Artificial Intelligence in Architecture: An Educational Perspective

a
Salih Ceylan
Faculty of Architecture and Design, Bahçeşehir University, Ihlamur Yildiz Street No: 10, Beşiktaş, Istanbul, Turkey

Keywords: Artificial Intelligence, Architectural Design, Architectural Education, Architectural Representation.

Abstract: Artificial intelligence is a phenomenon that currently influences every aspect of life. AI applications already
started to change the business methods in different disciplines. Architecture is one of the disciplines that is
highly affected by the developments in AI technologies. The complex nature of the practice makes
architecture a significant area of experiment for artificial intelligence applications. From building information
modelling to advanced visualization techniques, artificial intelligence and architecture’s collaboration has
important outcomes that affect the practice’s present and future. However, the permanent and more
fundamental effects of AI on architecture must be followed in the architectural education curricula which
provides the basics for the future of the profession. This paper presents a study that reviews the methods of
artificial intelligence in architecture from an educational perspective. It includes existing implementations
and potential future strategies from different domains and areas of theory and practice that might be useful
for the development of architectural education.

1 INTRODUCTION algorithms. Consequently, one may assert that AI is a

tool for any discipline to redefine itself.
Artificial intelligence is one of the most popular fields Architecture is the discipline that is responsible
of study in the 21st century. Although its hypothetical for the design of all built environment. It provides an
roots may be found in the ancient history, its real harmonic assembly of interdependent elements, so
appearance in the world agenda was seen at the end that it needs to make use of any possible support to
of the 20th century. Various disciplines such as improve itself, technology being one of them. Thanks
engineering, medicine, marketing, economy, etc. to technology, design became a prescriptive activity,
approach AI as a supporting and influencing force for in which models and drawings are used to foresee
their innovative work. It is clear that AI will somehow reality, and in which everything must be resolved
become a part of daily life in the future, but important before the construction process (Celani, 2012). It also
is the question about which role it will play, and how helps complex design objectives and forms to be
AI systems and human civilization will coexist fulfilled. To ensure that, architects utilize the
(Haenlein and Kaplan, 2019). opportunities given by artificial intelligence (Bhatt et
Artificial intelligence is defined as a system’s al., 2016). Therefore, it is one of the disciplines that
ability to interpret external data correctly, to learn may redefine itself through the novelties brought by
from such data, and to use those learnings to achieve artificial intelligence. Accordingly, following
specific goals and tasks through flexible adaptation questions emerge: How can architecture transform
(Kaplan and Haenlein, 2019). Obviously, the data and algorithms into useful instruments for the
definition is based on the term “data”. Therefore, AI development of the practice? What are the methods
is growing parallel to the developments in computing that can be utilized for effective use of AI in
power and the amount of data stored in global architecture? How can AI become an essential part of
resources. Every discipline is trying to utilize and architecture?
interpret the data from its own perspective. AI makes The answers for these questions partially lie under
self-driving cars, distant operations, image some existing and potential technologies such as BIM
recognition, or smart homes possible through relevant software, building physics analysis tools, and

a
https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3808-7773

100
Ceylan, S.
Artificial Intelligence in Architecture: An Educational Perspective.
DOI: 10.5220/0010444501000107
In Proceedings of the 13th International Conference on Computer Supported Education (CSEDU 2021) - Volume 1, pages 100-107
ISBN: 978-989-758-502-9
Copyright c 2021 by SCITEPRESS – Science and Technology Publications, Lda. All rights reserved
 Artificial Intelligence in Architecture: An Educational Perspective

parametric design interfaces. In addition to these and computational technologies with architectural
more importantly, for a permanent existence of AI in purposes accelerated, the amount of data to deal with
architecture discipline and a firm coordination also increased proportionally. The amount of data
between them, a fundamental understanding must be produced globally between 2010 and 2019 raised
provided that considers AI as a basic and natural from 2 to 41 zettabytes, more than 20 times; and it is
element of architectural education. Since the recent projected it will raise up to 150 zettabytes, another 4
increasing computer-based applications, the future of times in the next 5 years (Holst, 2020). A significant
architectural education has been at the forefront of portion of this data is about built environment and
architectural debate (Güney, 2014). This paper human activities which are areas of interest for
presents a study on the connection of AI and architecture. Consequently, architecture is in
architecture, looking into their existing common desperate need of support from computational
points and potential collaboration options. In the focal technologies and artificial intelligent.
point of the study there is architectural education and The contribution of artificial intelligence on
its various aspects from an open perspective for the architecture can appear on different aspects. Firstly,
influence of AI. The paper also presents in which AI provides architecture an enormous amount of data
domains of architectural education AI shall be and processing speed to create analytical information
integrated, and what kind of strategies must be that have significant influence on decisions in any
followed for an effective implementation. The second phase of design. Secondly, computer-aided design
chapter of the paper presents the existing relationship (CAD) programs and algorithmic or parametric
between the architecture practice and AI, as the third design tools can generate forms that could not exist
chapter is focused on the educational perspective of without computation (Steenson, 2018). Moreover, AI
AI in architecture. Fourth chapter recommends makes fast, effective, and alternative methods for
strategies for the implementation of AI into visualization and prototype production possible.
architectural education curriculum, as the fifth and Building information modelling (BIM) software aid
final chapter concludes the paper with discussions on architects to handle design and construction stages as
positive and negative aspects of AI in architectural a holistic process. Finally, AI also augments
education and suggestions for future studies. architecture in the production phases with automated
construction opportunities. Next chapter of this paper
presents the ways of AI influencing architecture from
2 AI IN ARCHITECTURE its different aspects and in different phases of design
and construction.
Walter Gropius (1970) asserted in his book Scope of
Total Architecture that good architecture should be a 2.1 Data Collection and Processing
projection of life itself that implies an intimate
knowledge of biological, social, technical, and AI is all about data processing and it has reached an
artistic problems. Based on this statement, it is enormous amount and speed nowadays. Accordingly,
obvious that architecture is a complex practice that architecture practice gets its share from this
needs to take various factors into consideration. In the development. For the initial phases of design, there is
pre-industrialization period, the amount of the data a big amount of data for the architects to process:
for the architects to deal with during the design and Legal codes, physical environment analysis, user’s
construction periods was within the limits for a needs, functional requirements, previous cases, etc.
human being to process; mostly based on user needs, These are all about data that needs to be processed.
local considerations, and construction methods. AI provides significant support dealing with all this
However, in the 20th century, due to globalization and data that may be impossible to process without the
the developments in the computational technologies, contribution of computational technologies.
the amount of data to deal with has increased Additionally, reducing the time for indexing and
drastically. Cristopher Alexander (1964) stated more classification of information required for the starting
and more problems are reaching insoluble levels of phases of design has an unnoticed but important
complexity and at the same time they also change effect on the design process.
faster than before, so that new approaches including
technological solutions need to be employed in 2.2 AI to Create Design Options
architecture. Accordingly, attempts to combine
computers and architecture increased in the second Commercial software on the use of AI in architecture
half of the 20th century. As the process of employing have reached an advanced level already. Some of the

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products work as standalone software as others aims of BIM are; to decrease project cost, increase
function as plugins in other more advanced programs. productivity and quality, and reduce project delivery
One of them, Dynamo is a plugin for Revit and time (Azhar, 2011). The term BIM refers to a
enables users to use Virtual Programming to process simulation of the building design in virtual
data and compose custom algorithms (Mousiadis and environment. The resulting model, a Building
Mengana, 2016). It gives the user the ability to Information Model, is a data-rich, object-oriented,
automate processes with the logic of a graphic intelligent and parametric digital representation of the
algorithm editor (Sandzhiev et al., 2018). Likewise, facility, from which views and data appropriate to
CATIA, which stands for Computer Aided Three- various users’ needs can be extracted and analysed to
Dimensional Interactive Application, was first generate information that can be used to make
produced in 1977 and is still being used as an decisions and to improve the process of delivering the
algorithmic design application. It proves the facility (Azhar et al., 2008). Therefore, regarding the
relevance and coherence of the new technologies, extreme complexity of the multi-layered and multi-
materials, machinery, progressive methods and disciplinary structure of BIM software, AI has to be
information tools that enable more efficient use its backbone.
materials (Dubovska et al., 2014). The software is
being used by famous architectural offices 2.4 Building Performance Analysis
worldwide. Another one is the graphical parametric
form generationg tool Grasshopper, which works Building performance analysis refers to the process
under Rhinoceros. It is being used in different scales where the building’s behaviour under certain effects
and aspects of design. For instance, Schneider and his is inspected. It is not a new term, but with the support
colleagues (2011) utilized Grasshopper for the of AI and BIM, it has become easier to conduct, more
development of an urban design proposal at a reliable, and reproducible. Nowadays, software or
teaching exercise. plugins specialized in performance analysis are being
In addition to the products already in the market, used through interoperable processes with BIM
researchers and academics keep studying on the software for more effective and productive results.
methods to combine AI and architecture with each Two main types of building performance analysis
other in terms of design development (Marson and come forward: energy performance and structural
Musse, 2010; Mohammadi et al., 2018; Ahmed et al., performance. Both are important from different
2012; Jabi et al., 2017). For instance, Chaillou (2019) perspectives. The next subchapters of the paper are
applies AI to floor plan analysis and generation with about the two types of analysis made possible using
the three-fold aim of generating floor plans, AI.
qualifying them, and to allow users to browse through
the options. Another important example of studies is 2.4.1 Energy Performance Analysis
the Project Discover, which is an application of
generative design for space planning (Nagy et al., Energy performance analysis (EPA) can be
2017). Another one is DANIEL, a deep architecture conducted on various areas of a building with
for automatic analysis and retrieval of building floor different focal points such as visual and thermal
plans (Sharma et al., 2017). In another study, As et al. comfort on façade of buildings (Naboni, 2014;
(2018) demonstrate how to use generative adversarial Marroquin et al., 2014). Software for EPA are
networks (GANs) to generate unique and original evaluated through following criteria: Usability and
design variations. information management of interface, integration of
intelligent design knowledge-base, interoperability of
2.3 Building Information Modelling building modelling, and the accuracy of the tool and
its ability to simulate complex and detailed building
Building information modelling (BIM) is one of the components (Attia et al., 2009). Currently, there are
most popular terms in the world of contemporary many EPA tools that are accessible such as Ladybug,
architecture. BIM is also a ground-breaking Honeybee, Geco, and Heliotrope-Solar. They mostly
development as it is a multidisciplinary approach and operate as plugins under other software. For instance,
contributes to strengthen the relationship between Ladybug is a tool to work in collaboration with
different participants of the construction industry Grasshopper, with an effort to support the full range
such as architects, engineers, and contractors. of environmental analysis in a single parametric
According to Eastman et al. (2008), BIM is not only platform (Roudsari and Pak, 2013).
a technology change but also a process change. Main

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2.4.2 Structural Performance Analysis novel but effective way of constructing buildings. It
was in the past an expensive process, but recently it
Structural performance analysis is a domain in the has become one of the most cheap, affordable, and
intersection of architecture and engineering. It is an eco-friendly ways of constructing buildings (Mathur,
extremely important issue and its training is 2016). Additionally, automation is an important
sophisticated and interdisciplinary. Therefore, its innovation in construction. Systems like automated
education must be given properly to avoid disasters building construction, shuttrise, and steel frame
caused by wrong or poorly executed structures in the remote releasing are examples of automated
future. construction (Maeda, 2005). According to Wang and
Love (2012) industrialization of the construction
2.5 AI in Architectural Representation process requires a high level of automation, which
happens to the site work tasks that require high
Representation has been a part of architectural design integration of information and physical intensive
since the first days of the practice. Nowadays, in CAD resources.
applications, every design tool has an interface for
representation. However, representation has gone to a
very advanced level under the influence of 3 AI IN ARCHITECTURAL
computational technologies and AI, providing
alternative media for visualization. s an important EDUCATION
means of architectural expression, the virtual
technology of architectural animation provides a new Architectural education forms the basis of the
digital mode for the promotion of architectural image practice. Therefore, it must be up to date regarding
(Yang, 2020). There are software and tools that the developments and requirements in the field of
provide a high quality of visual products with the help architecture. As the architecture profession is under
of AI, such as Vray which works under several the strong influence of technological developments,
different programs. Additionally, some software its education should also be following them and
Lumion, Twinmotion, and Cinema4d make update itself accordingly. Accordingly, artificial
animations with realistic renderings very easy to intelligence as an effective factor in architecture
produce and edit. Dounas (2020) sees animation as a needs to be a part of architectural education.
computational understanding of architectural design. However, as mentioned in the previous chapters,
With the software, it is even possible to simulate the architecture and AI have a multifaceted and
appearance of the architectural product under complicated relationship. Additionally, architectural
different weather conditions like snow or rain. education has a very complex and dynamic structure.
Another novel representation method emerged Therefore, the implementation of AI into architectural
with virtual reality (VR) and augmented reality (AR) education needs a systematic approach. Various
in architecture as interactive techniques. Interactive researchers and educators have begun to address the
visualization of architecture provides a way to see need to integrate digital design in architectural design
current, as well as future stances of buildings education (Oxman, 2008). The need must be well
(Aliaga,2007). Some existing programs added AR or defined and met with a holistic organization that
VR options to its visualization methods through handles the whole architectural education curriculum.
plugins like Enscape or VRSketch, as some other AI tools are already implemented in many parts of
software such as EyecadVR and IrisVR completely educational process including content development,
focus on VR experience as a representation method teaching methods, student assessment, and
for architectural products. communication between teacher and students
(Chassignol et al., 2018). However, especially for
2.6 AI in Construction architectural education more effective actions are
required. Implementation of AI into architectural
Construction industry has evolved from traditional to education is also important for stronger and healthier
modern methods of construction (Rohani et al., relationship between architecture and AI.
2014). Therefore, it could use the support of AI Architectural education as the foundation of the
effectively through collaboration with robotics, BIM profession is responsible for equipping young
and AR technologies. One of the ways AI supports architects with proper tools to tackle emerging
construction is mostly using additive manufacturing. problems of society (Ceylan, 2020). If the upcoming
Additive manufacturing or 3dprinting nowadays is a generations of architects are aware of the

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opportunities provided by and well equipped with the Educators or students can choose from previously
skills to utilize AI in the design and construction composed information whichever is more useful and
processes; they will contribute to the relationship necessary for them.
between the profession and AI. The next chapters of However, in the future the effect of AI on
the paper examine possible strategies and methods for theoretical courses might be much more significant.
the implementation of AI into architectural education. It would be possible that the theoretical classes are
given by AI sources, without the need to human
3.1 Strategies for the Implementation lecturers. Information stored in the database can be
of AI into Architectural Education organized and presented to the students through an
interface that works automatically. Thus, regarding
Architectural education has a complex structure with theoretical courses, someday, AI may be able to do all
various modules. Every module has a different the work a lecturer can do.
purpose and characteristics. In the core of the
education there is the design studio. All other courses’ 3.1.2 Technical Module
knowledge is conveyed on the design studio where
the students can reflect their educational gains and Courses in the technical module equip architecture
improve their design skills. The architectural students with the knowledge and skills that they need
curriculum is composed of fundamental courses that to practice the profession. Building materials and
develop design knowledge; courses that develop the methods, structure, environmental control systems,
scientific formation of architecture; courses for professional practice, and conservation are among the
strengthening architectural representation; and design courses taught in this module.
courses, a combination of the others and constitute the AI can influence the courses in this module most
most crucial part of design education (Demirbaş & effectively through BIM software and building
Demirkan, 2003). In this paper, this four-fold performance analysis tools. Additionally, mapping
definition of architectural education is used as the and photogrammetry software like Pix4d or similar
basis of the proposed strategies. tools can be used to perform photogrammetric
The complex structure of architectural education processing of digital images to generate 3D spatial
together with the multi-layered influence of AI on data for construction and conservation purposes.
architecture requires a holistic and well-organized One of the biggest benefits that BIM tools can
approach for the implementation of AI into provide for the students of architecture is that they can
architectural education. Three modules of education; introduce building elements effectively through their
theory, technical, and representation modules, in continuously evolving and expanding libraries.
addition to the design studio must be considered Thousands of elements in the library are ready for the
separately in detail, but at the same time in harmony use and examination of the students in their studio or
with each other. The next subchapters present the homework. Additionally, BIM software can also help
strategies and methods for the implementation of AI teaching the student how to use information in an
into each module of architectural education. effective way without getting into too many details by
only knowing how information is accessible.
3.1.1 Theory Module Building performance analysis tools can also be
beneficial for the students, especially by raising
Theory module in the architectural education awareness among them on the importance of a
curriculum is the part where the intellectual building’s energy and structural performance.
foundations of architecture students’ knowledge are Students who can access energy and structural
laid. It mostly consists of courses for the history of performance information of buildings quickly with
architecture, architectural theories, and some courses the support of AI may become eager to get further and
about legal and ethical aspects of architecture. At the obtain more important and useful information on how
same time, it is the least affected module by the to make it even more energy efficient or more
developments in AI technologies for now. However, resilient.
there is still some potential contribution of AI for the The benefits of BIM and other AI applications in
theoretical courses by providing data collection, technical module of architectural education increases
storage, and processing. The lectures in the when they are successfully connected with other
theoretical courses can use information from the modules of education, especially representation
architecture history, sample cases, and literature module and the design studio.
review organized and indexed with AI tools.

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3.1.3 Representation Module 3.1.4 Design Studio

The representation module is the place where students Design studio is the core of architectural education. It
are introduced to various methods to reflect their is the place where all theoretical and technical
design ideas on different media. It is the module that knowledge come together in exercises for the
might potentially be the most affected by the development of students’ design skills. In the design
developments in AI technologies. With the support of studio, students learn a new language, new skills like
AI, courses for representation methods in architecture visualization and representation, and architectural
may become something more than only teaching how thinking as different aspects of design education
to use digital technologies and computers as drafting (Ledewitz, 1985). Accordingly, it is the place where
tools, they may become real design instruments. the effects of AI on architectural education
According to Chaillou (2019), the machine, once the curriculum can be recognized most evidently.
extension of our pencil, can today be leveraged to All stages of design in the studio may be
map architectural knowledge, and trained to assist us supported by AI in various ways: In the starting
in creating viable design options. Courses in the phases where the student research about the given
representation module of architectural education are subject, they can benefit from AI in terms of data
the most suitable place for this paradigm shift to processing and indexing of research objects. They can
happen. explore databases to find relevant information for
Parametric and algorithmic design is already on their design subject. Likewise, they can use similar
the agenda of architecture and it has somewhat a place methods in the environmental analysis phase. In the
in the architectural education curriculum. However, preliminary design phase, they can use parametric
the attempts to put these emerging design tools are design or algorithmic design tools for layout
based on the personal efforts and dedication of decisions or façade design. In the following phases,
educators and students. An institutional approach is when they have some design proposals already, they
needed for these methods to be effective parts of the can use building performance analysis tools to see
curriculum. Parametric and algorithmic design how their proposed buildings perform in terms of
methods that are influenced by AI need to be energy efficiency and structure. They can also benefit
compulsory rather than elective courses for every from VR environment to experience their design in
student to be aware of the importance of these design full scale and free from the rules of the physical world
methods. Being proficient to use these tools, students and use alternative realities for the presentation of
may direct their energy and interest to more effective their ideas. 3d printing tools can be utilized when
aspects of design. making physical models for more precise products,
Additionally, AI also affects representation even if they have a complex form. Thus, AI can touch
through novel methods like VR, AR, and 3d printing. a student’s design journey in the studio from multiple
Students need to be aware of these methods for digital aspects through various instruments. This gives the
communication to create more impressive student the opportunity to focus on more important
presentations. Alternative realities also help students points in design for more successful design process,
to experience their designs in 1 to 1 scale and more as well as final products.
intimately, so that they can initialize their design
approach better. 3d printing tools help students with
their physical models by enabling them to bravely try 4 CONCLUSIONS
complex forms without the suspicion to materialize
the physical model. The connection between AI and architecture is
In brief, AI may have revolutionary effects on the undeniable. Many different fields of work prove that
representation module of architectural education if
AI has a lot to offer for architecture. If architects can
implemented properly. A holistic model needs to be use the opportunity to utilize AI in various phases of
applied for all the tools to function in harmony and be
design and construction, the nature of the profession
beneficial for the students. The place where the
will change irreversibly. The advent of AI in
proposed methods and strategies can be tested is the Architecture is still in its early days but offers
design studio as it is in the centre of architectural
promising results (Chaillou, 2019). However,
education. nowadays it is too early to speak about a fundamental
change because the relationship between AI and
architecture is superficial; it does not come from the
ground. For a stronger relationship and change in the

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