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/ 6
350 POWER PLANT THEORY AND DESIGN, (Ch. 8
Bottom of Turbine Flange
Top of Condenser Flange
LJ Hh
Screws 9 Screws
Fic. 8-8. Lever and counterweight condenser support.
supports, and counterweights cost about ten times as much as spring sup-
ports. Spring supports are used on condensers of 5000 sq it and larger,
while fulerum supports are not used below 35,000 sq it of surface.
84. Condenser Calculations. Coefficients of heat transfer for s
face condensers should include conduction through the metal wall and
surface conduction or convection for the water film on the inside of the
tube and for the steam film on the outside of the tube; i.e., assuming that
the tube is commercially clean, An actual tube may have a slimy film on
the inside from algae in the circulating water. Many stations employ
continuous or intermittent chlorination of the circulating water to pre-
vent formations on the tubes, as these films reduce the coefficient of heat
transfer. A chlorination system is shown in Fig. 1-2
Because of the many uncertainties involved in calculating coefficients,
the Heat Exchange Institute, which is composed of the major manufae-
turers of heat-exchange equipment, has standardized the over-all coe!
cients of heat transfer (U) to be used in the design of surface condensers,
Fig. 8-9. Values given on the curves are for 70 F water entering commer-
cially clean tubes made of No. 18 BWG Admiralty metal. Correction
factors are given for other metals and thicknesses,
A temperature-surface diagram for a condenser would consist of a con-
stant temperature line for the steam condensing and a rising curved line
for the circulating water being heated, Fig. 4-7(b). It was also shown in
Chap. 4 that the equation for log mean temperature difference and the
quantity of energy transferred are
(8-1) Ch. 8] HEAT EXCHANGERS 351
Temperature of Inlet Water in Deg F
50 60 70 80 90
(Hr)(Sq Ft)(F)
2
o
ire Correction Factor
mperat
(780g 16809
0.98 0.96 |
098 0.96 |
0.94 09/
0.94 0.91
087 084
= 90-10 Copper Nickel 0.90 O87 O84
"0-30 Cf 083 080 076
3 SSI SE Scan ze
3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Woter Velocity in Fps
Fig, 8-9, Heat-transfer curves for surface condensers. (By permission from Stand-
ards for Steam Surface Condensers, 4th ed. Copyright, 1955, by Heat Exchange
Institute.)
and Q=U48,, (8-2)
where 8,, = log mean temperature difference, F
6, = minimum terminal temperature difference, tay — te, F
6, = maximum terminal temperature difference, tay — &, F
aturation temperature of the steam, F
inlet circulating water temperature, F
outlet circulating water temperature, F
over-all coefficient of heat transfer based on outside tube
area, Btu per (sq it) (hr) (F)
A = ontside tube area, sq ft
sat
‘The quantity 6, is known simply as the terminal difference and is the dif-
ference between the saturation temperature of the steam and the tempera-
ture of the water leaving. The coefficient of heat transfer to be used in
Eq. 8-2 cannot be obtained directly from Fig. 8-9 but ean be defined by
U=UXF,XF,XF,XF, (8-3)
where U =coefficient of heat transfer from Fig. 8-9, Btu per (sq ft)
(hr) (F)
F, = temperature correction factor from Fig. 8-9 352 POWER PLANT THEORY AND DESIGN (Ch. 8
F,, = tube material and thickness correction factor from Fig. 8-9
F, = cleanliness factor
F,,= prime mover factors, 1.0 for turbines and 0.75 for steam
engines
Coefficients of heat transfer depend on the velocity of the fluid flowing
through the tubes and on the film temperatures, The Institute's curves
assume a water film temperature corresponding to a water temperature of
70 F. The correction for any other water temperature may be found from:
the temperature curve, whose abscissa scale is at the top of the sheet.
The cleanliness factor is concerned with films formed by algae and dirty
water. When circulating water is clean or is chlorinated, a factor of 0.85
is normally used. Lower values should be used for bad water conditions
and a value of 0.95 should be used for good water conditions.
Heat transfer coefficients given in Fig. 8-9 are for a condenser receiving
steam that is free of oil, such as a turbine exhaust. Condenser tubes serv-
ing a steam engine become coated with an oil film that causes drops of
water on the tube surface rather than a water film on the surface. This
reduces the heat transfer rate.
Condenser tubes are seleeted from the four sizes listed on the heat
transfer curves and are usually of a thickness corresponding to No. 18
El
18 BWG condenser tubes
—— EE —=
20 BWG 18 BWG. 17BWG 16 BWG
.035 in 049 in 058 in 065 in
Fig, 8-10. Actual sizes and thicknesses of condenser and feedwater tubes,
BWG (Birmingham Wire Gange). Tubes smaller than 54-in, OD become
clogged too easily, while tubes larger than 1-in. OD require excessive
amounts of water to maintain a reasonable velocity. Even 54- and 34-in.
tubes clog very easily and for that reason are used only in small con-
densers. ‘The %-in. tubes are used for marine installations; for stationary
plants they are seldom used above 500-sq {t capacity. For condensers
of 500 to 2750 sq ft, %4-in. tubes are used. Other ranges are: %- or %-in 354 POWER PLANT THEORY AND DESIGN, fch.8
tubes from 3000 to 4750 sq ft; %4- or %4- or I-in. tubes from 5000 sq ft to
14,000
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