Structure of Matter

 Matter – it is anything that occupies space and has mass.

 Atom – it is the smallest particle of an element that is capable of independent existence.
 Molecule – it is the smallest particle of matter (an element or a compound) that is
capable of free existence.
 Element – it is a substance that cannot be decomposed any further by chemical action.
 Compound – it is a combination of two or more elements.
 Mixture – it is a material composed of two or more substances, each of which retains its
own characteristic properties
 Basic Data About the Atom

Particle Charge Mass

Proton 1.602 x 10^(-19) C, 1.672 x 10- 27 kg

positive

Electron 1.602 x 10^(-19) C, 9.107 x 10- 31 kg

negative

Neutron No charge, neutral 1.672 x 10- 27 kg

 Electrical Classification of Materials

 Electrical Conductors
 Electrical Insulators
 Electric Semiconductors
 Electrical Conductors

 A conductor carries electrical current without providing too

much resistance to current flow. Some materials convey
electricity better than others and are good conductors of
electricity. In classical theory, the electrons of metal atoms
migrate freely from atom to atom across the entire metal
body while in modern theory it is charged particles that move
freely through the conductor. Metallic elements are good
conductors of electricity. Silver is the best natural conductor
of electricity, followed by copper, gold, and aluminum.
 these are materials that allow the essentially free passage of
current when connected to a battery or other source of
electrical energy.
 Electrical Semiconductors

 these are materials that have conductivity about midway between

good conductors and good insulators.
 Semiconductors are materials that are neither good conductors
nor good insulators. They behave like good conductors at high
temperature and insulators at low temperature. (Heat has the
opposite effect on conductors.) At room temperature, the
conductivity of some semiconductors falls somewhere between
that of a good conductor and an insulator. Semiconductors are
solid-state devices such as diodes, transistors, and integrated
circuits, which are used in most electronic devices such as
computers and sound systems. The two most common materials
used in the production of electronic components are silicon and
germanium. Of the two, silicon is used more often because of its
ability to withstand heat.
 Electrical Insulators

 these are materials that posses low conductivity or offer a

relatively high resistance to the flow of electric current.
They are also called as dielectrics.
 Insulators are materials that resist the flow of electricity.
They have electrons that tend to retain electrons on their
original atoms, making it difficult for electrons to move and
conduct electricity. Insulators are nonmetallic elements and
compounds such as glass and other ceramic materials. Most
ceramics such as glass, rubber, and plastics are good
insulators. Even air is a good insulator at low to medium
voltages
 rubber. Plastics, drywood
 Electricity?

 Electric circuit theory and electromagnetic theory are the two fundamental theories
upon which all branches of electrical engineering are built. Many branches of
electrical engineering, such as power, electric machines, control, electronics,
communications, and instrumentation, are based on electric circuit theory. Therefore,
the basic electric circuit theory course is the most important course for an electrical
engineering student, and always an excellent starting point for a beginning student in
electrical engineering education. Circuit theory is also valuable to students
specializing in other branches of the physical sciences because circuits are a good
model for the study of energy systems in general, and because of the applied
mathematics, physics, and topology involved. In electrical engineering, we are often
interested in communicating or transferring energy from one point to another. To do
this requires an interconnection of electrical devices. Such interconnection is referred
to as an electric circuit, and each component of the circuit is known as an element
ELECTRIC CIRCUIT

• interconnection of electrical elements

BASIC QUANTITIES
 Fundamental Units of Electricity

 Electric Voltage (V or E) – it is the driving force behind current flow. The

unit of voltage is the Volt (V). Voltage level governs the amount of current
flow. An increase in voltage causes more current flow and vice versa.
 Electric Current (I) – it is the motion or transfer of charges from one
region of a conductor to another. Its unit is the Ampere (A).
 Electric Potential Difference – it is the difference in the electric potentials
of two charged bodies. Its unit is the volt.
 Electric Resistance (R) – it is the property of a material that limits the
amount of flow of current and converts electric energy to heat energy. Its
unit is the Ohm (Ω)
THE ELECTRIC CURRENT
 Basic Concepts
Charge
 electrical property of the atomic particles of
which matter consists, measured in coulombs (C)
charge of an electron= -(1.602 X 10 ^-19) Coulombs
charge of a proton = (1.602 X 10 ^-19) Coulombs
Notice that a proton has a positive charge and an electron has
negative charge. NOTE: the symbol for charge is Q if it is constant,
but if you dealing with time related problems such as an
alternating currents it is denoted as q(t), which means the charge
is dependent on time
 COULUMBS VS ELECTRON/PROTON

COULOMB
• is actually defined in terms of electric current (the flow of
electrons), which is measured in amperes2 ; when the current in
a wire is 1 ampere, the amount of charge that flows past a given
point in the wire in 1 second is 1 coulomb
ELECTRONS
• a negatively charged subatomic particle. It can be either
free (not attached to any atom), or bound to the nucleus of
an atom
PROTON
• s a subatomic particle, symbol p or p , with a positive
electric charge of +1e elementary charge and a mass
slightly less than that of a neutron.
NOTE: ELECTRON VS COULUMB
Electric current (COULUMB/s)
 the time rate of change of charge,
measured in amperes (A)
2 types of current:
1. Direct current – were the current remain constant with
time, this type of current can be expressed as
I or i

2. Alternating current- were the current varies

sinusoidally with time, this type of current is
dependent with time therefore it is denoted as
i(t)
MATHEMATICAL RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN
CURRENT I, CHARGE Q, AND TIME T
 Basic Electric Circuit Concepts
Basic Quantities: Current
In solving for current in a circuit, we must assume a direction, solve for the current, then reconcile our answer. This
is illustrated below.
I1 = 4 A I2 = - 3 A

Circuit 1 Circuit 2

(a) (b)

In the diagram above, current I1 is actually 4 A as assumed. The actual positive direction of current I2 (equal
to -3 A) in the opposite direction of the arrow for I2.
Current flow
 Electron Drift Velocity

Drift velocity is the average velocity with which electrons 'drift' in the presence of an electric field. It's the drift
velocity (or drift speed) that contributes to the electric current. In contrast, thermal velocity causes random motion
resulting in collisions with metal ions.
CONCEPTUAL PROBLEM
CHARGE AND CURRENT
PROBLEM 1
PROBLEM 2

A)

B)
PROBLEM 3
PROBLEM 4
Problem 5
 Problem 6

A lightning bolt with 8 kA strikes an

object for 15 s. How much charge is
deposited on the object
PROBLEM 7