‫بسم هللا الرحمن الرحيم‬

‫‪Structural Steel‬‬
‫‪Design 1‬‬

‫تصميم المنشآت الفوالذية‬

‫(المعدنية)‪1‬‬
‫د‪ .‬سليمان إسماعيل الصافي‬
‫‪Dr. Eng. Sulaiman Ismail Al-Safi‬‬
‫‪Sana’a University‬‬
‫‪2021‬‬
Analysis and Design of
steel compression
members
Introduction Compression Members

Compression
Members

Chords of Bracing
Columns
Trusses Members

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 Introduction Compression Members

Structural elements that are subjected only to

axial compressive forces (columns, truss
members, bracing systems,…)
Smaller compression members are
sometimes referred to as struts.

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 Introduction Compression Members

Columns in Buildings
Columns are straight
vertical members
whose lengths are
considerably greater
than their thicknesses

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Columns in Buildings

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Compression Members
Introduction Compression Members

Columns Support

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Compression Members in Trusses

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Sections Used for Compression Members

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Sections Used
Built-up columns
 Two or more sections
  Stitch bolts
  Batten plates
  Lacing
  Combined batten & lacing
  Perforated cover plates

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Compression Members in Trusses

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Compression terminology

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Type of Compression Failure

A long, slender column becomes unstable when its
axial compressive load reaches a value called the
critical buckling load.
For extremely
stocky members,
failure may be by
compressive
yielding rather
than buckling.

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 Introduction Compression Members
Type of Compression Failure
A long, slender column
becomes unstable when its
axial compressive load reaches
a value called the critical
buckling load.
For intermediate height column,
failure could be by buckling or
by compressive yielding and
rarely could occur by both
For extremely stocky members,
failure may be by compressive
yielding rather than buckling.
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Euler buckling in long columns

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Buckling of asymmetric cross sections

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Compression member-buckling

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 Introduction Compression Members
Compression member-buckling
Consider a pin-ended column, with a length L,
subjected to a concentric axial load, P, as shown
in the Figure. The column is assumed to be made
of a linearly elastic and homogeneous material
and is perfectly straight. As the load, P, on this
column is increased, the column remains straight
until it fails either by crushing or yielding of the
member (material failure) or by buckling (outward
bending of the member) or by a combination of
these failure mechanisms.
For long or slender columns, failure will occur by
buckling.

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Development of Euler’s Column Formulas

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 Introduction Compression Members

Development of Euler’s Column Formulas

Summing moments about point C in Figure 5-2b yields
−Py + M = 0
Therefore, M = Py (5-1)
Assuming small deflections, the relationship between the internal bending moment in the column and its curvature is given by the following
differential equation [2, 5, 6]:
d y dx MEI 2 2 (5-2)
Substituting equation (5-1) into equation (5-2) and rearranging yields the second order differential equation
d y dx Py EI 2 2 0 (5-3)
The solution to equation (5-3) is as follows [3]:
y A P EIx A P EI x 1 2 sin cos (5-4)
The boundary conditions for the pin-ended column are as follows:
At x = 0, the deflection, y = 0
At x = L, the deflection, y = 0
Substituting the first boundary condition into equation (5-4) means that the constant, A2 = 0, which reduces equation (5-4) to
y A P EI x 1 sin (5-5)
Substituting the second boundary condition into equation (5-5) leads to the following equation:
01 A P EI L sin
The non-trivial solution to the preceding equation is obtained from
sin P EI L 0, which yields the following solution:
P EIL n ,
Where, n = the number of deflection waves in the column between lateral supports = 1, 2, 3…
Therefore, the solution is P n EI L 2 22
The smallest value of n (i.e., n = 1), which indicates a single half-sine wave between the column lateral supports, gives the Euler critical load
of the column, Pe,
Where, P EI L e 2 2 (5-6)
and,
Pe = Euler critical buckling load, lb.,
E = Modulus of elasticity (for steel, E = 29 × 106 psi),
I = Moment of inertia, in.4, and 21
L = Length of the column between lateral supports or brace points, in.
 Introduction Compression Members

Type of Compression Failure

Local buckling

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Type of Compression Failure

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Type of Compression Failure

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Type of Compression Failure

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Type of Compression Failure
Introduction Compression Members
Type of Compression Failure

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Type of Compression Failure
Torsional Flexural Buckling

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Type of Compression Failure
Local (Plate) Buckling

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Type of Compression Failure
Web Buckling

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Type of Compression Failure
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Type of Compression Failure
Stiffened and Un-Stiffened Elements
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Type of Compression Failure
Stiffened and Un-Stiffened Elements

Stiffened – supported along 2 edges parallel to direction of compressive stress

Unstiffened – supported along 1 edge but free on the other edge
 Introduction Compression Members

Classification of Compression Section for Local Buckling

Local Stability
If the elements of the cross section
are so thin that local buckling
occurs, the strength corresponding
to any buckling mode cannot be
developed.
Compression section
are classified as:-
- A non slender
element with b/t ≤ λ T
- Slender element
section with b/t > λ T

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Classification of Compression Section for Local Buckling

Local Stability
If the elements of the cross section
are so thin that local buckling
occurs, the strength corresponding
to any buckling mode cannot be
developed.
Compression section
are classified as:-
- A non slender
element with b/t ≤ λ T
- Slender element
section with b/t > λ T

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Long, Short and Intermediate Columns

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End Restraint and Effective Length of Columns

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Braced Versus Unbraced Frames

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End Restraint and Effective
Introduction Length of Columns
Compression Members

AISC Effective Length Factors

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AISC Effective Length Factors

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AISC Effective Length Factors

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AISC Effective
Length Factors

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AISC Effective Length Factors

Example
A W310X74 (W12x50) is used as a column to support a compressive load of
650kN. The length is 6m and the ends are pinned. Without regard to LRFD or
ASD Investigate the stability of the column
For a W310x74
Minimum I  I y  23.4 106 mm 4
The ends are pinned k  1
Es  200000 MPa
 2 EI  2 (200,000)(23.4 106 )
Pcr    1283 kN
kL 2
1 6000 1000
2 N
kN
Pcr  1283 kN  650 kN OK – Column is Stable
Example
Introduction Compression Members

AISC Effective Length Factors

Example
A W310X74 (W12x50) is used as a column to support a compressive load of
650kN. The length is 6m and the bottom is fixed and the top is free. Without
regard to LRFD or ASD Investigate the stability of the column
For a W310x74
Minimum I  I y  23.4 106 mm 4
The bottom is fixed and the top is free k  2.1
Es  200000 MPa
 2 EI  2 (200,000)(23.4 106 )
Pcr    291 kN
kL 2
2.1 60002 1000 N
kN
Pcr  291 kN  650 kN NOT GOOD – Column is Unstable
 Introduction Compression Members

Assumptions for Euler Bucking Formula

Column is perfectly straight
The load is axial, with no eccentricity
The column is pinned at both ends
 2 EA
Pe 
KL r  2

Pe  2E
Fe  
 
2
(AISC Eq. E3 - 4)
A KL
r
 Introduction Compression Members

Development of Column Formulas

 Introduction Compression Members

Development of Column Formulas

 2E
Fe  
 
KL
r
2

KL  2E

r Fe
 Introduction Compression Members

Development of Column Formulas

 2E
Fe  
 
KL
r
2

KL  2E

r Fe

𝐸𝑠
𝜋
𝐹𝑦

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Development of Column Formulas

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Development of Column Formulas

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Development of Column Formulas

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Development of Column Formulas

Residual stresses
Stresses can be left behind in steel shapes
after certain events as follows:-
◦Hot-rolling (due to differential cooling)
◦Welding (due to differential cooling)
◦Cold-forming (due to plastic deformation)
◦Excessive deformation
◦Cambering.
 Introduction Compression Members

Development of Column Formulas

Residual stresses
Uneven cooling during hot rolling of structural
shapes can result in this. Residual stress
 Introduction Compression Members

Development of Column Formulas

Residual stresses

Hot-rolled stress contours

 Introduction Compression Members

Development of Column Formulas

Residual stresses

Welding residual stresses

 Introduction Compression Members

Development of Column Formulas

 Introduction Compression Members

Development of Column Formulas

 Introduction Compression Members

Development of Column Formulas

 Introduction Compression Members

Development of Column Formulas

 Introduction Compression Members

Development of Column Formulas

 Introduction Compression Members

Development of Column Formulas

Experimental Verification
Development of Column
Introduction Formulas Members
Compression

Development of Column Formulas

Development of Column
Introduction Formulas Members
Compression

Development of Column Formulas

Development of Column
Introduction Formulas Members
Compression

Development of Column Formulas

 Introduction Compression Members

Development of Column Formulas

The AISC Specification provides one
equation (the Euler equation) for
long columns with elastic buckling
and an empirical parabolic equation
for short and intermediate columns.
With these equations, a flexural
buckling stress, is determined for a
compression member.
The nominal compressive strength,
Pn, shall be determined based on
the limit state of flexural buckling:
 Introduction Compression Members

Development of Column Formulas

Design Strength
To compute
cr F – ELASTIC BUCKLING

Pe  2E
Fe  
 
2
(AISC Eq. E3 - 4)
A KL
r

Fcr  0.877 Fe
Accounts for Imperfections
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Development of Column Formulas

Fcr – INELASTIC BUCKLING

 2 Et A
Pe 
KL
r

2

 Fy

  0.658 F  Fy
e
Fcr
 
 
 Introduction Compression Members

Development of Column Formulas

Design Strength
Introduction Compression Members

Development of Column Formulas

 2E
Fe  
 
KL
r
2

KL  2E

r Fe
KL E
 4.71
r Fy
Fe  0.44 Fy
 2E E
 4.71
Fe Fy Inelastic Buckling
 Introduction Compression Members

Development of Column Formulas

In Summary
 Fy

 0.658 e  Fy if KL  4.71 E
F

  r Fy
 

Fcr   or Fe  0.44 Fy




 0.877 Fe otherwise
KL
 200
r
 Introduction Compression Members

Development of Column Formulas

 Introduction Compression Members

Design and allowable Compressive Strength

Nominal Compressive Strength

Pn  Fcr Ag AISC Eqtn E3-1

LRFD ASD
Pn
Pu  c Pn Pa 
c
Pu  Sum of factored loads
c  resistance factor for compression  0.90
c Pn  design compressive strength
Pa  Sum of service loads
c  safety factor for compression  1.67
Pn c  allowable compressive strength
 Introduction Compression Members

Design and allowable Compressive Strength

Example
A W360X110 (W14x74) of A992 steel has a length of 6m and
pinned ends. Compute the design strength for LRFD and the
allowable compressive strength for ASD
Slenderness Ratio
E 200000
4.71  4.71  113
Fy 350
KL KL (1)(6)(1000)
Maximum    95.3  200
r ry 63.0
KL E
 4.71  Inelastic Buckling
r Fy
 Introduction Compression Members

Design and allowable Compressive Strength

Example - Continued
𝐹𝑦
 2E
Fe 
KL r  2 𝐹𝑐𝑟 = 0.658 𝐹𝑒 𝐹𝑦
345
𝐹𝑐𝑟 = 0.658217.3
× 345
 (200,000)
2
𝐹𝑐𝑟 = 177.51𝑀𝑃𝑎
Fe 
95.32
Fe  217.3MPa
Ag  14100mm 2
 Introduction Compression Members

Design and allowable Compressive Strength

Nominal Strength LRFD ASD

𝑃𝑛
𝑃𝑢 = 𝜑𝑐 𝑃𝑛 𝑃𝑎 =
𝑃𝑛 = 𝐹𝑐𝑟 𝐴𝑔 Ω𝑐
𝑃𝑢 = 0.9𝐹𝑐𝑟 𝐴𝑔
177.51(14100)
𝑃𝑛 = 𝑃𝑢 = 0.9(2502.9) 2502.9
1000 𝑃𝑎 =
𝑃𝑛 = 2502.9 kN 𝑃𝑢 = 2252.6 𝑘𝑁 1.67
𝑃𝑎 = 1498.7 𝑘𝑁
 Introduction Compression Members

Buckling Axis
If a compression member
is supported differently
with respect to each of
its principal axes, the
effective length will be
different for the two
directions, and the larger
slenderness ratio should
be used for the
determination of Fcr.
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 Introduction Compression Members

Buckling Axis
If a compression member is
supported differently with
respect to each of its
principal axes, the effective
length will be different for
the two directions, and the
larger slenderness ratio
should be used for the
determination of Fcr.

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 Introduction Compression Members

Buckling Axis
If a compression
member is supported
differently with
respect to each of its
principal axes, the
effective length will be
different for the two
directions, and the
larger slenderness
ratio should be used
for the determination
of Fcr.
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Buckling Axis

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Buckling Axis
 Introduction Compression Members

Buckling Axis

Column bracing in one plane only. When a column is

braced in only one plane, it can buckle in two modes.
The column will buckle in the mode associated with the
higher slenderness ratio (L>r).
 Introduction Compression Members

Buckling Axis

Column bracing in one plane only. When a column is

braced in only one plane, it can buckle in two modes.
The column will buckle in the mode associated with the
higher slenderness ratio (L>r).
 Introduction Compression Members

Buckling Axis

Column bracing in one plane only. When a

column is braced in only one plane, it can
buckle in two modes. The column will buckle
in the mode associated with the
higher slenderness ratio (L>r).
 Introduction Compression Members

Buckling Axis

Column bracing in
one plane only.
When a column is
braced in only one
plane, it can buckle
in two modes. The
column will buckle in
the mode associated
with the
higher slenderness
ratio (L>r).
 Introduction Compression Members

Buckling Axis
 Introduction Compression Members
Braced vs. Un Braced Frames
Consider everything in the plane of buckling.
Left frame is BRACED.
Right Frame is UNBRACED.
 Introduction Compression Members

Braced vs. UnBraced Frames

Consider everything
in the plane of
buckling.
Upper portion of
this frame is
UNBRACED.
Lower portion of this
frame is BRACED.
 Introduction Compression Members

Effective Length Coefficient

Theoretical Values: SCM pg 16.1-240.
The theoretical values assume that joints are
completely fixed against rotation or totally free to
rotate.
Reality is usually somewhere in between. This affects
the value of K.
A method accounting for rotational stiffness of joints is
given on SCM pg 16.1-239 through 243.
 Introduction Compression Members

Alignment Charts
Two Charts are presented for:-
◦ Braced frames (sidesway inhibited)
◦ Unbraced frames (sidesway uninhibited).
To use these charts you must determine the rotational
stiffness, G, of each joint in the plane of buckling being
considered.

 I Lc 
G
c

 I g Lg 
 Introduction Compression Members
Alignment Charts
 Introduction Compression Members

Rotational Stiffness at Joint

Look at stiffnesses
that resist rotation in
the plane.
 Introduction Compression Members

Typical Framed Joint

Introduction Compression Members
 Introduction Compression Members

Sample Problem
Determine the Axial Capacity
of the column shown
 Introduction Compression Members

Strong Axis Buckling, Kx

Compute Gtop & Gbtm.

Determine Kx from the UNBRACED
frame nomograph.

225 12
Gtop   0.49
296 4.5  333 5.4
225 3.6  225 3.0
Gbtm   0.65
487 4.5  554 5.4
From the nomograph :
K x  1.19
 Introduction Compression Members

Weak Axis Buckling, Ky

Compute Gtop & Gbtm.
Determine Ky from the BRACED frame
Nomograph.

57.7 12
Gtop   0.094
510 10
57.7 12  57.7 10
Gbtm   0.113
510 10  510 12
From the nomograph :
K y  0.55
Introduction Compression Members

K x L 1.19 144 in 
  29.1
rx 5.89in 
KyL .55144 in 
  41.25
ry 1.92in 
Weak Direc tion Controls (largest K L/r)
KyL E 29,000 ksi
= 41.25  4.71  4.71  134
ry Fy 36ksi
 2 29,000 ksi
Fe =  168 .2 ksi
41.25 2
36168.2 
Fcr = 0.658 36 ksi  32.9 ksi
Pn  32.9 ksi15.6 in 2   513 kips
 Introduction Compression Members

Built-up Compression Members

 Introduction Compression Members

Built-up Compression Members

 Introduction Compression Members

Built-up Compression Members

Built-up Compression Members
For large loads and for efficient use of material, built-up columns (also
called as combined columns or open-web columns) are often used. They are
generally made up of two or more individual sections such as angles,
channels, or I-sections and properly connected along their length by lacing
or battening so that they act together as a single unit. Such laced combined
compression members are often used in bridge trusses.
According to the type of connection between the chords, built-up members
may be classified as follows:
◦ Laced members {Fig.(a)}
◦ Struts with batten plates {Fig.(b)}
◦ Battened struts {Fig. (c)}
◦ Members with perforated cover plates {Fig.(f)}
 Introduction Compression Members

Built-up Compression Members

According to the type of connection between the chords, built-up
members may be classified as follows:
Laced members {Fig.(a)}
Struts with batten plates {Fig.(b)}
Battened struts {Fig. (c)}
Members with perforated cover plates {Fig.(f)}
 Introduction Compression Members

Built-up Compression Members

 Introduction Compression Members

Built-up Compression Members

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Built-up Compression Members

 Introduction Compression Members

Built-up Compression Members

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Built-up Compression Members

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Built-up Compression Members

Introduction Compression Members
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 Introduction Compression Members

EXAMPLES

Example 1:Determine the effective length factor for each of the columns of the
frame shown in Figure below if the frame is not braced against side-sway. Use
the alignment charts of AISC Specifications.
 Design Philosophies and Methods
TRUSSES
Connections in trusses
• Various forms of truss or lattice girder may
be defined depending on the span and load
configuration.
• Lattice girders have parallel top and bottom
chords and are used as beams, whereas
trusses may have inclined top chords for use
in roofs.
• In both cases, the connections between the
members may be bolted or welded. Welded
connections are often preferred in tubular
construction, or where the cumulative effect
of bolt slip is critical to the design of the truss.
These splices should be located and detailed
carefully if they are architecturally important.
Trusses comprising angle sections
Design Philosophies and Methods
TRUSSES
Traditionally, roof trusses
used angles, with bolted
and gusseted
connections (Figure a).
The projection lines of
the bolt setting-out lines
are detailed in such a
way that eccentricities in
the forces transmitted by
the bolt groups are
minimized.
Design Philosophies and Methods
TRUSSES
Design Philosophies and Methods
TRUSSES
Design Philosophies and Methods
TRUSSES
Design Philosophies and Methods
Design Philosophies and Methods
Design Philosophies and Methods
Design Philosophies and Methods
Design Philosophies and Methods