Acknowledgment

I would like to express my sincere gratitude to my school

administration, Mr. Ranjit Dass (Director), Mrs. Sharda Gupta
(Principal) and Mrs. Aparna Mathur (Vice Principal) for their vital
support, guidance and encouragement which has motivated me
to pursue this work with passion.
I would like to thank my mentor Ms. Shweta Roopak, my
chemistry teacher, for her priceless guidance and support
throughout my chemistry project. She has been a constant
beacon of inspiration and motivation for me, and has helped me
develop a keen interest in the subject. She has also provided me
with useful feedback and suggestions to improve my work, and
has encouraged me to explore new concepts and ideas. I am very
thankful for her patience, kindness, and generosity. Without her
supervision and assistance, this project would not have been
possible. I have learned a lot from her, and I hope to continue
learning from her in the future. She is not only a great educator,
but also a wonderful mentor.
Special thanks to my classmates who helped me a lot in
completing the project by giving their interesting ideas, thoughts
& made this project easy and accurate.
I wish to thanks my parents for their undivided support.
 Table of Contents
 Certificate
 Declaration
 Acknowledgement
 Aim of Project
 Introduction
 Theory
 Apparatus Required
 Law
 Conclusion
 Bibliography

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 AIM
to gh

“ To determine the
Faraday’s law
of
Electromagnetic Induction
using a copper wire
wound over an iron
rod and a strong
magnet. ”

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 Introduction
Faraday’s law of induction is a basic law of electromagnetism
that predicts how a magnetic field will interact with an electric
circuit to produce an electromotive force (EMF). It is the
fundamental operating principle of transformers , inductors,
and many types of electrical motors and generators.

Electromagnetic induction was discovered independently by

Michael Faraday and Joseph Henry in 1831; however, Faraday
was the first to publish the results of his experiments. Faraday
explained electromagnetic induction using a concept he called
lines of force. These equation for electromagnetic are
extremely important since they provide a means to precisely
describe how many natural physical phenomena in our
universe arise and behave. The ability to quantitatively
describe physical phenomena not only allows us to gain a
better understanding of our universe, but it also makes possible
a host of technological innovations that define modern society.
Understanding Faraday’s Law of Electromagnetic Induction can
be beneficial since so many aspects of our daily life function
because of the principles behind Faraday’s Law. From natural
ph enomena such as the light, we receive from the sun o
4 t
technologies that improve our quality of life such as electric
power generation, Faraday’s law has a great impact on many
aspects of our lives.

Faraday’s law is the circuit of the experiments of the English

chemist and physicist Michael Faraday. The concept of
electromagnetic induction was actually discovered simultaneousl y
in 1831 by Faraday in London and Joseph, an American scientist
working in New York, but Faraday is credited for the law since h e
published his work first. An important aspect of the equation tha t
qualifies Faraday’s law comes from the work of Heinrich Lenz, a
Russian physicist who made his contribution to Faraday’s law,
now known as Lenz’s law, in 1834 (Institute of Chemistry).

Faraday’s law describes electromagnetic induction, whereby an

electric field is induced, or generated, by a changing magnetic
field. Before expanding upon this description, it is necessary to
develop an understanding of the fields, as well as the related
concept of potentials.

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Faraday’s first experimental demonstration of electromagnetic
induction (August 29, 1831), he wrapped two wires around
opposite sides of an iron ring or “torus” (an arrangement similar
to a modern toroidal transformer) to induce current.

Faraday’s First Experiment:-

Some physicists have remarked that Faraday’s law is a single
equation describing two different phenomena :-
The motional EMF generated by a magnetic force on a moving
wire (see Lorentz force), and the transformer EMF generated by n
a electric force due to a changing magnetic field (due to the
Maxwell-Faraday equation). James Clerk Maxwell drew attentio n
to this fact in his 1861 paper on physical lines of force. In this
latter half part II of that paper, Maxwell gives a separate physical
explanation for each of the two phenomena. A reference to
these two aspects of electromagnetic induction is made in some n
moder textbooks.

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 Theory
Magnetic flux :-

The magnetic flux (often denoted 𝚽 or 𝚽B ) through a surface is

the component of the B field passing through that surface. The SI
unit of magnetic flux is the weber (Wb) (in derived units :- volt-
second), and the CGS unit is the Maxwell. Magnetic flux is
usually measured with a flux-meter, which contains measuring
coils and electronics that evaluates the change of voltage in the
measuring coils to calculate the magnetic flux.

If the magnetic field is constant, the ,magnetic flux passing

through a surface of vector area S is
𝜱B = B ∙ S = BS cos 𝜽
Where B is the magnitude of the magnetic field (the magnetic
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flux density) having the unit of Wb/m (Tesla),
S is the area of the surface, and 𝜃 is the angle between the
magnetic field lines and the normal (perpendicular) to S.

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For a varying magnetic field, we first consider the magnetic flux
through an infinitesimal area element dS, where we may
condiser the field to be constant
d 𝜱B = B ∙ dS

From the definition of the magnetic vector potential A and the

fundamental theorem of the curl, the magnetic flux may also be
defined as :
𝜱B = 𝒅𝑺
𝑨∙d𝒍
Where the line integral is taken over the boundary of the surface
S, which is denoted dS.

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 Apparatus Required
1. Insulated copper wire
2. An iron rod
3. A strong magnet, and
4. A light emitting diode (LED)

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 Law
.
The most widespread version of Faraday’s law states :-

“The induced electromotive force in any closed circuit is equal to

the time rate of change of the magnetic flux through the circuit.”

This version of Faraday’s law strictly holds only when the closed
circuit is a loop of infinitely thin wire and is invalid in other
circumstances as discussed below. A different version, the
Maxwell-Faraday equation (discussed below), is valid in all
circumstances.

When the flux changes – because B changes, or because the wire

loop is moved or deformed, or both Faraday’s law of induction says
that the wire loop acquires an EMF 𝜀 , defined as the energy
available per unit charge that travels once around the wire loop
(the unit of EMF is the volt). Equivalently, it is the voltage that
would be measured by cutting the wire to create an open circuit
and attaching a voltmeter to the leads.

According to the Lorentz force law (in SI units),

F = q(E + V × B)

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The EMF on a wire loop is :-
𝗌=𝟏 𝑭 ∙d 𝒍 = (𝑬 + 𝑽 × 𝑩) ∙ 𝒅𝒍
𝒒 𝒘𝒊𝒓𝒆 𝒘𝒊𝒓𝒆

where E is the electric field, B is the magnetic field (aka magnetic

flux density, magnetic induction), 𝒅𝒍 is an infinitesimal arc length
along the wire, and the line integral is evaluated along the wire
(along the curve the coincident with the shape of the wire).

The Maxwell-Faraday equation states that a time-varying magnet ic

field is always accompanied by a spatially-varying, non-
conservative electric fields, and vice-versa. The Maxwell-Faraday
equation is :-
𝒅𝑩
𝛁×𝑬=−
𝒅𝑻

Where 𝛁 is the curl operator and again E(r,t) is the electric field
and B(r,t) is the magnetic field. These fields can generally be
functions of position r and time t.
The four Maxwell’s equation (including the Maxwell-Faraday
equation), along with the Lorentz force law, are a sufficient
foundation to derive everything in classical electromagnetism.
Therefore it is possible to “prove” Faraday’s law starting with the se
equation. Faraday’s law could be taken as the starting point and
used to “prove” the Maxwell Faraday equation and/or other
laws.

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 Conclusion
Faraday’s law of Electromagnetic Induction, first observed and
published by Michael Faraday in the mid-nineteenth century,
describes a very important electromagnetic concept. Although its
mathematical representations are cryptic, the essence of
Faraday’s is not hard to grasp : it relates an induced electric
potential or voltage to a dynamic magnetic field. This concept has
many far- reaching ramifications that touch our lives in many
ways : from the shining of the sun to the convenience of mobile
communications, to electricity to power our homes.
We can all appreciate the profound Faraday’s law has on us.

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 Bibliography
 https://en.wikipedia.org
 https://www.google.co.in
 Class 12 Physics Lab Manual
 Class 12 NCERT Textbook
 https://www.vaibhavkandwal.com

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