This Module belongs to ____________________________________________ of Grade 9 - ___________

HANDOUT IN SCIENCE QUARTER 3

TOPIC NO. 2 – CHEMICAL BONDING
I. REVIEW
The sharing or the complete
transfer of electrons causes an
atom to have the same electronic
configuration as that of the nearest
noble or inert gas. The sharing or the
complete transfer indicates that the
atom has attained stability. Either
the sharing or the complete transfer
of electrons leads to the formation of
compounds.

Look at the periodic table. Did you

notice the vertical arrangement of
the elements? This is called family
or group.

Notice the number in each group?

Do you know what information it
gives you? It tells about the number
of valence electrons.

Valence electrons give you the number of electrons

at the outermost energy level of the atom. This is the
information you need to know in order for you to
determine whether atoms transfer, accept, or share
electrons to become stable.

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ACTIVITY NUMBER 1 – MAPPING THE PERIODIC TABLE
1. Locate the metals, non-metals, metalloids, and noble gases in the simplified periodic table below.
Color the area with metallic elements blue; the non-metallic elements yellow; metalloids green
and the noble gases red. (5 pts)
1A 8A
H He
E = 2.2 IE =
IE = 1312.0 2A 3A 4A 5A 6A 7A 2372.3
Li Be B C N O F Ne
E = 0.98 E = 1.57 E = 2.04 E = 2.55 E = 3.04 E = 3.44 E = 3.98 IE =
IE = IE = 899.5 IE = 800.6 IE = 1086.5 IE = 1402.3 IE = IE = 1681.0 2080.7
520____.2 1313.9
Na Mg Al Si P S Cl Ar
E = 0.93 E = 1.31 E = 1.61 E = 1.9 E = 2.19 E = 2.58 E = 3.16 IE =
IE = 495.8 IE = 737.7 IE = 577.5 IE = 786.5 IE = 1011.8 IE = 999.6 IE = 1251.2 1520.6

K Ca Ga Ge As Se Br Kr
TRANSITION METALS

E = 0.82 E = 1.00 E = 1.81 E = 2.01 E = 2.18 E = 2.55 E = 2.96 IE =

IE = 418.8 IE = 589.8 IE = 578.8 IE = 762.0 IE = 947.0 IE = 941.0 IE = 1139.9 1350.8

Rb Sr In Sn Sb Te I Xe
E = 0.82 E = 0.95 E = 1.78 E = 1.96 E = 2.05 E = 2.1 E = 2.66 IE =
IE = 403 IE = 549.5 IE = 558.3 IE = 708.6 IE = 834.0 IE = 869.3 IE = 1008.4 1170.4

Cs Ba Tl Pb Bi Po At Rn
E = 0.79 E = 0.89 E = 1.62 E = 2.33 E = 2.02 E = 2.00 E = 2.2 IE =
IE = 375.7 IE = 502.9 IE = 589.4 IE = 715.6 IE = 703.0 IE = 812.1 IE = 920 1037.0
Fr Ra Nh Fl Mc Lv Ts Og
E = 0.7 E = 0.9
IE = 380.0 IE = 509.3
Q1. Where can you find metals, non-metals, and noble gases in the periodic table of elements? (3pts)
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Q2. How much is the valence electron of the Noble Gases? (1pt) _________________________________

2. Observe the number that corresponds to the valence electrons, electronegativity (E) and
ionization energy (IE) of metals and non-metals using the periodic table.
Q4. What kind of element (Metals or Nonmetals) has:
a. less than 4 valence electrons? (1pt) _______________________________________________
b. more than 4 valence electrons? (1pt) ______________________________________________
c. low electronegativity? (1pt) ______________________________________________________
d. high electronegativity? (1pt) _____________________________________________________
e. low ionization energy? (1pt) _____________________________________________________
f. high ionization energy? (1pt) _____________________________________________________
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The valence electrons are the electrons directly involved in forming bonds to form compounds. It is
important that you know the number of valence electrons so that can illustrate how bonds are formed. It is
good that you have found out that metals have low electronegativity and non-metals have high
electronegativity because this property plays an important role in forming compounds.

Electronegativity - is a measure of the tendency of an atom to attract electrons, the higher its value,
the higher its tendency to attract electrons.

Ionization Energy - s the energy needed to pull or remove one or more electron/s from a neutral
atom. The lower the ionization energy the easier it is to remove its valence electrons.
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ACTIVITY NUMBER 2 – WRITING THE LEWIS DOT SYMBOL
You can also show the number of valence electrons through the Lewis Symbol. This symbol is
composed of the chemical symbol of the element and dots that represent the number of valence electrons.

Procedure:
Use the given periodic table of elements to determine the number of valence electrons.
You may refer to the group number where it belongs in filling up the table below.
 1. Complete the table below. (20 pts)

Q1. Arrange these elements (use symbols) in increasing:

a. valence electrons (2 pts) __________________________________________________
b. electronegativity values (2 pts) _____________________________________________
c. Ionization energy (2 pts) __________________________________________________
Q2. What kind of element has the greatest tendency to attract electrons? Why? (2 pts)
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Q3. What kind of element requires high energy to remove its valence electrons? Why? (2 pts)
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Do you know why atoms form compounds? Have you heard about the Octet Rule? Atoms always strive
to attain the most stable arrangement of electrons. Atoms are stable if their electrons have the same kind of
arrangement as that of noble gases, where the s and p orbitals are filled with electrons except for helium,
where only the s orbitals are filled up. All the noble gases except for helium have 8 valence electrons. Thus,
after chemical bonding, elements become isoelectronic with the nearest noble gas in the periodic table.

The Octet Rule tells you that elements gain or lose or share electrons to achieve the electronic
configuration of the nearest noble gas. Atoms tend to prefer to have eight (8) electrons in the valence
shell except for those in the first energy level.

A Lewis Structure is a very simplified representation of the valence shell electrons in a molecule. It is
used to show how the electrons are arranged around individual atoms in a molecule. Electrons are shown as
"dots" or for bonding electrons as a line between the two atoms.

Metals have low electronegativity and ionization energy; thus, they tend to transfer or loose electrons.
Non-metals have high electronegativity and ionization energy. They have a greater tendency to attract
electrons towards themselves. Thus, non-metals tend to gain electrons.

II. 2 TYPES OF CHEMICAL BONDS

1. Ionic Bond - Bonding by Transfer of Electrons, Metal + Nonmetal
2. Covalent Bonding - Bonding by Sharing of Electrons, Nonmetal + Nonmetal

How do you know what type of bond will be formed?

Process Example
1. Determine The type of elements involved: NaCl
2. Take note of the electronegativity value of both Electronegativity of Na = 0.93
elements. Electronegativity of Cl = 3.16
Electronegativity Difference
3. Subtract the electronegativity value of the metallic Na Cl
element from the non-metallic element. 3.16 – 0.93 = 2.23
The bond formed is IONIC BOND
*If the difference is greater than 1.9, complete transfer of electron/s is possible. This will form an Ionic
Compound.
* If the electronegativity difference is equal to 0.4 or less, sharing of electrons takes place. It results to a
nonpolar covalent bond.
* If the electronegativity difference is less than 1.9 and more than 0.4, sharing of electrons takes place.
Polar covalent bond is formed.
 III. IONIC BONDING – BONDING BY TRANSFER OF ELECTRONS
*How does Ionic Bond form?
YOUTUBE VIDEO LINK FOR FURTHER EXPLANATION: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xhItoqhHoEE
STEPS WRITING THE LEWIS DOT STRUCTURE

1. Write the Lewis Symbol of the selected

elements. Na is a metal with 1 valence electron.
Cl is a nonmetal with 7 valence electrons.
2. By the Octet Rule determine which atom
will lose electrons and which will gain
electrons.
3. Indicate the Cation (positively charged ion) [ Na ] + [ ]–
and the Anion (negatively charged ion)
After ionic bonding, sodium (Na) became isoelectronic with neon (Ne) while chlorine became
isoelectronic with argon (Ar), thus both sodium and chlorine attained stability. Isoelectronic means sodium
(Na) attains the same electronic configuration with neon (Ne) and in the case of chlorine it acquired the same
configuration with that of argon (Ar). Thus, both of them become stable.

Here are some examples:

Compound Showing the transfer Lewis Structure of Cation and Anion

MgF2 [ ]– [Mg]+ [ ]–

[K]+ [ ]2– [K]+

K2O

ACTIVITY NO. 3 – WRITING THE LEWIS DOT STRUCTURE OF IONIC COMPOUNDS

1. Based on the given steps on how to write the Lewis structure of an ionic compound, complete the
table below: (10 pts)
Ionic Compound Electronegativity Difference Lewis Structure of the Cation and Anion
CaCl2

BaO

K2S

FeBr3

NaF

IV. COVALENT BONDING – BONDING BY SHARING OF ELECTRONS

• In covalent bonding, elements share electrons in order to a full octet (or duet for H).
• Shared electrons are counted as owned by both atoms.
• One bond contains two shared electrons.

Types of bond formed:

Single bond ( ) = 2 electrons
Double bond ( ) = 4 electrons
Triple bond ( ) = 6 electrons
Steps in writing the Lewis Structure of a covalent compound.
STEPS EXAMPLES
1. Count the Total Available For CO2
Valence Electron in a Carbon has 4 valence electrons
compound. Oxygen has 6 valence electrons

TAVE = (1 C atom x 4) + (2 O atoms x 6)

= 4 + 12
= 18
2. Compute the Octet rule For CO2
requirement (Each atom should Octet rule no. of electrons = (1 C atom x 8) + (2 O atoms x 8)
have 8 atoms around it to = 8 + 16
become stable) = 24
3. To determine the number of bonds, subtract (24−16)
Number of bonds =
TAVE from Number of Electrons based on 2
the Octet Rule, then divide the difference by 2 =4
because a pair of shared electrons is equal to 1 Thus, there will be 4 bonds surrounding a
bond. The quotient will give you the number carbon atom as shown in the Lewis
of bonds around the central atom. structure:
4. Determine the Central Atom (usually the
element there is only one of) and draw the
bonds around the central atom The bond around the central atom contains 4
shared electrons from carbon and 2 shared
electrons from every Oxygen atom. A total of 8
electrons.
5. Put all remaining electrons as lone pairs. This is
the final Lewis Structure
6. Check if all atoms have eight electrons around
it. If you confirmed that all atoms follow the octet
rule, then your Lewis structure is correct.

Here is the Link for the Youtube Video to further help you:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cIuXl7o6mAw&t=263s

Here are some examples:

COCl2 N2
TAVE = ( 1 atom O x 6) TAVE = ( 2 atoms N x 5)
( 1 atom C x 4) = 10
( 2 atoms Cl x 7)
= 24
Total Electrons = 8 x 4 atoms Total Electrons = 8 x 2 atoms
= 32 = 16
32−24 16−10
No of bonds = No of bonds =
2 2
=4 =3
 ACTIVITY NO. 4 – WRITING THE LEWIS DOT STRUCTURE OF COVALENT COMPOUNDS
1. Based on the given steps on how to write the Lewis structure of COVALENT compound, complete
the table below: (10 pts)
Ionic Compound Electronegativity Difference Lewis Structure of the Cation and Anion
NH3

C2F4

O2

NCl3

HBr