FUNDAMENTAL OF ACCOUNTANCY, collected.

It measures the efficiency of credit

BUSINESS AND MANAGEMENT 2 and collection procedures.
 Inventory Turnover number of times that
FINANCIAL ANALYSIS Makes the financial inventory is sold during the accounting period. It
statements useful, primarily to the management then to indicates whether the company holds excessive
other interested parties. stocks of inventory.
HORIZONTAL ANALYSIS Also called “trend  Operating Cycle number of days it takes to
analysis”, evaluates a sequence of information contained convert inventory into cash.
in the financial statements over several periods.
VERTICAL ANALYSIS Interprets financial statements SOLVENCY RATIOS
data that are presented in percentages of a base amount.  Time Interest Earned Ratio ability to source
COMPARATIVE STATEMENTS for the preceding interest payments from net profits in regular
and current periods make it possible for an evaluation of business operations.
the changes in line items.  Debt-Service Coverage Ratio measures
RATIO ANALYSIS Shows the correlation among whether earnings or net profit before interest
specific line items in financial statements. expense is sufficient to cover interest and
LIQUIDITY ability of a firm to efficiently manage principal payments on long-term debts.
working capital and to guarantee that there would be  Debt Ratio shows the percentage of assets
adequate assets to pay for its current obligations. provided by the creditors.
SOLVENCY ability of a firm to meet its long-term  Equity Ratio shows the percentage of assets
liabilities and financial indebtedness. from the owner.
PROFITABILITY RATIOS set of measurements used  Debt-To-Equity Ratio shows the proportion of
to determine the ability of a business to create earnings. liabilities to owner’s equity in financing
company resources.
HORIZONTAL ANALYSIS refers to getting the  Debt-To-Capitalization Ratio the ratio that
growth trend over several periods of certain items or gives the degree of significance of long-term
ratios in the financial statements. debt as part of the business capitalization.
VERTICAL ANALYSIS the ratio of each item in the
financial statement to a certain base item is obtained and PROFITABILITY RATIOS
expressed in percentage. In the SCI, the base item is the  Gross Profit Margin refers to the ratio of gross
net sales. In SFP, the base item is the total assets. profit to total revenues.
 Net Profit Margin/Return on Sales equal to
LIQUIDITY RATIOS the ration of net profit after taxes to total
 Working Capital difference of current assets revenues.
and current liabilities.  Return on Assets computed as the ratio of net
 Current Ratio capability of the entity to settle profit after taxes to average total assets.
its current liabilities by using its current assets.  Return on Equity equal to the ratio of net profit
 Acid-test/Quick Ratio ability to pay current after taxes to average owner’s equity.
liabilities with the assets that are most readily
convertible into cash. QUICK ASSETS includes cash and other items under
 Accounts Receivable Turnover number of the current assets that are easily converted to cash.
times that receivables on credit sales are AVERAGE ACCOUNTS RECEIVABLES average of
the begging and ending balances of accounts receivable.
FORMULAS:

A. Liquidity Ratios

1. Working Capital=Current Assets−Current Liabilities

Current Assets
2. Current Ratio=
Current Liabilities
 Quick Assets
3. Quick Ratio=
Current Liabilities

Net Credit Sales

4. Accounts Receivable Turnover=
Average Accounts Receivable

Cost of Sales
5. Inventory Turnover=
Average Inventory

6. Operating Cycle=Collection Period+ Average Age of Inventory

Number of days
7. Collection Period=
Accounts Receivable Turnover

Number of days
8. Average Age of Inventory=
Inventory Turnover

B. Solvency Ratios

Net Profit Before Interest ∧Income Taxes

1. ¿ Interest Earned Ratio=
Annual Interest Expense

Net Profit before Interest

2. Debt −Service Coverage Ratio=
Payments on Principal ∧Interest

Total Liabilities
3. Debt Ratio=
Total Assets
'
Owner s Equity
4. Equity Ratio=
Total Assets

Total Debt
5. Debt −¿−Equity Ratio= '
Owner s Equity

Total Debt
6. Debt −¿−Capitalization Ratio=
Total Debt + Equity

C. Profitability Ratios

Gross Profit
1. Gross Profit Margin Ratio=
Net Revenue/ Net Sales

Net Profit after Taxes

2. Returnon Sales=
Net Revenue/ Net Sales

Net Profit after Taxes

3. Returnon Assets=
Average Total Assets

Net Profit after Taxes

4. Returnon Equity= '
Average Owner s Equity
FORMULAS:

A. Liquidity Ratios

1. Net WorkingCapital=Current Assets−Current Liabilities

Current Assets
2. Current Ratio=
Current Liabilities

Current Assets−Inventory
3. Quick Ratio=
Current Liabilities

B. Activity or Asset Utilization Ratios

Net Credit Sales

1. Accounts Receivable Turnover=
Average Accounts Receivable

Cost of Sales
2. Inventory Turnover=
Average Inventory

3. Operating Cycle=Collection Period+ Average Age of Inventory

Number of days
4. Days of Sales Outstanding=
Accounts Receivable Turnover

Number of days
5. Average Age of Inventory=
Inventory Turnover

Net Sales
6. Total Asset Turnover=
Average Total Assets

C. Solvency Ratios

Net Profit Before Interest ∧Income Taxes

1. ¿ Interest Earned Ratio=
Annual Interest Expense

Total Liabilities
2. Debt −¿−Equity Ratio= '
Owner s Equity

Total Liabilities
3. Debt −¿− Assets Ratio=
Total Assets

D. Profitability Ratios

Gross Profit
1. Gross Profit Margin Ratio=
Net Revenue/ Net Sales

Net Income
2. Profit Margin=
Net Revenue/ Net Sales

Net Income
3. Returnon Total Assets=
Average Total Assets
 Net Income
4. Returnon Equity= '
Average Shareholder s Equity

BUSINESS FINANCE THREATS unfavorable situation in a firm’s external

environment which may adversely affect the way a firm
MODULE 4: Financial Projections and Budget does business.

STRATEGIC PLAN grand plan of any organization FINANCIAL PLANNING plays a vital role in the
wherein the overall objectives are set and specific success of any business organization. It sets out
programs are created in support of the objectives. It roadmaps intended to guide, coordinate, and control
outlines how a company will achieve its goals and actions undertaken by the firm in order to achieve its
business objectives. objectives. Provide quantitative measures that would aid
businesses towards assessing the viability of their goals
The following are the elements included in a strategic and objectives.
plan: LONG-TERM or STRATEGIC FINANCIAL PLAN
1. Vision Statement description of what the lay out the direction of the firm through intended actions
organization aspires to be in the long-term. whose anticipated results are expected to produce an
2. Mission Statement the statement of the impact within the firm for a period of 5-10 years.
organization’s core purpose. It provides  Considerations on Research and Development
direction to the whole organization. for existing and future products.
3. Corporate Objectives statements which outline  Expenditures for major capital assets.
the specific goals, in line with the mission, that  Possible long-term sources of financing.
an organization would like to achieve. SHORT-TERM or OPERATING FINANCIAL
4. Corporate Strategies concrete programs for PLAN specify financial actions whose results or impact
specific business units, departments, and/or are expected to occur for a shorter period of time,
cross-functional areas. Must be aligned with the typically one to two years.
mission-vision and must all be aimed at BUDGETS plan expressed in quantitative terms, which
achieving the corporate objectives but strategies emphasizes the resource use and resource allocation of
will differ for each business unit. an entity over specified period of time.
5. Departmental Plans and Programs *Advantages of Preparing a Budget
synonymous with operational plans. Specific in  Efficient and Effective Resource Utilization
terms of activities, the people responsible for  Frameworks for Performance Evaluation
carrying out those activities, the time lines, the  Facilitates Coordination, Communication, and
targets, and the budget per activity. Cooperation within the organization.
6. Financial Forecast and Budgets they tie BUDGET….
everything together. 1. Prepares the sales forecast.
2. Determine the production volume.
SWOT ANALYSIS one of the ways through which 3. Estimate the manufacturing costs and operating
managers can quickly assess the situation of the expenses.
company and make the necessary plan of action. It also 4. Estimate cash flow.
refers to the internal strengths and weaknesses of a firm 5. Prepare the Financial Statements.
and the environmental opportunities and threats it faces. OPERATING BUDGET detailed projection of all
income and expenses for a given period of time, which is
STRENGTH resource that is owned or controlled by or usually one year.
is available to a firm. It will give a firm an advantage 1.Sales Budget indicates the number of units a firm
over its competitors. expects to sell.
WEAKNESS limitation which affects a firm’s position 2.Production Budget contains the estimated
relative to its competitors. It may affect the way the firm number of units the firm needs to produce for a
delivers products and services to customers. specific time period.
OPPORTUNITY situation in the external environment
which the firm can take advantage of.
 3.Direct Materials Budget summary of the quantity 3. Investment climate investor in securities and
of direct materials required in order to meet other financial or investment products always try
production requirements. to see whether the economy is bullish or
4.Direct Labor Budget the estimate or projection bearish.
on how much to produce will be used in order to 4. Competitive position of the firm in the
come up with the estimate for the labor industry whether a company is a market leader,
requirements. a nicher, or a challenger is huge determinant of
5.Factory Overhead Budget manufacturing sales, investments to be made, and other
expenses other than direct materials and direct expenses to be incurred in support of operations.
labor. 5. SWOT analysis the analysis of the company’s
6.Ending Inventory Budget necessary for strength and weaknesses, matched with the
constructing the budgeted statement of opportunities and threats in its external
comprehensive income and the budgeted environment.
statement of financial position. BUDGETED STATEMENT OF
7.Selling and Administrative Expense operating COMPREHENSIVE INCOME it shows the entity’s
costs that are not associated with production. budgeted sales, budgeted cost of sales, along with
FINANCIAL BUDGET/CASH BUDGET shows the budgeted operating expenses in order to arrive at the
planned inflows and outflows of cash in the entity for a projected net profit for that given accounting period.
given period of time. This schedule will aid the firm BUDGETED STATEMENT OF FINANCIAL
towards estimating its short-term cash requirements. POSITION it shows the projection of the resources,
Cash is essential to sustain the operations of a business. claims, and residual interests in the firm for a specific
Need to be managed well. date. Preparation of a budgeted statement of financial
*Types of Cash Budget position requires the use of various assumptions.
1. Cash Receipts Budget focuses on all cash inflows
expected by the firm for a given time period. MODULE 5: Financial Statement Analysis
*Most common sources of cash
 Cash sale of goods and services FINANCIAL RATIO ANALYSIS the analysis where
 Accounts receivable collection the numbers included in the SCI and SFP will be broken
 Other cash receipts down. Can mark how a company is performing over
2. Cash Disbursement shows the possible outflow or time, while comparing a company to another within the
uses of cash for a given time period. same industry or sector.
*Typical disbursement of cash FINANCIAL ANALYSIS used it to understand the
 Cash purchases overall health of an organization. Process of analyzing a
 Payment of accounts payable company’s financial statements for decision-making
 Payment of expenses purposes. It is used by external and internal stakeholders
SALES FORECAST projection of sales of a product or to evaluate business performance.
service expressed either in units or absolute monetary
value. It is generally based on past sales performance. HORIZONTAL ANALYSIS also known as base-year
*Factors that may affect future sales performance: analysis used in financial statement analysis to compare
historical data. Can either use absolute comparisons or
 Inflation rate
percentage comparisons, where the numbers in each
 Trends in the market
succeeding period are expressed as a percentage of
 Investment climate amount in the baseline year, with the baseline amount
PROJECTED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS present a being listed as 100%.
firm’s expected financial position, future results of VERTICAL ANALYSIS method of financial statement
operations, and expected cash flows. It is prepared by analysis in which each line item is listed as a percentage
finance professionals to the best of their knowledge of of a base figure within the statement.
future performance and the study of past performance.
*Factors that are considered when preparing Limitations of Financial Ratios
projected financial statements.  Varying accounting practices of companies
1. Market conditions include inflation, which may affect the way the financial
competitiveness of specific industries, growth of information is presented.
the economy, global markets, consumer demand  Varying management practices of decision
and spending patterns of specific market makers in organizations.
segments.  Financial ratios focus on past financial
2. Economy taken into account if the economy is performance rather than the future.
thriving, plateauing, or slowing down.
  One may need to break down the components of 2. Fluctuating or Variable Working Capital portion
financial ratios to have better insight on the of the total capital that is required over and above
company’s performance. the fixed working capital. This working capital is
 Users of Financial Statements who rely on required to meet the seasonal needs and some
financial ratios for analysis may compare their contingencies.
firm’s ratios with industry averages. *Importance of Working Capital Management
1. The goal of working capital management is to
MODULE 6: Concept and tools in Working Capital maximize operational efficiency.
Management 2. Efficient working capital management helps
maintain smooth operations and can also help to
WORKING CAPITAL also known as net working improve the company’s earnings and
capital, is the difference between company’s current profitability.
assets and its current liabilities. 3. Management of working capital includes
*Components of Firm’s Working Capital inventory management and management of
 Current Assets accounts receivables and accounts payable.
o Cash *Insufficient amount of working capital may affect
o Accounts Receivable the profitability of the firm and may lead to the
o Inventories following scenarios:
 Current Liabilities  Implementation of operating plans may become
o Accounts payable difficult.
o Debts  If the firm is unable to maintain its operations, it
NET WORKING CAPITAL is a measure of a will obviously result in inefficiencies, thereby
company’s liquidity, operational efficiency and short- increasing the firm’s cost of doing business.
term financial health. It is used to fund its daily  Fixed assets may not be utilized due to lack of
operations, is equivalent to its short-term assets. Small working funds.
business owners often refer to working capital as  The firm will have to forgo opportunities to
“Paikot na Puhunan” purchase lower inputs, avail of attractive credit
*The Working Capital of a firm normally consists of opportunities, and get better terms with
the following: suppliers.
 Cash on hand and in the bank.  The firm will be deemed by creditors as high
 Cash equivalents risk due to its inability to meet obligations.
 Accounts receivable *Excessive working capital may also have the
 Inventories and supplies following effects on the firm:
 Prepaid expenses and deferred items  People working on the firm may purchase
*A firm uses working capital for the following supplies and inventories that are not really
purposes: needed.
 Replenishment of inventories  The firm may be enticed to loosen its credit
policies.
 Provision for operating expenses
 Decision makers in the firm may become too
 Support for credit sales
optimistic when making financial
 Provision for contingencies
projections.
Components of Working Capital
NET WORKING CAPITAL
1. CASH MANAGEMENT Cash is the best
Working Capital=Current Assets−¿) provider of liquidity for the firm. It is the
PAYABLES purchased supplies and inventory on credit lifeblood of operations.
 Accounts payable *Two goals:
 Other current liabilities a. To make sure that there is sufficient cash
ACCRUALS salaries owed to employees and taxes in order to support its operational needs.
owed to the government. b. To invest excess cash in order to
 Accrued salaries maximize the profit-earning potential of
 Accrued taxes the firm.
*Types of Working Capital *Factors to consider when managing cash:
1. Permanent or Fixed Working Capital portion of a. The amount of the firm’s liquid assets.
the total capital that is required to be maintained in b. Existing financial obligations
the business on the permanent basis or c. The firm’s reputation as a debtor in the
uninterrupted basis. industry.
 d. Rate of return on investments in case the b. Capacity ability of the applicant to
firm has excess cash that can be invested cooperate successfully.
in financial products. c. Character reputation for honesty and
e. Allowance for contingencies or integrity of the applicant.
unexpected events. d. Conditions required to extend the
*Ways on how firms can avoid/ minimize credit.
delays in the timing of collections and cash 3. INVENTORY MANAGEMENT refers to the
inflows: process of ordering, storing, using, and selling a
1) Postdated Checks a check on which the company’s inventory. It tries to efficiently
issuer has stated a date later than the streamline inventories to avoid both gluts and
current date. shortages.
2) Check Warehousing service wherein *Determining inventory levels, consider the
the bank safe keeps the postdated checks following:
of the client using a standalone system a. Lead times must be continuously
and credits these checks to the client’s monitored.
account when the value date fails due. b. When making forecasts, always consider
3) Preauthorized Debits allows the biller shelf life and obsolescence.
to withdraw money from your bank c. Storage costs must be monitored.
account when a payment is due. d. When borrowing money, the cost of
4) Wire Transfers electronic way to money and interest rates is to be
transfer money. Also known as “bank considered as well.
transfer”. *Signs of inefficient inventory management:
5) Electronic Money Transfers via a. Significant write-offs of inventory
computer-based systems, without the b. Downtime of manufacturing facilities
direct intervention of bank staff. c. Lack of storage space
2. RECEIVABLES MANAGEMENT process of d. Uneven production
managing the accounts receivables within a e. Extension of time for back orders
business organization. It involves taking f. Shortage in raw materials
decisions regarding the investment to be made in g. Cancellation of orders
trade debtors by organization. h. Frequent lay-offs and rehiring
CREDIT DEPARTMENT is tasked to ensure i. Significant variance between inventory
that guidelines for extending credit are in place. recorded and physical inventory.
Their functions are: j. Varying turnover rates among inventory
a. Compile information about the credit items in the same inventory categories.
scores of the customers before they are *Tools for Efficient Inventory Management
granted credit lines. a. Quantity Discount reduces the cost of
b. Monitor receivables and make sure that raw materials, supplies, and other types
they are collected on time. of inventories purchased by the firm.
c. Determine ways by which aging b. Average Cost of Inventory average
receivables are collected such that they quantity of inventory multiplied by per
do not become bad debts. unit cost of inventory.
*Source of credit information about c. Carrying Costs also known as “holding
customers: costs” refer to the costs associated with
a. Information provided by the customers the holding of inventory.
in the customer information sheets. d. Ordering Costs are the costs associated
b. References provided by the customers. with the placement and receipt of orders.
c. Reports published by the credit bureau e. Economic Order Quantity helps the
and/or by the credit scoring or credit finance manager in determining the
reporting companies. optimal level of inventory to be ordered
d. Banking institutions or other financial to satisfy a given level of inventory to be
institutions the customers cited in the reordered to satisfy a given level of
information sheet. demand.
*Every credit risk is evaluated based on the f. Reorder Point tells the one in charge of
following: managing the firm’s inventories when to
a. Capital financial resources of the place an order.
applicant
 g. ABC Warehousing and Inventory
Control all items in the warehouse are
classified into 3 categories: A, B and C.
h. First in, First Out Inventory Control
is a system wherein the oldest stock is
used first.
i. Just-in-time Inventory Management
System (JIT) system is used by
companies to help them ensure
efficiency and reduce waste that results
from spoilage and obsolescence.
*Benefits of using JIT
a. It reduces the inventory levels, thus
reducing investment in inventory.
b. Less space is needed for storage.
c. There is reduced risk of obsolescence.
d. There is significant reduction in wastage
and rejects.
e. Cost of direct materials is reduced.
CONTEMPORARY PHILIPPINE ARTS FROM by the highest officers of the land, such as the
THE REGION following:
a. Minimun cash award of 200,000 pesos,
DR. NICANOR TIONGSON “Creating art that will net of taxes for living awardees, and a
contribute to social change by enlightening viewers and minimum cash award of 150,000 pesos,
audiences about the nature and causes of the problems net of taxes for posthumous awardees,
they face as Filipinos today.” payable to legal heir(s).
1972 year when the Philippines named its first national b. Minimum lifetime personal monthly
artists – world-class painter. stipend of 30,000 pesos.
NATIONAL ARTIST AWARD great honor given to c. Life insurance coverage for awardees
the Filipino whose life and works have contributed to the who are still insurable.
advancement of the country’s arts and letters. Country’s d. A state funeral benefit not exceeding
highest honor given to an artist who, according to 500,000 pesos.
NCCA, “embodies the nation’s highest ideals in the 4. A place of honor, in line with protocolar
humanities and aesthetic expression through the distinct precedence, in state functions, national
achievements of individual citizens.” commemoration ceremonies, and all other
PRESIDENTIAL PROCLAMATION No. 1001, S. cultural presentations.
1972 created and established “the Award and Decoration INSIGNIA
of National Artist.” This law enabled the government “to  Grand Collar adorned by circular links
give appropriate recognition and prestige to Filipinos representing the arts.
who have distinguished themselves and made  Main Medallion commemorates the sun and the
outstanding contributions to Philippine arts and letters.” colors of the Philippine Flag.
*Qualifications of National Artist  Stylized Letter K’s stands for katotohanan,
1. Living artists who are natural-born Filipino kabutihan, at kagandahan.
citizens at the time of nomination, as well as
those who died after the establishment of the National Artists for of the Philippines for Literature
award in 1972 but were Filipino citizens at the
time of their death. FRANCISCO ARCELLANA one of the greatest
2. Artists who through the content and form of Filipino poets of is generation. Wrote his first story,
their works have contributed in building a “The Man Who Would Be Poe”.
Filipino sense of nationhood.
3. Artists who have pioneered in a mode of creative N.V.M Gonzalez he received a Rockefeller Foundation
expression or style, thus earning distinction and Fellowship, which allowed him to study in Stanford
making an impact on succeeding generation of University and Columbia University.
artists.
4. Artists who have created a substantial and NICK JOAQUIN known for the works that is prolific
significant body of works and/or consistently and unparallel. Used the pen name “Quijano de
displayed excellence in the practice of their art Manila”.
form thus enriching artistic expression or style.
5. Artists who enjoy broad acceptance through the F. SIONIL JOSE was the founder of the Philippine
following: Chapter of the International Oganization PEN. In 1999,
a. Prestigious national and/or international he was awarded the CCP Centennial Honors for the
recognition, such as the Gawad CCP Arts.
para sa Sining, CCP Thirteen Artists
Award, and NCCA Alab ng Haraya. JOSE GARCIA VILLA considered as a powerful
b. Critical acclaim and/or reviews of their literary influence in the country. He commonly used
works. comma in his works.
c. Respect and esteem from peers.
*The National Artists will be given the following: VILGILIO S. ALMARIO Filipino poet and Historian.
1. The rank and title of National Artist, as He is known for the translation of “Noli Me Tangere and
proclaimed by the President of the Philippines. El Filibusterismo”
2. The National Artist gold-plated medallion
minted by the Bangko Sentral ng Pilipinas and AMADO V. HERNANDEZ well-known for his
citation. disapproval of social injustices in the country. Later
3. Lifetime emolument and material and physical imprisoned for his participation in the communist
benefits comparable in value to those received movement.
 commentaries and bold reflections on the existing
National Artists for Architecture realities of the struggle of the Filipino”.

PHILIPPINE ARCHITECTURE reflects its cultural GERARDO “Gerry” DE LEON holds the sole
heritage and the demand to adapt to it environment. distinction as the most awarded film director in the
BAHAY KUBO small one-room hut built using light country for the prestigious Filipino Academy of Movie
woven materials. Arts and Sciences (FAMAS) awards, the country’s
SARIAYA, QUEZON a town in Quezon known for its equivalent to the Oscars. He directed the film adaptation
old houses and heritages. of Noli Me Tangere.

ILDEFONSO P. SANTOS, JR. one of the most FERNANDO POE, JR. also known as “Da King” or
recognized landscape architects in the country. FPJ. Has been given the title as the “King of Philippine
Movies”. One of the most admired Filipino film actors
LEANDRO V. LOCSIN his works include the “Istana of all time.
Nurul Iman”, the palace of the Sultan of Brunei and PRESIDENT GLORIA MACAPAGAL ARROYO
“CCP”. 2004 political rival of FPJ. She is the one who declared
FPJ as national artist in 2006.
JUAN F. NAKPIL an engineer that has a strong faith in
the Filipino Architect, with the “belief that there is such EDDIE S. ROMERO works are cited as “delivered in
a thing as Philippine Architecture”. He reconstructed an utterly simple style – minimalist but never empty,
the Quaipo Church in 1930. always calculated, precise and functional, but never
predictable.” His presence in Philippine cinema is one
PABLO S. ANTONIO one of the leaders in modern that is “devoted to the art and commerce of cinema”.
Philippine Architecture. His works are simple and
functional. National Artists for Visual Arts

JOSE MARIA ZARAGOSA country’s 82nd licensed NAPOLEON ABUEVA considered as the Father of
architect. An architecture graduate from UST. Modern Philippine Sculpture. Youngest awardee to
receive the National Artist Award.
National Artists for Film
ANG KIUKOK his works which are, as cited by the
JANUARY 1, 1897 Philippines experienced its first NCCA, “imbued with nationalist fervor and sociological
movies. agenda.”
 Man with a hat
 Scene from Japanese Dance VICTORIO C. EDADES the subjects found in his
 The Boxers works are Filipino Laborers in their everyday
 The Place of L’Opera situations. His paintings, according to NCCA, depict the
SALON DE PERTIERRA on ESCOLTA STREET working class in ‘rough, bold impasto strokes, standing
place where the films are shown. tall and singular in his advocacy and practice.”
60MM GAUMONT CHRONO-PHOTOGRAPH
PROJECTOR using this the four films were shown. CESAR LEGASPI recognized as the “pioneer of the
ANTONIO RAMOS Spanish soldier who shot the first Neorealist movement in the country”. He is known for
movie in the country in 1898. “use of the geometric fragmentation technique, weaving
 Panorama de Manila social comment and juxtaposing the mythical and
 Fiesta de Quiapo modern into his overlapping, interacting forms with
disturbing power and intensity”.
 Puente de Espana
 Escenas Callejaras
VICENTE S. MANANSALA extraordinary illustrator
and cubist painter. His works are often characterized as
LINO BROCKA his contributions are unparalleled,
“as visions of reality teetering on the edge of
“breath life and hope for the marginalized sectors of the
abstraction.”
society”.
FERNANDO C. AMORSOLO heralded as the
ISHMAEL BERNAL considered to be one of the
“’Grand Old Man of Philippine Art.” Most of his works
pillars of Philippine Cinema. He directed “Himala”
depicted the rich rural landscape of the Philippines.
starring Nora Aunor, the country’s most popular
celebrity at that time. This film served “as social
CARLOS “Botong” V. FRANCISCO most commonly
known as “Botong”, a muralist from Angono Rizal.
Botong’s artistic genius is in his ability to turn
“fragments of the historic past into vivid records of the
legendary courage of the ancestors of his race”.
 Blood Compact
 Bayanihan sa Bukid
 First Mass at Limasawa
 Magpupukot
 The Martyrdom of Rizal
 Fiesta

BENEDICTO “BenCab” R. CABRERA also known

as “BenCab”, a brilliant painter who has “upheld the
primacy of drawing over the decorative color.”
SABEL symbolic scavenger which he describes as “a
melancholic symbol of dislocation, despair, and
isolation – the personification od human dignity
threatened by life’s vicissitudes, and the vast inequities
of Philippine society.”