THE REPUBLIC OF UGANDA

THE STATE OF UGANDA

POPULATION REPORT 2022

AUTHOR ABSTRACT
AND PROFILE

NOVEMBER 2022

The State Of Uganda Population Report 2022 | Author Abstract & Profile 1
ABOUT AUTHORS

ADRIAN SSESSANGA

Adrian Ssessanga holds a Master of Demography degree from the School of

Statistics and Planning of Makerere University. He holds a degree of the Bachelor
of Science in Population Studies from the same university and has also pursued a
series of short courses in the field of demographic research. Adrian continues to
engage in scholarly work and has authored a paper titled “influence of urbanization
on socioeconomic factors for harnessing the demographic dividend in the 2022
State of the Uganda Population Report by the National Population Council. Adrian
has further co-authored paper publications on the effectiveness and impact of
public livelihood programs drawing lessons and experiences from consultancy
assignments for the evaluation of livelihood projects he has jointly conducted for
the Office of the Prime Minister in Uganda.

Adrian currently works as a research fellow with the Centre for Population and
Applied Statistics (CPAS), a research unit of the College of Business and Management
Sciences (CoBAMS) in Makerere University. As research fellow, he performs lead
roles in the implementation of consultancy assignments, paper publications and
social programming.

1 The State Of Uganda Population Report 2022 | Author Abstract & Profile
 AGUTA DANSTAN

Aguta Danstan is a Senior Statistician at Uganda Bureau of Statistics (UBOS).

Mr. Aguta has vast experience in survey design and advanced data analysis. Mr.
Aguta offers technical support to different government MDAs in area of statistics
in addition to his routine office work. His most recent assignment was with
Inspectorate of Government where he was the technical lead in the baseline
Assessment of Transparency, accountability and anticorruption structures in
government projects in refugee hosting districts in Uganda. Mr. Aguta holds an MA.
Economic Policy and planning degree from Makerere University.

BETTY KYADDONDO

Betty Kyaddondo is a population and public health specialist with over 20 years
supporting national and field-based projects in reproductive health, HIV, gender,
population and development. A medical doctor trained in demography and
currently, the Director, Family Health at the National Population Council (NPC) in
Uganda. Dr. Kyaddondo is a Collen Fellow of Oxford’s Institute of Population Ageing
and is spearheading efforts geared towards getting Uganda on the trajectory to
harnessing the demographic dividend.

The State Of Uganda Population Report 2022 | Author Abstract & Profile 2
Previously Betty served as a Senior National Programme Officer for Uganda’s
UNFPA’s Joint Programme on Population. She has coordinated the development and
implementation of national and community-based projects through internationally-
funded projects such as USAID, UNICEF, DFID, UNFPA, PAI, and the World Bank.
Betty also coordinated the medical team at the AIDS Information Centre. Betty is a
researcher with Child Health and Development Centre, Makerere University and a
part time Lecturer at Makerere University School of Public Health.

CHARLES KATULAMU

Charles Katulamu is a Ph.D. Candidate in the Department of Sociology at the

University of Michigan-Ann Arbor. While at the University of Michigan, Charles is
a pre-doctoral trainee with the Population Studies Center at the Institute of Social
Research and a fellow with the Center for Global Health Equity. He is also a fellow
with the Population and Social Development Institute in Uganda.

Charles’ scholarship is mainly focused on fertility behaviors of men and women,

maternal health, and sexual and reproductive health and rights plus Abortion.
Charles is currently leading a study dubbed; “Morals, Beliefs, and the Law
Disconnected from Reality: Uncovering the Abortion Realm in Kampala, Uganda.”
This mixed methods study hopes to rely on surveys, in-depth interviews, and
key informant interviews among girls and women who access various sexual
and reproductive health services from government health facilities and non-
government organizations to investigate the occurrences of abortion in Kampala
and understand the role of organizations and health facilities in the provision of
abortion care in an abortion restricted context.

In the past, Charles has led the investigation of fertility behaviors among Uganda’s
elite youths to understand what family sizes they intend to have and how they
plan to navigate the economic times, cultural processes, and career aspirations

3 The State Of Uganda Population Report 2022 | Author Abstract & Profile
to realize the intended family sizes. He has also co-investigated a study on the
motivations and barriers towards blood donation in Uganda, a study that was
triggered by the significant number of mothers dying as a result of lack of blood
for transfusion during child births.

CLARE KYOMUHENDO

Clare Kyomuhendo is a PhD candidate at the Regional Institute for Population

Studies (RIPS), University of Ghana, Legon. She holds a Masters of Philosophy
(MPHIL) in social work from University of Ghana, Legon, and a Bachelor’s degree in
Social Work and Social Administration from Bugema University, Kampala- Uganda.
Ms. Kyomuhendo has previously worked in the registrar’s office, Bugema University,
and is a scholar with The Andrew W. Mellon Foundation. Her research interest
focuses on the aged; gender; intersectionality of vulnerabilities; mental health;
adolescent sexual and reproductive health; and HIV/AIDS and how its effects more
especially the vulnerable people. She also has interest in disease distribution and
the health needs of the human population.

Kyomuhendo has had the privilege of presenting in local and international

conferences on mental health, HIV and AIDS and Ageing issues; and published
in peer-reviewed journals including journal of AIDS care, journal of Business
Strategy and Development, journal of Heliyon, and African Journal of Sustainable
Development. She also has passion in helping others, thus involving in a variety of
community and voluntary services.

The State Of Uganda Population Report 2022 | Author Abstract & Profile 4
 CORTI PAUL LAKUMA

Corti Paul Lakuma is Research Fellow at the Economic Policy Research Centre (EPRC).
At EPRC Mr. Lakuma is also the Head of the Department of the Macroeconomics
Department. Mr. Lakuma has vast experience in advising governments and
international organizations on demographic change and migration. Most recently
he was a lead consultant for a World Bank Group study on demographic change and
transition in the newly created secondary cities in Uganda. Mr. Lakuma holds an
MSc. Economic degree from the University of Essex, United Kingdom.

DAVID ATOMBIRE ADUMBIRE

David Atombire Adumbire is a BANGA-Africa project scholar and a Ghanaian by

nationality. He holds a Master of Art in Population Studies from the University of
Ghana, Legon and a BA (Hons) IDS (Economics and Entrepreneurship Development),
from University for Development Studies, Tamale. He is currently a PhD candidate in
Population Studies at the Regional Institute for Population Studies at the University
of Ghana, Legon. He has over 10 years of work experience in both the public
and private sectors. His research interests are in population health, gender and
adolescent reproductive health, climate change and renewable energy resource
development. He is a columnist for online media houses like modern Ghana and
Ghanaweb. Adumbire has worked with several NGOs and government agencies and
has been involved in several research projects in the area of health, education,
environment, mining and agriculture.

5 The State Of Uganda Population Report 2022 | Author Abstract & Profile
He was a consultant for Farmerline Ghana Ltd in their study of Youth Aspiration
in Ghana. He served as a technical advisor for the National Commission for Civic
Education’s studies on Election 2020: Matters of Concern to the Ghanaian Voter,
the Accountability, Rule of Law and Anti-corruption Programme (ARAP) and Risk/
Threat Analysis of Violent Extremism and Other Forms of Violence in Ten Border
Regions of Ghana. Adumbire is currently involved in a project that explores the
use of traditional methods of contraception in four sub-Saharan African countries-
Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC), Ghana, Kenya and Nigeria.

INNOCENT OWOMUGISHA

Innocent Owomugisha is a Population Scientist and an Advocacy /Communications

Expert who has been doing advocacy work in the areas of family planning,
Adolescent Sexual and Reproductive Health to advance issues of women and girls.
Ms. Innocent Owomugisha has a Master’s Degree in Population and Reproductive
Health and Post Graduate Diplomas in Computer Science, Business Communication,
and Social Media Marketing. Ms. Owomugisha is currently working with the National
Population Council as a Senior National Program Officer in Information and
Communications Department.

The State Of Uganda Population Report 2022 | Author Abstract & Profile 6
 LYDIA NABIRYO

Lydia Nabiryo is a self-motivated Advocate of the High Court of Uganda and all other
Courts’ subordinates. She has expertise in working with poor and marginalized
sections of the community and is a trainer of trainers. She holds of a Master of
Laws Degree in Law and Economics from Utrecht University Netherlands, a Post
Graduate Diploma in Legal Practice from the Law Development Centre, and a
Bachelor of Laws Degree from Makerere University Kampala.

Ms. Lydia Nabiryo is a senior member of the Uganda Association of Women Lawyers
(FIDA Uganda) and also a member of the National Advisory Council of the Hunger
Project. Lydia is a part-time lecturer at the Law Development Centre where she
trains young lawyers to obtain a postgraduate diploma in legal practice.

She is a Principal Social Development Officer (Rights) in the Ministry of Gender,

Labour and Social Development where she has been able to prepare and submit
State Party reports as a member of the Inter-Ministerial Committee for Human
Rights in the country. She has been an author of articles in the State of Uganda
Population Reports on different themes. She has experience in policy development,
policy advice and legal and technical advice, all of which she has rendered in her
capacity as an officer of Government.

7 The State Of Uganda Population Report 2022 | Author Abstract & Profile
 ROSEMARY NAKIJOBA

Rosemary Nakijoba (PhD-UWC, MADS-UMU, BDS-NDU) is a Senior Lecturer and

doubles as Dean of the Faculty of Social Sciences, Arts and Humanities (FSSAH) at
Muteesa I Royal University in Uganda. She initially served as the Dean of the Faculty
of Humanities and Social Sciences (FHSS) at Victoria University and as Head of
Department in the same Faculty.

Dr. Rosemary holds a PhD in Development studies from the University of the Western
Cape (UWC), in South Africa a Master’s Degree in Development Studies from Uganda
Martyr’s University (UMU), a Bachelor’s Degree in Development Studies from Ndejje
University (NDU) in Uganda and a Diploma in Education of Kyambogo University
(KYU). She also holds another Diploma in Community Development Education of the
Institute for Social Transformation, South Africa. She is a graduate of the Global
Women’s Leadership Program/How Women Lead located in California, US.A and
currently an Alumni Council Member.

She has over 8 years of experience in the academic field and has supervised
graduate and undergraduate research work for students to completion. Dr.
Rosemary is a researcher and has published in peer reviewed journals. She is an
Alumni of the National Institute for Humanities and Social Sciences (NIHSS) in South
Africa; a fellow for the Social Sciences Research Council (SSRC) for PhD proposal
development level, New York and of the Irish Council for International Students
(ICOS) at Master’s degree level. She is a Council member of the Uganda Irish Alumni
Association.

The State Of Uganda Population Report 2022 | Author Abstract & Profile 8
 LEVELS, TRENDS AND DETERMINANTS OF FERTILITY IN UGANDA: FURTHER
ANALYSIS OF THE UGANDA DEMOGRAPHIC AND HEALTH SURVEY

Danstan Aguta, Department of Methodology and Statistical Coordination Services,

Uganda Bureau of Statistics; Email: adanstan4@gmail.com; Tel: +256752735735

A high fertility rate is a global challenge that countries have to address so as to

achieve development. This is mainly due to the fact that it gives rise to issues
such as a high dependency burden that arises from high numbers of young people
compared to those of working age. Also, countries have to plan for necessities such
as good education, healthcare, and decent jobs among others that are demanded
by the population. The study analyzed data from the Uganda Demographic and
Health Survey that was conducted in 2016 to understand the levels, trends, and
determinants of fertility in Uganda. Both bivariate and multiple logistic regression
analyses were used to examine the association between the outcome variable and
the determinants.

The results of the analysis show that fertility levels decrease with an increase in
the education level of women. Also, women from wealthier households had lower
fertility levels compared with those from poorer households. Fertility levels were
lower for urban women compared to their rural counterparts. Women who had easy
access to health facilities had a reduced number of births compared to those who
had limited access to health facilities

9 The State Of Uganda Population Report 2022 | Author Abstract & Profile
 DETERMINANTS OF MODERN CONTRACEPTIVE USE: A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS
OF THE HARD-TO-REACH REGIONS OF KARAMOJA AND KIGEZI OF UGANDA.

Innocent Owomugisha, Senior National Programme Officer, National Population

Council, Email: innoruu@gmail.com; Tel: +256752290909

The main objective of this study was to establish differences in the determinants
of Modern Contraceptive Use among women aged 15-49 in the regions of Karamoja
and Kigezi. Data were extracted from the 2016 Uganda Demographic and Health
Surve; a weighted sample of 1087 women aged 15-49 were considered in this
study. A logistic regression model was used to determine the association between
selected independent variables and the outcome variable (Modern Contraceptive
Use) in the two study regions.

Results of logistic regressions showed differences in the determinants of Modern

Contraceptive Use in the Karamoja and Kigezi regions. The study revealed that
while age at first cohabitation was the only demographic determinant of modern
contraceptive use in the Karamoja region, in Kigezi, the age of the woman, as well
as the age at first cohabitation, were statistically significant. The socioeconomic
determinant of modern contraceptive use in the Karamoja region was wealth
status, while in the Kigezi region they were the education level attained by the
woman and the husband/partner. The study established that visiting a health
facility for any reason by the woman in Karamoja was associated with a reduced
likelihood of using modern contraceptive use, but this was not the case for the
Kigezi region. The ideal number of children was another behavioural determinant
of modern contraceptive use in the Karamoja region.

To increase the uptake of family planning in Uganda, there is a need to address

regional inequalities in access and uptake of modern contraceptives by redesigning
regional-specific family planning interventions to address salient issues in the
regions. Scale up wealth creation programs in Karamoja to improve households’
incomes, and increase access to education to empower women and girls to make
the right family planning choices. Intensify targeted family planning messages
to different categories of women across the regions to improve acceptance and
address health facility challenges to improve client satisfaction.

The State Of Uganda Population Report 2022 | Author Abstract & Profile 10
 REFOCUSING FAMILY PLANNING INVESTMENTS TO ACHIEVE
UGANDA’S FP2030 GOALS

Dr Betty Kyaddondo (NPC) and Mr John A. Kaijuko (NPC); National Population

Council; Email: bettykyad@gmail.com, ampeirek@gmail.com,
Tel: +256701507533 / +256782399369

Since 2012, Uganda has been making commitments to improve the family planning
financing landscape with a focus on both government and partner resources. While
these have led to a modest improvement in the modern contraceptive rate (mCPR)
for married women, increasing from 31.4% in 2015 to 38.7% in 2020, and for all
women from 23.5% in 2015 to 30.4% in 2020, the commitments have not yielded
the intended purpose of reducing the unmet need to 10% and increasing modern
contraceptive prevalence (mCPR) to 50% by 2020.

The government of Uganda first made the commitments in 2012 at the London
Summit on Family Planning (FP2020). These commitments culminated in the first
National Family Planning Costed Implementation Plan (FP CIP) 2015 - 2020. The
government renewed the FP2020 Commitments in 2017 in London. His Excellency,
Yoweri Kaguta Museveni made more commitments at the ICPD@25 Summit in
Nairobi in 2019, but none of the FP Commitments has been realised to date.

In 2021, the Government again developed the FP2030 commitments with a vision
of “A population empowered to enjoy their SRH rights for improved quality of life
and enhanced productivity.” The FP2030 has been domesticated into the Second
National Family Planning Costed Implementation Plan 2021 – 2025 with lower
targets compared to those that had been set for 2020. Uganda’s FP programme is
still challenged by inadequate funding, which is mainly dominated by the donors;
an unfavourable policy environment; regional disparities and variations in the
use of family planning; inequalities in access to FP services; and implementation
challenges among which are human resource capacity issues.

In order to achieve the FP2030 commitments, there is a need to refocus the FP

investments, both financially and programmatically, taking into account the high-
impact practices in family planning, as outlined in the second National FP CIP.

11 The State Of Uganda Population Report 2022 | Author Abstract & Profile
EFFECTS OF MIGRATION AND DEMOGRAPHIC CHANGE ON UGANDA’S URBAN AREA

Corti Paul Lakuma, Tiffany Akurut, Sheila Nakkazi and Hildah Namuleme;
Macroeconomics Department, Economic Policy Research Centre;
Email: cortip2003@yahoo.com; Tel: +256784787347

While agriculture sector growth has reduced poverty, the gains are fragile. As a
result, households are increasingly migrating to urban areas. The major driver of
migration is to tap into the employment, infrastructure and integration opportunities
that exist in urban areas. However, Ugandan urban areas are progressively facing
pressure from increased migration and the attendant demand for public services,
infrastructure and employment. Using UNHS 2019 and WDI data the study compares
differentiated internal migration groups (rural-urban and Urban-urban) concerning
finding employment, accessing infrastructure and integration by host communities
in urban areas.

The study found that most migrants are from northern and eastern areas. This
call for the intensification of poverty reduction interventions in those areas. In
addition, the study found that rural-urban migrants are disadvantaged in obtaining
employment in urban areas. The reasons for unemployment tend to be low skills
and low education status; which calls for skilling (Technical and Vocational
Educational Training (TVET)), business development (financial inclusion, record
keeping etc.) and registration of those in the informal sector. Concerning access to
infrastructure, urban-urban migrants have more access to improved infrastructure
in terms of public housing, piped water, finished walls, finished floors, electricity
and grid electricity; which calls for a public-private mechanism for the provision
of low-cost housing and public toilet systems to support rapid urbanization. There
is also a need to increase the distribution of electricity beyond the 40% currently
provided.

The State Of Uganda Population Report 2022 | Author Abstract & Profile 12
INFLUENCE OF URBANIZATION ON SOCIOECONOMIC FACTORS FOR HARNESSING
THE DEMOGRAPHIC DIVIDEND IN UGANDA: AN EXPLORATORY ANALYSIS OF THE
2016 UDHS.

Adrian Ssessanga, Johnstone Galande, Catherine Mbabazi; Centre for Population

and Applied Statistics (CPAS), Makerere University, Uganda Bureau of Statistics
(UBOS), National Population Council (NPC), Kampala, Uganda,
Emails: ssessanga@gmail.com, galandej1@gmail.com, cngorok@yahoo.co.uk
Tel: +256772369812, +256782 789787, +256775199049

The Uganda Vision 2040 underpins socioeconomic factors such as the country’s
rapid population growth, a young population structure and a small proportion
of the working population as major threats to Uganda’s aspiration of achieving
socio-economic development. In order to position the country on a path for
socioeconomic development, the National Population Policy emphasises the need
for the population to adopt an urban character. This paper seeks to establish
the influence of urbanisation on the socioeconomic factors for harnessing the
Demographic Dividend in Uganda exploring the urban/rural differentials, through
an exploratory analysis of data from the 2016 Uganda Demographic and Health
Survey.

Bivariate analysis and multivariate logistic regressions were used to determine the
influence of urbanization on the explanatory variables which contribute to change
in fertility. The significant variables (p<0.05) at the bivariate level were included
in the two-fit logistic regression models. The first model shows the association
between the total number of children ever born and the explanatory factors in rural
areas. The second model adjusts for the enabling factors to the first model for
women in urban areas.

Women living in urban areas, with above secondary level education (OR 3.1: CI 2.5-
3.8), whose age at first sex was within the legally accepted age range of 18-49 (OR
3.0: CI 2.4-3.5), and coming from wealthier households (OR 1.63: CI 1.2-2.2) have
increased odds of producing less than 3 children modelled as the most ideal for
the attainment of the DD.
The influence of urbanisation towards harnessing the DD is especially through
women’s education levels, increased household welfare and age at first sex.

13 The State Of Uganda Population Report 2022 | Author Abstract & Profile
ACCESS TO SEXUAL AND REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH SERVICES: EXPERIENCES AND
PERSPECTIVES OF YOUNG WOMEN WITH DISABILITIES IN MAYUGE AND BUGIRI
DISTRICTS, UGANDA

Nakijoba Rosemary (PhD), Muteesa 1 Royal University, Faculty of Social Sciences,

Arts and Humanities; Email: rnakijoba@ndejjeuniversity.ac.ug Tel: +256772698138

This article argues that Sexual and Reproductive Health is renowned as an

indispensable element of good health and personal development. However,
a number of studies contend that People with Disabilities (PWD) are often
marginalized by sexual and reproductive health programmes. In this study, in-
depth interviews were conducted with sexually active young women with different
forms of disabilities in order to examine access, challenges and gaps in sexual and
reproductive health services in four selected sub-counties of Mayuge and Bugiri
districts, Uganda.

The majority of respondents revealed that Sexual and Reproductive Health services
are a big part of their lives. However, there appeared to be a huge gap concerning
their need for services and their rights to access these services. Gender
compounded the undesirable experiences for young women with disability exist as
they reveal that health providers have negative social attitudes and seem surprised
that they need family planning services. There is scanty information on choices for
suitable birth control methods. Unwanted pregnancies are common having been
accelerated by the COVID-19 lockdown. Young women with disabilities acquire new
infections such as HIV, Sexually Transmitted Diseases (STIs) because of lack of
prevention measures. Some try to abort and are faced with related consequences.
Lack of sign language interpreters, and absence of specialized beds for those with
short stature. On a whole, the nonexistence of a standardized package to enable
the implementation of disability-friendly SRH services was frequently cited.

The State Of Uganda Population Report 2022 | Author Abstract & Profile 14
The study recommends affirmative action in addressing issues of accessibility to
disability-friendly Sexual and Reproductive Health services with priority being given
to budgeting for the required SRH materials to boost implementation. A specific
curriculum is required to have students in health training institutions trained on
disability to foster a positive attitude towards clients with disabilities as they get to
the world of work and to design a tailor-made Disability Equality Training for health
workers that are already employed at the health facilities in both government and
private institutions.

The involvement of caretakers, community volunteers, village health committees

and local leaders is recommended for sustainability purposes.

15 The State Of Uganda Population Report 2022 | Author Abstract & Profile
A LIFE OF MULTIPLE VULNERABILITIES: THE DRIVERS OF TEENAGE PREGNANCY
IN UGANDA

Clare Kyomuhendo & David Atombire Adumbire, Regional Institute for Population
Studies (RIPS) University of Ghana, Legon, Email: clare.kyomuhendo@gmail.com,
Tel: +256784811056 / +233208202268

Teenage pregnancy in Uganda is a major concern due to its numerous effects on

the country’s development. Overall, the country aims at harnessing its Demographic
Dividend by 2040. However, this could be a mirage, unless the population particularly
young people are in good health, have access to education, and have the necessary
skills for economic and national development. In the era of global sustainable
development goals (SDGs), education especially sexual and reproductive health
education is key to reducing fertility. Education particularly among young females
may lead to postponing marriages and delays in childbirth, which together serve as
a road map for the attainment of a demographic dividend.

In Uganda, however, the current incidence of teenage pregnancy and its

consequences on social, economic, and health could pose a huge barrier to the
achievement of the country’s goal. The study used the 2016 Uganda Demographic
and Health Survey Data (UDHS) as the main data source to assess drivers of teenage
pregnancy in Uganda. Conversely, other data sources including the 2000- 2001,
2006, and 2011 UDHS; and the District Health Information System (DHIS) were used
to establish the trends and patterns of teenage pregnancy and fertility in Uganda
over the years. Descriptive, bivariate and multivariate analyses were carried out
using the SPSS statistics package version 23.0.

A host of factors explained the rates of teenage pregnancy which include lack of
access to programs designed specifically for young people, pressure from families,
communities, and society to get married, sexual abuse, and school dropout.
Additionally, there is a severe dearth of knowledge on sexual and reproductive
rights and health in Uganda, which leaves teenagers vulnerable to teen pregnancy.
The sociocultural context, including traditional norms, religious views, parents’
lack of understanding, and preconceptions that severely restrict discussion
about adolescent sexuality and reproductive health issues in household settings,
also contribute to this phenomenon. Teenage pregnancy is responsible for high

The State Of Uganda Population Report 2022 | Author Abstract & Profile 16
morbidity and mortality, particularly for child and maternal deaths in the country.
Other impacts include school dropout, unemployment or underemployment in
adulthood. This has implications for the country’s efforts to achieve goal three and
five of the SDGs. Additionally, it presents negative developmental outcomes for
individuals, households and the nation. Results from the study could guide teenage
pregnancy policies that are culturally relevant; as well as provide a comprehensive
sectorial approach that integrates reproductive health education in the school
curriculum and religious gatherings so as to increase knowledge about sexuality
and reproduction among adolescents.

17 The State Of Uganda Population Report 2022 | Author Abstract & Profile
 UNDERSTANDING THE DECLINE IN ADOLESCENT FERTILITY IN UGANDA,
1995-2016

Katulamu Charles, Population Studies Center Trainee Institute of Social Research

University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Email: charleskatulamu@gmail.com

There has been a recognizable decline in adolescent fertility in Uganda since 1995.
However, the proportion of teenage pregnancies has stalled since 2006 and the
decline in adolescent fertility almost stalled between 2011 and 2016. It is therefore
important for the country to understand how its adolescent fertility has been
declining since 1995, whether it will continue to decline and if teenage pregnancies
will eventually decline.

The article respectively draws on a systematic review and analysis of the Uganda
Demographic and Health Survey reports and women’s data of ages 15-19 from
1995 through 2016 to understand the decline in adolescent fertility in Uganda. It
is found that marital status and age were the most important predictors of having
started childbearing among adolescents. The systematic review revealed that the
education of girls has been paramount in prolonging when girls start childbearing,
however, it may not delay when they start having sex, which implies that the risk of
not getting pregnant is not guaranteed by being in school.

Why would adolescent fertility rates decline in presence of stalled teenage

pregnancies? The article concludes that since adolescent fertility rates are a
result of teenage pregnancies that are carried to term and delivered if adolescent
fertility rates are declining at constant teenage pregnancies, then there could be
a significant number of pregnancies among adolescents ending in abortions. For
a service (abortion care) that is restricted by law, the country should be worried
about the burden contributed to maternal mortality by unsafe abortions that may
not end well.

The State Of Uganda Population Report 2022 | Author Abstract & Profile 18
 MINDSET CHANGE FOR WEALTH CREATION: LEADERSHIP AND GOVERNANCE
ISSUES IN UGANDA.

Lydia Nabiryo, Ministry of Gender Labour and Social Development,

Emial: ljnabiryo@gmail.com, Tel: +256772518514

Uganda has, over the years, developed programmes aimed at eradicating poverty;
nevertheless, poverty remains a challenge, with poverty rates standing at 20.3%,
according to UNHS 2019/2020. This chapter examines mindset change for wealth
creation and highlights the leadership and governance issues therein. The objectives
of the article are; To examine various wealth creation programmes in Uganda; To
discuss the mindset issues affecting wealth creation programmes; To establish the
leadership and governance issues under the wealth creation programmes, and to
make recommendations on key policy issues affecting mindset change for wealth
creation.

To respond to the objectives there following findings of the desk review are
highlighted. Mindset issues affecting wealth creation, according to the National
Development Plan III, include; a “general lack of responsibility and ownership
of government programmes, which is a serious obstacle to development. A
dependency syndrome is widespread throughout the country and at all levels; a
high tendency among Ugandans to consider self-interest before anything. These
negative mindsets are juxtaposed, with weak leadership and poor governance of
the programmes with corruption cases reported, especially at local government
levels.

The Government has developed several programmes, especially those aimed

at alleviating poverty, starting with programmes such as the Entandikwa Credit
scheme, Youth Enterprise Scheme, Youth Capital Venture Fund and those targeting
particularly vulnerable groups; nevertheless, poverty levels remain high at 20.3%.

The PDM is used as a vehicle for the realisation of wealth creation. The PDM is
an NDP III implementation mechanism by both the State and Non-State Actors
to achieve inclusive Development in a coordinated and participatory manner.
According to the PDM Guidelines, the PDM has seven pillars; that is Production,
Storage, Processing and Marketing; Infrastructure and Economic Services;

19 The State Of Uganda Population Report 2022 | Author Abstract & Profile
Financial Inclusion; Social Services; Mindset change and cross-cutting issues
(Gender, environment, Disability); Parish Based Management Information System;
and Governance and administration.

Wealth creation programmes have the potential to transform communities if the

negative mindsets affecting their effective implementation are addressed as
well as if leadership capacity is strengthened. Leadership at all levels is a critical
component for building ownership of government programmes as well as in the
mobilization of the communities to participate in government programmes for
wealth creation. The recommendations are made; Government should strengthen
the implementation of the NDP III pillar on community mobilization and mindset
change and develop a mindset change communication and advocacy strategy
to comprehensively deal with mindset change for the service providers and well
as the beneficiaries of the government programmes and general public, to build
ownership and sustainability of interventions; Government should strengthen the
mobilisation of communities and sensitization for mindset change with emphasis
on involving communities in development programmes by ensuring that they are
able to create employment, earn income and build aggregate demand; Government
should strengthen the Community Based Services Department at local government
level and the Ministry in charge of the vulnerable and marginalized groups to ensure
they are able to provide interventions for meaningful engagement of communities
in wealth creation programmes; Investment in youth as the biggest population in
Uganda by building their skills and creating opportunities for economic activities
will harness their potential and solve the high insecurity rates that threaten
wealth creation and economic development. Ensuring the 30% youth in PDM
implementation will contribute to that realization; and Invest in leadership and
good governance, which is characterized by participation, rule of law, transparency,
responsiveness, consensus-oriented, equity and inclusiveness, effectiveness and
efficiency, and accountability.

The State Of Uganda Population Report 2022 | Author Abstract & Profile 20
 THE REPUBLIC OF UGANDA

National Population Council

Statistics House, Plot 9, Colville Street | P.O.Box 2666 Kampala, Uganda | Tel: 0414-705400
npcsec@npcsec.go.ug www.npcsec.go.ug @ NPC_Uganda NPC UGANDA
22 The State Of Uganda Population Report 2022 | Author Abstract & Profile