CIRCUITS & SIGNALS

Chapter 5

Two-port Networks
Prof. Tan Ai Hui
OVERVIEW:
• Concepts of one- and two-port networks.
• Two-port network parameters (matrix form) and circuit models:
z-, y-, h-, g-, a- and b-parameters. Relationship between two-port
network parameters.
• Reciprocity and symmetric properties of two-port networks.
Equivalence of two-port networks: T-, π- and lattice networks.
• Network interconnections: series, parallel, series-parallel,
parallel-series and cascade.
• Analysis of terminated two-port networks: current gain, input
impedance, voltage gain and output impedance.

LEARNING OUTCOME:
Compute network parameters for two-port networks.
(cognitive – applying, level 3)

2
Concepts of one- and two-port networks

3
 A pair of terminals through which a current may enter or leave the network is
known as a port.
Two-terminal devices or elements such as resistors, capacitors and inductors
are considered as one-port networks.
Four-terminal circuits or devices such as transformers and filters are
represented as two-port networks.

(a) One-port network (b) Two-port network

4
Examples: One-port network Examples: Two-port network
I1 I2

V1 V2

5
A two-port network is an electrical network with two separate
ports; one for the input and another for the output.
Many electrical or electronic systems are often modeled as two-
port networks with four variables, namely:
input voltage V1, input current I1, output voltage V2, and output
current I2.

6
Motivation for studying two-port networks

Many components in electronic circuits are two-port networks. For

example, in a tape recorder, a large number of two-port networks
exists between the source (tape head) and the load (speakers). They
amplify the signal, filter out the unwanted noise, and process the
signal.
The two-port network enables us to treat any circuit as a black box
(sub-system) when embedded within a larger network. It allows us to
solve sophisticated problems of electrical and electronics circuit.
Used in communication systems, control systems, power systems and
electronics.

7
Two-port network parameters (matrix form) and
circuit models: z-, y-, h-, g-, a- and b-parameters

Relationship between two-port network parameters

8
 Network Parameters and Circuit Models
 Out of the 4 terminal variables (V1, I1, V2, I2) , two are independent and the
other two are dependent variables.
 There are 6-different ways to combine these four variables, as follows:

(1) z-Parameters (impedance); (2) y-Parameters (admittance)

(3) h-Parameters (hybrid); (4) g- Parameters (inverse hybrid)

9
(5) a-Parameters (transmission); (6) b-Parameters (inverse transmission)

except for
signs

10
 Impedance parameters (z-parameters)
Impedance parameters are commonly used in the synthesis of filters. They
are also useful in the design and analysis of impedance-matching
networks and power distribution networks.

z11 : Open-circuit input impedance (Ω)

z12 : Open-circuit transfer impedance
from port2 to port1 (Ω)
z21 : Open-circuit transfer impedance
from port1 to port2 (Ω)
z22 : Open-circuit output impedance (Ω) General equivalent circuit model of z-parameters

11
 Determination of z-parameters
(a) finding z11 and z21 (b) finding z12 and z22
Port 2 is open circuited (I2 = 0) Port 1 is open circuited (I1 = 0)

12
 Example 1

Determine the z-parameters for the given circuit.

13
Solution:

V1 I (20 + 40)
z11 = | I 2 =0 = 1 = 60Ω
I1 I1
V2 I (40)
z21 = |I 2 =0 = 1 = 40Ω + +
I1 I1 I1 I2
V1 V2
V1 I (40)
z12 = | I1 = 0 = 2 = 40Ω - -
I2 I2
V2 I 2 (30 + 40)
z22 = |I1 =0 = = 70Ω
I2 I2

 z11 z12   60 40 
[z] =   =  Ω
 z 21 z 22   40 70 
14
 Admittance parameters (y-parameters)
y-parameters (admittance parameters) are obtained by expressing the
terminal currents in terms of the terminal voltages, as,

y11 : short-circuit input admittance (S)

y12 : short-circuit transfer admittance
from port2 to port1 (S)
y21 : short-circuit transfer admittance
from port1 to port2 (S)
y22 : short-circuit output admittance (S)
General equivalent circuit model of y-parameters

15
 Determination of y-parameters
(a) finding y11 and y21 (b) finding y12 and y22
Port 2 is short circuited (V2 = 0) Port 1 is short circuited (V1 = 0)

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 Example 2

Obtain the y-parameters for the network shown.

17
Solution:

I1 I1 6
y11 = |V2 =0 = = = 0.75S
V1  2× 4  8 + I1 I2 +
 I1 
 4+2 V1 V2
- -

 4  4
− I1   
I2
y21 = |V2 =0 =  4 + 2  =−  6 4
= − = −0.5S
V1  2× 4  8 8
 I1   
 4 + 2  6

18
 I1 I1
y12 = |V1 =0 = = −0.5S
V2 (− I1 )2 + I1 I2 +
V1 V2
I2 I2 10 - -
y22 = |V1 =0 = = = 0.625S
V2  2 × 8  16
 I2 
 8+ 2

 y11 y12   0 . 75 − 0 .5 
[ y] =   =  S
 y 21 y 22   − 0 . 5 0 . 625 

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 Example 3
Obtain the y-parameters for the two-port network
given in the following figure.

6Ω 2Ω

Io

3Ω
Ω 2Io

20
21
22
23
 Hybrid parameters (h-parameters)
They are known as hybrid parameters because they are a hybrid
combination of ratios and relate cross-variables, that is, an input voltage
and output current to an output voltage and input current.
This set of parameters is based on making V1 and I2 the dependent
variables.

h11 : Short-circuit input impedance (Ω)

h12 : Open-circuit reverse voltage gain
h21 : Short-circuit forward current gain
h22 : Open-circuit output admittance (S)
General equivalent circuit model of h-parameters

24
 Determination of h-parameters
To determine the values of the h-parameters, we apply a voltage
or current source to the appropriate port, short-circuit or open-
circuit the other port, respectively, and perform the regular
circuit analysis.

25
When the two-network represents an amplifier, expressions for
voltage gain, current gain, input impedance, and the output
impedance can be derived with ease.
h-parameters are the most useful for transistors; they are easily
measured and often provided in the manufacturer’s data or spec
sheets for transistors.
They usually listed as follows: hi = h11 ; hr = h12 ; hf = h21 ; ho = h22
where, i, r, f and o stands for input, reverse, forward and output.

26
 Example 4

Calculate the h-parameters for

this network.

Solution:
260 − 40 − 40
Let V2 = 0 : V1 = I1 ( 20 + 30|| 40) = I1 ; I 2 = I1 = I1
7 30 + 40 70
V1 260 I2 − 40 − 4
h11 = V2 = 0 = Ω h21 = V2 = 0 = =
I1 7 I1 70 7

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 40 40
Let I1 = 0 : V2 = (30 + 40) I 2 = 70 I 2 ; V1 = V2 = V2
30 + 40 70
I2 1 V1 40 4
h22 = I1 = 0 = S h12 = I1 =0 = =
V2 70 V2 70 7

 260 4
 7 7
[h] = 
−4 1
 
 7 70 

28
 Inverse Hybrid parameters (g-parameters)
The inverse hybrid parameters are used to describe the terminal currents
and voltages by making V1 and I2 the independent variables, I1 and V2
the dependent variables:

g11 : Open-circuit input admittance (S)

g12 : Short-circuit reverse current gain
g21 : Open-circuit forward voltage gain
g22 : Short-circuit output impedance (Ω)
General equivalent circuit model of g-parameters

29
 Determination of g-parameters
The values of the parameters are determined in a similar
way as described in the previous h-parameters.

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 Example 5

Calculate the g-parameters for

this network.

Solution:
I2 = 0

+ +
V 1 I1 V2
- -

Let I 2 = 0 :
I1 1 V2 40 2
g11 = I 2 =0 = S g 21 = I 2 =0 = =
V1 60 V1 60 3

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 I1 I2

V1 = 0 + V2
-

40 (20)(40)
Let V1 = 0 : I1 = − I 2 ; V2 = I 2 + 30 I 2
60 20 + 40
I1 2 V2 130
g12 = V1 =0 =− g 22 = V1 =0 = Ω
I2 3 I2 3
1 −2
 60 3 
[g ] = 
2 130 
 
3 3 
32
 Transmission parameters (a-parameters)
 They are called transmission parameters (a-parameters or t-parameters or
ABCD parameters) because they relate input port (source) variables (V1 and I1)
with the output (load) variables (V2 and -I2).
 They are useful in the analysis of the transmission lines because they express the
sending-end variables in terms of the receiving-end variables.
 Used in the design of telephone systems, microwave networks, and radars.
 For conventional reasons, the parameters can be represented as
a11=A; a12=B; a21=C; a22=D.

-
A : Open-circuit voltage ratio
Linear
B : Negative short-circuit transfer impedance (Ω) Two-port
Network
C : Open-circuit transfer admittance (S)
Sending Receiving
D : Negative short-circuit current ratio end end

33
 Determination of a-parameters
How to determine the values of the transmission parameters:
 To determine A and C, we leave the output port open (I2=0) and place a
voltage source V1 at the input port.
To obtain B and D, we short-circuited the output port (V2=0) and place a
voltage source V1 at the input port.

-
Linear
Two-port
Network

34
 Example 6

Find ABCD-transmission parameters for the given network.

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Solution:
5 1
Let I 2 = 0 : V2 = V1 = V1 ; V2 = 5 I 1
5 + j5 1+ j

V1 I1 1
A= I 2 =0 = 1+ j C= I 2 =0 = S
V2 V2 5
− I1
Let V2 = 0 : I 2 = ; V1 = ( 2.5 + j 5) I1
2
V1 ( 2.5 + j 5) I1 I1
B=− V2 = 0 =− = 5 + j10Ω D=− =2
I2 − I1 I2
V2 = 0

36
 Inverse transmission parameters (b-parameters)
They are known as inverse transmission parameters because they represent the
output (load) variables (V2 and I2) in terms of the input (source) variables (V1
and I1 ).
Again, for conventional reasons, these parameters can be represented in the
following arrangement: b11=a; b12=b; b21=c; b22=d.

a : Open-circuit voltage gain

-
b : Negative short-circuit transfer impedance (Ω) Linear
Two-port
c : Open-circuit transfer admittance (S)
Network
d : Negative short-circuit current gain

37
 Determination of b-parameters
How to determine the values of the inverse transmission parameters:
 To determine a and c, we leave the input port open (I1= 0) and place a
voltage source V2 at the output port.
To obtain b and d, we short-circuited the input port (V1=0) and place a
voltage source V2 at the output port.

-
Linear
Two-port
Network

38
 Relationships between terminal parameters

 Since the six sets of parameters (z, y, h, g, a, b) relate the

same input and output terminal variables (V1 , I1 , V2 and I2) of
the same two-port network; they should be interrelated.
 If two sets of parameters exist, we can relate one set to the
other set.
 If we know one set of parameters, we can derive all the other
sets from the known set.

39
 Summary
Two-Port Network Conversion Table Between z-, y-, h-, g-, a-
and b-parameters.

40
Table will be provided in the final
exams if necessary

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 Example 6
Example 6: Determine the [y], [a] and [g] parameters of a
two-port network whose z-parameters are:

 z11 z12   6 4
[z ] =   =
 z 21 z 22   4 6 
Solution:

∆z = z11 z22 − z21 z12 = 6(6) − 4(4) = 20

 z22 z12   6 −4 
−  
 y11 y12   ∆z ∆z = 20 20 
y  =   S
 21 y22   z21 z11   −4 6 
−
 ∆z ∆z   20 20 

42
  z11 ∆z   6 20 
 A B   z21 z21   4
Ω
= 4
[a] =   = 
C D   1 z22   1
S
6 
z 
z21   4 4 
 21

1 − z12   1 − 4 1 −2 
z z11   6   S
[ g] =  11 6 = 6 3 
∆z   4
=
z
 21 20   2 10 
   Ω
 z11 z11   6 6   3 3 

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 Reciprocity and symmetric properties of two-port
networks

Equivalence of two-port networks: T-, π- and lattice

networks

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 Reciprocity
A two-port network is said to be a reciprocal if the interchange of
ideal voltage source at one port with an ideal ammeter at the other
port produces the same reading.
Let’s say we have a z-parameters two-port network.
In Fig.(a) the network yields: V1=V and I2=I.

V1 = z11 I1 + z12 I 2
V = z11 I1 + z12 I
V
z12 =
I I1 = 0

45
 Exchange the source and the ammeter.
In Fig.(b) the network yields: V2=V and I1=I.

V2 = z21 I1 + z22 I 2
V = z21 I + z22 I 2
V
z21 =
I I2 =0
Since values V and I are the same, thus z12 = z21

The conditions for reciprocity for all the two-port network parameters
are:

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Examples of reciprocal two-port networks:

T-network (or star) π-network (or delta)

Lattice network

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 Symmetricity
A reciprocal two-port network is symmetric if its ports can be
interchanged without disturbing the values of the terminal currents
and voltages.
Let’s say we have z-parameters two-port network.
It is reciprocal, thus z12 = z21 = z.

V1 = z11 I1 + zI 2
V2 = zI1 + z22 I 2

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 Now, exchange the ports.

V1 = z22 I1 + zI 2
V2 = zI1 + z11 I 2

When the network is symmetric, all values of terminal voltages

(V1, V2) and currents (I1, I2) remain unchanged. Comparing
equations for Figures (a) and (b), z11= z22.

The conditions for symmetry for all the reciprocal two-port network
parameters are:

49
Examples of symmetric reciprocal two-port networks:

T-network (or star) π-network (or delta)

Lattice network

50
 Summary
Conditions for Reciprocity and Symmetry for z-, y-, h-, g-, a-
and b-parameters.

Reciprocity and symmetry relationships for h, g, a, and b

parameters will be provided in the final exams if necessary

51
 Equivalence of two-port networks
For reciprocal T- and π-networks, we can apply the following
equivalent circuits:

1) T-network

2) π-network
52
 Example 7

Determine the z-parameters for the given circuit making use of

the T-equivalent circuit, given that the circuit satisfies the
condition of reciprocity.

53
By equating the given network with the T-equivalent circuit as shown
below:

+ + =
V1 I1 I2
V2
- -

z12 = 40Ω = z21

z11 − z12 = 20Ω; z11 = 20 + z12 = 20 + 40 = 60Ω  60 40 
[z] =   Ω
z22 − z12 = 30Ω; z22 = 30 + z12 = 30 + 40 = 70Ω  40 70 
Is the network symmetrical?
54
 Example 8

Obtain the y-parameters for the network shown making use of the
π-equivalent circuit, given that the circuit satisfies the
condition of reciprocity.

55
 By equating the given network with the π-equivalent circuit as
shown below:

1
− y12 = S = − y21
2
1 1  1 6  0 . 75 − 0 .5 
y11 + y12 = ; y11 = −  −  = = 0.75S [ y ] =  − 0 .5  S
4 4  2 8  0 . 625 
1 1  1 5
y22 + y12 = ; y22 = −  −  = = 0.625S Is the network symmetrical?
8 8  2 8
56
 za
3) Lattice network
za , zd are called series arms.
zc zb
zb , zc are called diagonal arms.
zd

za zc

zb zd

57
 Example 9
Determine the impedance and admittance parameters (z- and y-
parameters) for the two-port network shown in the given figure.

58
 Solution
za

zc zb
zd

From the equivalent Lattice network circuit, we get:

za= 4Ω
Ω ; zb= 8Ω
Ω ; zc= 2Ω
Ω ; zd= 6Ω
Ω
 4.8 − 0.4
z-parameters are : [z ] =   Ω
− 0.4 4.2 
 z22 z12   4.2 0.4 
−
 ∆z ∆z  =  20 20   0.21 0.02 
And y-parameters as : [ y ] =    =  S
 − z21 z11   0.4 4.8   0.02 0.24 
 ∆z ∆z   20 20 
59
 Example 10
Determine the z-parameters for a symmetrical lattice network and
draw its T-equivalent circuit.
Answer:
Symmetric lattice: za = zd and zb = zc

za + zb
z11 = z22 =
2
zb − za
z12 = z21 =
2 I1 I2

za za
V1 V2
Thus, the T-equivalent (zb - za)/2
network is represented as

60
Network interconnections: series, parallel, series-
parallel, parallel-series and cascade

61
 Complex systems and networks may be divided into sub-
networks which are easier to model and analyse.
 The sub-networks may be modeled as two-port networks, and
then interconnected together to form the original network.
Therefore, the two port network may be regarded as the building
blocks that can be interconnected to form a complex network.
 The two-port subsections can be interconnected in 5 different
ways:
Series; Parallel; Cascade ; Series-Parallel ; Parallel-Series.

62
 Series connection
For series connections, the inputs and outputs of the two networks
are both connected in series.
(their port currents are the same & port voltages are different).
I1 = I1a = I1b ; I 2 = I 2a = I 2b V1a ≠ V1b ; V2 a ≠ V2 b

63
 Overall z-parameters

Thus the z-parameters for the overall network are the sum of z-parameters of
the individual networks. The result can be extended to n networks in series.

64
 Parallel connection
For parallel connections, the inputs and outputs of the two-port
networks are both connected in parallel.

Two-port networks are

in parallel when their
port voltages are equal
and the port currents of
the larger network is the
sum of the individual
currents.

65
 Overall y-parameters

The y-parameters of the overall network are the sum of the y-parameters of
the individual networks. The result can be extended to n networks in parallel.

66
 Cascade connection
For the Cascade connections, the output of network 1 is
connected directly to the input of network 2.
Network (a) Network (b)

From the given figure, we have

67
By substituting these information, we get:

1 2

4 3

Thus, the transmission parameters for

the overall network are the product of
the transmission parameters for the
individual transmission parameters.
68
 Series - Parallel connections

[h ] = [h a ] + [h b ]
b

Parallel - Series connections

a
[g ] = [g a ] + [g b ]
b

69
 Summary
Type of Applicable The overall network
interconnection parameters parameters

Series z-parameters Sum of individual networks

Parallel y-parameters Sum of individual networks

Cascade a-parameters Product of individual networks

Series-Parallel h-parameters Sum of individual networks

Parallel-Series g-parameters Sum of individual networks

70
 Example 11
Determine the admittance parameters (y-parameters) of the 2
two-port networks connected in parallel as shown in the given
figure.

71
Solution:
Step 1. Find the z-parameters for the upper network (Na) using the T-equivalent circuit.

Step 2. Find its y-parameters using the transformation table as : [ya] = [za] -1
 z22a z12a 
 ∆z −
∆za   0.04 − j0.18 − 0.08 + j0.16
[ ya ] =  z a
z
= 
− 21 a 11a   − 0.08 + j 0.16 0.16 − j 0.12 
 ∆za ∆za 
Step 3. Find the z-parameters for the lower network (Nb) using the T-equivalent circuit.

Step 4. Find its y-parameters using the transformation table as : [yb] = [zb] -1
 z 22b z 
 ∆z − 12b 
∆z b 0.023 + j 0.0154 0.023 + j 0.0154 
[ yb ] =  z b =
z11b  0.023 + j 0.0154 0.023 − j 0.085 
 − 21a
 ∆zb ∆zb 
Step 5. The overall y-parameters for the given network is found as:
 0.063 − j 0.165 − 0.057 + j 0.175
[ y ] = [ y a ] + [ yb ] =  
 − 0 . 057 + j 0 . 175 0 . 183 − j 0 . 205 
72
Analysis of terminated two-port networks: current
gain, input impedance, voltage gain and output
impedance

73
Circuits are typically driven at port 1 and loaded at port 2.
In this circuit, Zg represents the internal impedance of the source; Vg is the
voltage of the source; and ZL is the load impedance.
Now, analysis of this circuit involves expressing all of the terminal variables
(V1, I1, V2 and I2) and the extra parameters Zg, Vg, ZL as well.

I1 I2
Zg I2
I1
zg
Vg V1 V2 ZL
Vg V1 V2 zL

Zin Zth
74
Thus, the derivation of any of the parameters will involve the
algebraic manipulations of the two-port equations together with the
other two constraint equations imposed by the termination
conditions.
For z-parameters:
..… (1)

..…. (2)

……..……. (3)

………….……… (4)

Zin Zth

For other parameters, you can apply parameter conversion to

z-parameters if necessary.

75
Find the current gain: I2
I1
I2 − z21
Solve Eq. (4) = (2) and solve for I2/I1: = *
I1 z22 + Z L

Find the input impedance:

V1
Z in =
I1
From Eq. (1) divide by I1 to get Zin:

V1 z11 I1 + z12 I 2 I2
Z in = = = z11 + z12
I1 I1 I1
Substitute I2/I1 and finally we get:
− z12 z21
Z in = z11 + *
z22 + Z L
76
Find the voltage gain: V2
Vg

Eq (3) = (1): Vg − I1Z g = z11 I1 + z12 I 2

Substitute I2 from Eq. (4) and solve for I1:

 −V2  z12V2 Vg
Vg − I1Z g = z11 I1 + z12    I1 = +
 ZL  Z L ( z11 + Z g ) z11 + Z g
Substitute I1 above and I2 of Eq. (4) into Eq. (2):
 z12V2 Vg   −V2 
V2 = z21  +  + z22  
 L 11
Z ( z + Z g ) z11 + Z g 
 Z
 L 
Finally, we get: V2 z21Z L
= *
Vg ( z11 + Z g )( z22 + Z L ) − z12 z21

77
 V2
Find the output impedance Zth with respect to port2: Z th =
I2 Vg = 0
Eq. (1) = (3) and solve for I1:
Vg − z12 I 2
z11 I1 + z12 I 2 = Vg − I1Z g  I1 =
z11 + Z g
Substitute I1 into Eq. (2):

 Vg − z12 I 2 
V2 = z21 I1 + z22 I 2 = z21   + z22 I 2
 z11 + Z g 
 
Finally using V2 and divide by I2 we get:
V2 z12 z21
Z th = = z22 − *
* Formulas will be provided in the I2 Vg = 0
z11 + Z g
final exams if necessary

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 Example 12

Established all the necessary equations as described by the two-port

network below. Hence, manually solve for currents I1 and I2.

 5 10Ω 
[a] =  
 0.4 S 1 

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Solution:  5 10Ω 
[a] =  
 0.4 S 1 

Two-port network equations:

Terminated equations:

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 Example 13

Find the impedance at the input port of the given network.

You are given that − z12 z21 .
Z in = z11 +
z22 + Z L

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Solution:
 ∆h h12   0.01 10 −4 
 z11 z12   h22 h22   10−5 10 −5   1k
=
10 
z  = =  Ω
 21 z22   − h21 1   100
− −5
1   −10 M 0.1M 
 h   −5 
 22 h22   10 10 
∆h = h11h22 − h12 h21 = 2k ×10−5 − 10−4 ×100 = 0.01

z12 z21
Z in = z11 −
z22 + Z L
10(−10M ) −100M
= 1k − = 1k − = 1667Ω
0.1M + 50k 0.15M
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 Example 14
Two identical amplifiers are connected in cascade, as shown in the
given figure. Each amplifier is described in terms of its h-
parameters. The values are h11 = 1000Ω , h12 = 0.0015, h21 = 100,
and h22 = 100µS. Find the voltage gain V2/Vg of the amplifier given
that V z21Z L
2
=
Vg ( z11 + Z g )( z22 + Z L ) − z12 z21

A B

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Solution:
Since it is a cascade connection case, we must find the transmission
parameters first.
Step 1. Find the a-parameters for the Network A from its given h-parameters.
 ∆h h11 
−
 h −
h21  5 ×10−4 −10 
[ Na] =  h21
= 
1   −10−6 −10−2 
22
− h − 
h21 
 21
Step 2. Since both networks are identical, then : [Na] = [Nb]
Step 3. Thus, the overall a-parameters for the combined network is found as:

A B 5 × 10−4 −10  5 × 10−4 −10 

C D  = [ Na ][ Nb ] =  −6  
   −10 −10−2   −10−6 −10−2 
 A B  10.25 × 10−6 0.095 
C D  =  −9 −4 
   9.5 × 10 1.1 × 10 

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 Step 4: Convert the ABCD-parameters to z-parameters.

A ∆a  10.25 ×10−6 2.25 ×10−10 

 z11 z12   C  
C   9.5 ×10−9 9.5 ×10−9   1.0789k 23.684m 
z  = = =
 21 z22   1 D  1 1.1× 10  105.26 M
−4
11.579k 
 C C   9.5 ×10−9 9.5 ×10−9 
∆a = AD − BC
= (10.25 × 10−6 )(1.1× 10−4 ) − (0.095)(9.5 × 10−9 ) = 2.25 ×10−10

Step 5:

V2 z 21Z L
= = 33.33k
Vg ( z11 + Z g )( z 22 + Z L ) − z12 z 21

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