Page 1 of 13

This question is about reactions between gases.

1.
When hydrogen gas is heated with iodine gas, hydrogen iodide gas is produced.

The equation for this reversible reaction is:

hydrogen + iodine ⇌ hydrogen iodide

This reversible reaction reaches equilibrium in a sealed container.

(a) How does the equation show that the reaction is reversible?

___________________________________________________________________
(1)

(b) Which two statements are correct when the reaction reaches equilibrium?

✓) two boxes.
Tick (✓

The forward reaction and reverse reaction are

both exothermic.

The gases have escaped from the container.

The hydrogen no longer reacts with iodine.

The mass of each substance does not change.

The rates of the forward reaction and reverse

reaction are equal.

(2)

www.accesstuition.com Page 2 of 13
 (c) The initial mixture of hydrogen and iodine in the sealed container is purple.

Hydrogen iodide is colourless.

How will the colour of the mixture in the sealed container have changed when equilibrium is
reached?

✓) one box.
Tick (✓

The mixture will have become a deeper purple.

The mixture will have become a paler purple.

The mixture will have become colourless.

(1)

(d) The rate of reaction between gases is affected by changing the pressure.

Complete the sentences.

When the pressure of the reacting gases is increased,

the rate of reaction ______________.

This is because at higher pressures the distance

between the particles ______________.

This means that the frequency of collisions ______________.

(3)

(e) Give one other way of changing the rate of reaction between gases.

You should not refer to pressure in your answer.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(1)
(Total 8 marks)

This question is about alkenes and alcohols.

2.
Ethene is an alkene produced from large hydrocarbon molecules.

Large hydrocarbon molecules are obtained from crude oil by fractional distillation.

www.accesstuition.com Page 3 of 13
(a) Name the process used to produce ethene from large hydrocarbon molecules.

___________________________________________________________________
(1)

(b) Describe the conditions used to produce ethene from large hydrocarbon molecules.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(2)

(c) Ethanol can be produced from ethene and steam.

The equation for the reaction is:

C2H4(g) + H2O(g) ⇌ C2H5OH(g)

The forward reaction is exothermic.

Explain how the conditions for this reaction should be chosen to produce ethanol as
economically as possible.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(6)

www.accesstuition.com Page 4 of 13
(d) Ethanol can also be produced from sugar solution by adding yeast.

Name this process.

___________________________________________________________________
(1)

(e) Butanol can be produced from sugar solution by adding bacteria.

Sugar solution is broken down in similar ways by bacteria and by yeast.

Suggest the reaction conditions needed to produce butanol from sugar solution by adding
bacteria.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(2)

Ethanol and butanol can be used as fuels for cars.

(f) A car needs an average of 1.95 kJ of energy to travel 1 m

Ethanol has an energy content of 1300 kilojoules per mole (kJ/mol).

Calculate the number of moles of ethanol needed by the car to travel 200 km

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

Number of moles = _______________ mol

(3)

(g) When butanol is burned in a car engine, complete combustion takes place.

Write a balanced equation for the complete combustion of butanol.

You do not need to include state symbols.

___________________________________________________________________
(2)
(Total 17 marks)

www.accesstuition.com Page 5 of 13
 This question is about methanol.
3.
(a) Methanol is broken down in the body during digestion.

What type of substance acts as a catalyst in this process?

Tick one box.

Amino acid

Enzyme

Ester

Nucleotide

(1)

In industry, methanol is produced by reacting carbon monoxide with hydrogen.

The equation for the reaction is:

CO(g) + 2H2(g) ⇌ CH3OH(g)

(b) How many moles of carbon monoxide react completely with 4.0 × 103 moles of hydrogen?

Tick one box.

1.0 × 103 moles

2.0 × 103 moles

4.0 × 103 moles

8.0 × 103 moles

(1)

www.accesstuition.com Page 6 of 13
(c) The reaction is carried out at a temperature of 250 °C and a pressure of 100 atmospheres.

The forward reaction is exothermic.

Explain what happens to the yield of methanol if a temperature higher than 250 °C is used.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(2)

(d) A pressure of 100 atmospheres is used instead of atmospheric pressure.

The higher pressure gives a greater yield of methanol and an increased rate of reaction.

Explain why.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(4)

www.accesstuition.com Page 7 of 13
 A catalyst is used in the reaction to produce methanol from carbon monoxide and hydrogen.

(e) Explain how a catalyst increases the rate of a reaction.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(2)

(f) Suggest why a catalyst is used in this industrial process.

Do not give answers in terms of increasing the rate of reaction.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(1)

(g) Suggest the effect of using the catalyst on the equilibrium yield of methanol.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(1)
(Total 12 marks)

The monomer chloroethene is made from ethene in a two-stage process,

4.
(a) The first stage is to convert ethene to 1,2-dichloroethane.

2C2H4(g) + 4HC1(g) + O2(g) 2C2H4Cl2(g) + 2H2O(g)

ethene 1,2-dichloroethane

State and explain the effect of increasing the pressure on:

(i) the yield of 1,2-dichloroethane;

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________
(2)

(ii) the rate of reaction.

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________
(2)

www.accesstuition.com Page 8 of 13
 (b) In the second stage 1,2-dichloroethane is converted into chloroethene.

C2H4C12 → C2H3C1 + HCl

This reaction is a thermal decomposition.

Suggest what would need to be done to decompose 1,2-dichloroethane.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(1)
(Total 5 marks)

Ammonia is made from nitrogen and hydrogen in the Haber process.

5.
N2(g) + 3H2 (g) 2NH3 (g) (+ heat)

Flow Chart for the Haber Process

www.accesstuition.com Page 9 of 13
Effect of temperature and pressure on the amount of ammonia at equilibrium

(a) Use the information given above and your knowledge of the Haber process and reversible
reactions to help you to answer this question.

State which conditions of temperature and pressure would give the highest percentage of
ammonia at equilibrium. Explain why.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(4)

www.accesstuition.com Page 10 of 13
 (b) The Haber process uses a temperature of 450 °C and a pressure of 200 atmospheres.

Explain why these conditions are chosen.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(3)
(Total 7 marks)

The reaction of methane with steam is used in industry to make hydrogen.

6.
(a) One of the reactions in this process is represented by this equation.

CH4 (g) + H 2O CO (g) + 3H2 (g)

The forward reaction is endothermic.

State the conditions of temperature and pressure that would give the maximum yield of
hydrogen.

Explain your answers.

(i) Temperature

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________
(2)

(ii) Pressure

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________
(2)

www.accesstuition.com Page 11 of 13
 (iii) Which one of the following metals is most likely to be a catalyst for this process?
Draw a ring around your answer.

aluminium lead magnesium nickel sodium

Give a reason for your choice.

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________
(1)

(b) A second stage in this process is represented by this equation.

(i) Use the bond energies given in the table to help you to calculate the nett energy
transfer (energy change) for this reaction.

Bond Bond energy in kJ/mol

CºO 1077

C=O 805

H–H 436

O–H 464

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________

Nett energy transfer = ___________________ kJ/mol

(3)

www.accesstuition.com Page 12 of 13
(ii) State whether this reaction is exothermic or endothermic. _______________

Explain, by reference to your calculation, how you know.

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________
(2)
(Total 10 marks)

www.accesstuition.com Page 13 of 13