


2.5 COMPETENCE IN GEOMATIC

d. geographic information systems (GIS).

A Geographic Information
System (GIS) is a computer
system that analyzes and
displays geographically
referenced information. It
uses data that is attached to
a unique location.
2.6 EFFECTIVENESS OF SITE INVESTIGATION
IN PREVENTING UNFORESEEN PROBLEM

serve as a valuable assurance that the project is viable


and can be designed and built in an efficient manner.
Geotechnical engineers are skilled at identifying the
potential risks involved in proposed building structures on
a site.
2.6 EFFECTIVENESS OF SITE INVESTIGATION
IN PREVENTING UNFORESEEN PROBLEM

Contractors
a. tendering is an expensive process and often inadequate information is ‘made do

with’ in an effort to cut tendering overheads;


b. lack of uniformity in reporting methods and procedures of SI information;
c. limited time to study the SI information, and those tendering the overall project do not
fully understand SI reports, and;
d. inappropriate specification of SI work by those with limited experience or expertise to
carry out such a function;
2.6 EFFECTIVENESS OF SITE INVESTIGATION
IN PREVENTING UNFORESEEN PROBLEM
Consulting
a. Ground Engineers tendering SI work stifles a flexible approach to investigative work and does not
promote ‘best practice’ or value;
b. insufficient funds are provided to enable designers adequate design information; SI consumers need
educating about the benefits of carrying out a thorough SI;
c. SI work must be specific to the requirement of the brief, all to often inappropriate SI information
intended for basic feasibility purposes becomes the only information available for the final design of
the project;
d. adequate time must be allowed for the planning and execution of a thorough SI exercise, and;
e. failure to appoint consultants early in the projects life cycle. Early consultation and design appraisal
is paramount to the success of a project.
2.6 EFFECTIVENESS OF SITE INVESTIGATION
IN PREVENTING UNFORESEEN PROBLEM
SI Organizations

a. failure to consult or appoint geotechnical / environmental specialists to the design team


early in the projects development;
b. tendering against a ‘shopping list of SI exercises’ rather that a tailored brief;
c. inadequate planning and specification of the SI process;
d. inflexible approaches are adopted from the outset, and the failure to ensure that a senior,
experienced engineer is present on site to modify and request further investigative work,
and;
e. insufficient budget al.located to ensure an adequate and holistic SI.

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