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Syncronous Generator Online 1

1. The document describes tests done on a synchronous generator to determine its parameters: the relationship between flux and field current, synchronous reactance, and armature resistance. 2. Open circuit and short circuit tests are used. In open circuit tests, the voltage is measured as field current is varied. In short circuit tests, current is measured. 3. Synchronous reactance can be estimated from these tests using the generator's internal voltage and short circuit current. However, this method is only accurate for unsaturated cores.

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32 views11 pages

Syncronous Generator Online 1

1. The document describes tests done on a synchronous generator to determine its parameters: the relationship between flux and field current, synchronous reactance, and armature resistance. 2. Open circuit and short circuit tests are used. In open circuit tests, the voltage is measured as field current is varied. In short circuit tests, current is measured. 3. Synchronous reactance can be estimated from these tests using the generator's internal voltage and short circuit current. However, this method is only accurate for unsaturated cores.

Uploaded by

Awais
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Measuring parameters of synchronous

generator model
The three quantities must be determined in order to describe
the generator model:

1. The relationship between field current and flux (and


therefore between the field current IF and the internal
generated voltage EA);
2. The synchronous reactance;
3. The armature resistance.
Open circuit Test
The generator is rotated at the rated
speed,
• all the terminals are disconnected
from loads,
• the field current is set to zero first.
• Next, the field current is increased
in steps and the phase voltage
(whish is equal to the internal
generated voltage EA since the
armature current is zero) is
measured.
Since the unsaturated core of the machine has a reluctance
thousands times lower than the reluctance of the air-gap, the
resulting flux increases linearly first. When the saturation is
reached, the core reluctance greatly increases causing the flux
to increase much slower with the increase of the mmf.
Short Circuit Test

In here,
• the generator is rotated at the rated speed, with the field
current is set to zero first, and all the terminals are short-
circuited through ammeters.
• Next, the field current is increased in steps and the armature
current IA is measured as the field current is increased.

The plot of armature current (or line current) vs. the field current
is the short-circuit characteristic (SCC) of the generator.
Short Circuit Test
The SCC is a straight line since, for the
short-circuited terminals, the magnitude
of the armature current is

EA
IA 
RA2  X S2

The equivalent generator’s circuit


during SC

The resulting
phasor diagram
Short circuit test
An approximate method to determine the synchronous reactance XS at a
given field current:
1. Get the internal generated voltage EA from the OCC at that field
current.
2. Get the short-circuit current IA,SC at that field current from the SCC.
3. Find XS from

EA
XS 
I A, SC

Since the internal machine impedance is

EA
ZS  R  X 
2
A
2
S  X S since X S RA 
I A,SC
OCC and SCC
A drawback of this method is that the internal generated voltage EA is
measured during the OCC, where the machine can be saturated for large
field currents, while the armature current is measured in SCC, where the
core is unsaturated. Therefore, this approach is accurate for unsaturated
cores only.
The approximate value of
synchronous reactance varies with
the degree of saturation of the
OCC. Therefore, the value of the
synchronous reactance for a given
problem should be estimated at the
approximate load of the machine.
The winding’s resistance can be
approximated by applying a DC
voltage to a stationary machine’s
winding and measuring the current.
However, AC resistance is slightly
larger than DC resistance (skin effect).
The Synchronous generator operating alone

The behavior of a synchronous generator varies greatly under


load depending on the power factor of the load and on
whether the generator is working alone or in parallel with other
synchronous generators.

Although most of the synchronous generators in the world


operate as parts of large power systems, we start our
discussion assuming that the synchronous generator works
alone.

Unless otherwise stated, the speed of the generator is


assumed constant.
The Synchronous generator operating alone

Effects
A increaseof
in load changes
the load is an
increase in the real and/or
reactive power drawn from the
generator.

Since the field resistor is unaffected, the field current is constant and, therefore, the
flux  is constant too. Since the speed is assumed as constant, the magnitude of
the internal generated voltage is constant also.
Assuming the same power factor of the load, change in load will change the
magnitude of the armature current IA. However, the angle will be the same (for a
constant PF). Thus, the armature reaction voltage jXSIA will be larger for the
increased load. Since the magnitude of the internal generated voltage is constant

EA  V  jX S I A
Armature reaction voltage vector will “move parallel” to its initial position.
The Synchronous generator operating alone

Increase load effect on generators with

Leading PF

Lagging PF

Unity PF
The Synchronous generator operating alone

Generally, when a load on a synchronous generator is added, the following


changes can be observed:

1. For lagging (inductive) loads, the phase (and terminal) voltage


decreases significantly.
2. For unity power factor (purely resistive) loads, the phase (and
terminal) voltage decreases slightly.
3. For leading (capacitive) loads, the phase (and terminal) voltage rises.

Effects of adding loads can be described by the voltage regulation:

Vnl  V fl
VR  100%
V fl
Where Vnl is the no-load voltage of the generator and Vfl is its full-load voltage.
The Synchronous generator operating alone
• A synchronous generator operating at a lagging power factor has a fairly large
positive voltage regulation.
• A synchronous generator operating at a unity power factor has a small positive
voltage regulation.
• A synchronous generator operating at a leading power factor often has a
negative voltage regulation.
Normally, a constant terminal voltage supplied by a generator is desired. Since the
armature reactance cannot be controlled, an obvious approach to adjust the
terminal voltage is by controlling the internal generated voltage EA = K. This
may be done by changing flux in the machine while varying the value of the field
resistance RF, which is summarized:
1. Decreasing the field resistance increases the field current in the generator.
2. An increase in the field current increases the flux in the machine.
3. An increased flux leads to the increase in the internal generated voltage.
4. An increase in the internal generated voltage increases the terminal voltage of
the generator.

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