REINFORCED CONCRETE

VOL. II
[ AD VANC ED R EI NF O R C ED C O NC R ETE ]

NE
W By
Dr. H. J. Shah

Edition : 8th Edition : 2022

ISBN : 9789385039492
REVISED
Binding : Paperback & ENLARGED
Pages : 776 + 24 = 800
` 2000.00 BUY Size (mm) : 279 × 40 × 203
Weight : 1560 g

ABOUT THE BOOK CONTENT

This book presents the basic principles involved in Analysis and Design of Reinforced Concrete Structures. PART I: MULTI-STOREYED BUILDINGS
This Eighth edition of Vol. II has been thoroughly revised and extensively enlarged. Some chapters
from Seventh edition were transferred to Vol. I of this book. Now in this Vol. II, it is divided in two 1 : MULTI-STORYED BUILDINGS: FUNDAMENTALS
parts discuss the followings: 2 : ANALYSIS AND DESIGN FOR
Part I : Multi-storeyed buildings   and   Part II : Water tanks: Liquid retaining structures. GRAVITY LOADS: AN OVERVIEW
This is a unique book as it contains material complying with latest Indian codes with their respective amendments till 3 : BASICS OF BUILDING DYNAMICS
October 2022. All chapters are revised with adding a plenty of new matter, examples and figures. 4 : LATERAL LOADS
The outline of the book “Reinforced Concrete Vol. II – Part I : Chapter 01 to 12” as mentioned below:
5 : DEFORMATION OF RCC BUILDINGS
Chapter 1 Fundamentals of Multi-storeyed buildings and discusses the overall understanding
of the subject. Chapter 2 contains an overview of gravity load analysis and design and explains 6 : CALCULATION OF EARTHQUAKE FORCES
how to calculate gravity loads on beams and columns of the building. Chapter 3 is devoted for 7 : EARTHQUAKE RESISTANT STRUCTURAL PLANNING
basics of building dynamics. Since the buildings are subjected to dynamic loads like wind and 8 : DUCTILITY CONSIDERATION
earthquake, it becomes necessary to understand some basics of building dynamics. Only a few 9 : SMRF BUILDING – I:
basics necessary to understand the analysis and design of medium rise buildings are explained. DESIGN EXAMPLE — GRAVITY LOAD ANALYSIS
Chapter 4 gives information about lateral loads, viz., wind and earthquake loads. Dynamic 10 : SMRF BUILDING – II:
nature of wind is not considered in the scope of this book. Therefore, static wind forces are
explained and also calculated for buildings, while earthquake forces are only explained. Lateral
DESIGN EXAMPLE — LATERAL LOAD ANALYSIS
loads result in lateral deformations of building. Chapter 5 discusses about the deformations 11 : SMRF BUILDING – III: DESIGN EXAMPLE — DESIGN
(horizontal as well as vertical) in the buildings. Overall deformation and inter-storey drift discussed 12 : WALLS IN BUILDINGS
in this chapter play very important role in design of these buildings. Chapter 6 explains how PART II: WATER TANKS:
to calculate earthquake forces on the building as a whole and also component-wise. Response
spectrum method is adopted by IS:1893 for earthquake loads calculations. Chapter 7 explains
LIQUID RETAINING STRUCTURES
how to plan medium rise buildings to make them earthquake resistant. Chapter 8 discusses 13 : LIQUID RETAINING STRUCTURES: FUNDAMENTALS
the ductile design as per IS:13920 including amendments published so far. It is necessary for all 14 : LIQUID RETAINING STRUCTURES: MEMBER DESIGN
buildings to follow the ductile design (Optional for earthquake zone II). 15 : LIQUID RETAINING STRUCTURES: LOADING
After getting this preliminary knowledge, an unbraced seven storeyed building (structurally seven storeys)
is considered and analyzed; and designed and detailed for all practical considerations manually in
16 : CIRCULAR TANKS
chapters 9, 10 and 11. All the chapters are completely based on an excel program. This will clarify 17 : RECTANGULAR TANKS
the analysis and design of a complete building. Chapter 12 is devoted for walls and shear wall 18 : EARTHQUAKE FORCES ON
design. Although the building design with shear walls is not considered in the scope of this book. LIQUID RETAINING STRUCTURES
Typically, shear walls are also used for medium rise buildings in modern scenario. 19 : ELEVATED WATER TANKS
The outline of the book “Reinforced Concrete Vol. II – Part II : Chapter 13 to 20” as mentioned below: [ELEVATED STORAGE RESERVOIR (ESR)]
These chapters discuss the design of liquid retaining structures by using limit state theory as 20 : INTZE TANK
was adopted in IS:3370-2009 and also in its 2021 revision. In this respect, it is a unique book.
It starts with fundamentals of liquid retaining structures in chapter 13 and explains how such
INDEX
structures are different than conventional buildings. Limiting the crack width for no leakage of water from tanks is the key design of such structures. Chapter 14
discusses designs of different members of liquid retaining structures. This chapter should be very helpful to appreciate the design of water tanks. Loads acting on
such structures have to be treated in different manner than conventional buildings. Chapter 15 gives good understanding of various loads acting on water tanks.
Complete designs of circular and rectangular tanks resting on ground are treated in chapters 16 and 17 respectively. Since calculation of earthquake loads is
yet not known, these chapters assume earthquake loads by using thumb rules recommended by the author. Chapter 18 is devoted for calculating earthquake
loads on water tanks which is based on empirical formulae given by IS:1983(Part II). Chapter 19 designs circular and rectangular overhead tanks subjected to
all types of loads. Chapter 20 designs an intze tank supported by peripheral columns with full practical details.
Now this book “Reinforced Concreted Vol. II, in its 20 Chapters contains:

380 Neatly drawn sketches 209 Questions at the end of chapters

134 Useful tables 066 Examples for practice at the end of chapters.
109 Design examples
The book in the present form will prove to be extremely useful to the students preparing for the Degree examinations in Civil Engineering and Architecture of all
the Indian Universities, Diploma examinations conducted by various Boards of Technical Education, Certificate Courses as well as for the A.M.I.E., U.P.S.C.,
G.A.T.E., I.E.S., and other similar competitive and professional examinations. It should also be an immense use to practicing Civil Engineers.
Catalogue Checklist
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 REINFORCED CONCRETE – VOL. II
DETAILED CONTENTS
PART I: MULTI-STOREYED BUILDINGS 1-16. Classification of structures
CHAPTER 1 MULTI-STORYED BUILDINGS: (1) Unbraced structures
(2) Braced structures
FUNDAMENTALS
(3) Dual structures
1-1. Introduction
1-17. Structural systems
1-2. Contributing factors to multi-storeyed buildings
(1) Moment frame systems
(1) Development of high strength materials
(2) Structural wall systems
(2) Development of new design concepts
(3) Dual systems
(3) Development of new structural systems
1-18. Low rise, medium rise, tall and Super tall buildings
(4) Improved construction methods
1-19. Structural plan density and plan aspect ratio
(5) Non-destructive testing and
(1) Structural plan density
retrofitting techniques
(2) Slenderness ratio
1-3. Nomenclatures
(3) Plan aspect ratio
(1) Description of building
1-20. Structural layout
(2) Floor number
(3) Storey number (1) Building panels
(4) Column number (2) Setting the levels
(5) Main beam number (3) Setting the columns
(6) Floor beam number (4) Documentation
1-4. Loads on multi-storeyed buildings 1-21. Analysis, design and detailing (ADD)
(1) Dead loads 1-22. Distinguishing factors to design of tall buildings
(2) Imposed (live) loads (1) Lateral displacements and drift
(3) Wind loads (2) Differential shortening of columns
(4) Earthquake loads Questions 1
1-5. Primary loads and load combinations Examples 1
(1) Primary loads CHAPTER 2 ANALYSIS AND DESIGN FOR GRAVITY LOADS:
(2) Load combinations AN OVERVIEW
1-6. Shear walls 2-1. Introduction
(1) Isolated shear wall 2-2. Calculation of gravity loads
(2) Coupled shear walls 2-3. Area method
1-7. Mechanism of load transfer 2-4. Beam reaction method
(1) Gravity loads (1) Choice of method
(2) Lateral loads (2) Software calculations
(3) Diaphragm 2-5. Imposed load reduction
(4) Linear analysis 2-6. Column load calculations
DIAPHRAGMS 2-7. Gravity load analysis
1-8. Introduction (1) Substitute frame
(1) Foundations (2) Slabs and secondary beams
(2) Vertical elements (3) Main beams
(3) Horizontal elements 2-8. Important analysis parameters
1-9. Diaphragms: functions and types (1) Modulus of elasticity of reinforced concrete
(1) Flexible diaphragm (2) Effective moment of inertia of
(2) Rigid diaphragm framed members: Stiffness modifiers
1-10. Forces on diaphragms 2-9. Design of floor
(1) In-plane forces (1) Design for flexure
(2) Transfer forces (2) Corrections in beam moments
(3) Connection forces (3) Design for shear
(4) Column bracing forces 2-10. Analysis and design of columns
(5) Diaphragm out of plane forces 2-11. Tie beams and ground beams
1-11. Components of diaphragm 2-12. Footings
(1) Diaphragm slab (1) Column/wall — footing connection
(2) Chord elements (tension chord and (2) Transfer of loads from shallow footings to the soil
compression chord) (3) Characteristics of soils to be selected for laying foundation
(3) Collectors (or distributors) (4) Depth of foundation
(4) Connections with vertical elements (5) Choice of column/wall — footing connection
1-12. Flat slab and conventional 2-13. Seismic requirements for foundations
slab-beam diaphragms 2-14. Concreting in slab-beams and columns
(1) Flat slab diaphragms 2-15. Conclusion
(2) Conventional slab/beam diaphragm Questions 2
1-13. Centre of mass and centre of rigidity
CHAPTER 3 BASICS OF BUILDING DYNAMICS
(1) Centre of mass
3-1. Lateral loads
(2) Centre of rigidity (stiffness)
3-2. Basics of vibration
1-14. Lateral stiffness
(1) Damping of a system
(1) Translational stiffness
(2) Classification of vibrations
(2) Rotational stiffness
(3) Types of vibration
1-15. Distribution of lateral loads to lateral
3-3. Degrees of freedom
force resisting system (LFRS) elements
(1) Single degree of freedom (SDOF) system
(1) Flat slab diaphragm
(2) Multi degree of freedom (MDOF) system
(2) Conventional slab beam diaphragm
(3) Vibrations in a building (space structure)
(3) Simplification by using relative stiffness – conventional
(4) Shear building
slab beam diaphragm
(5) Practical buildings

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 REINFORCED CONCRETE – VOL. II
DETAILED CONTENTS
3-4. Vibration parameters (5) Load Combinations for R. C. structures
(1) Motion of translation (6) Design horizontal and vertical earthquake loads and
(2) Motion of rotation their combinations
3-5. Damping (7) Increase in net bearing pressure and skin friction of soil
(1) Viscous damping 4-21. Seismic weight
(2) Critical damping 4-22. Lateral loads acting on a rigid diaphragm
(3) Damping ratio or damping value 4-23. Accidental eccentricity
(4) Behaviour of vibrating system 4-24. Design eccentricity
(5) Damped circular frequency 4-25. Analysis of building for lateral loads
(6) Decay of vibration 4-26. Analysis of a frame subjected to wind or earthquake loads
(7) Number of cycles before rest 4-27. The portal method
3-6. Review formulae 4-28. The cantilever method
(1) Stiffness 4-29. Modified portal method
(2) Mass moments of inertia 4-30. Closure
3-7. Fundamental natural period Questions 4
3-8. Fundamental natural period: Examples 4
BIS formulae CHAPTER 5 DEFORMATION OF RCC BUILDINGS
(1) Wind loads 5-1. Sway and drift
(2) Earthquake loads (1) Vertical gravity loads (Dead and live loads)
(3) Effect of masonry infills (2) Horizontal loads (wind and Earthquake loads)
Questions 3 5-2. First order analysis of drift
Examples 3 5-3. Absolute displacement concept
CHAPTER 4 LATERAL LOADS 5-4. Drift due to rotation of columns and girders
4-1. Introductory (1) Drift due to column rotation
WIND LOADS (2) Drift due to beam rotation
4-2. Wind loads 5-5. Lateral stiffness of the storey
4-3. Wind pressure on buildings 5-6. Stiffness irregularity (Soft storey)
(1) Basic wind speed 5-7. Revision in design for storey drift
(2) Design wind speed 5-8. Displacement due to cantilever action of the space frame
(3) Design wind pressure 5-9. Shear leak displacement
(4) Interference effect 5-10. First order lateral strength of storey:
(5) Dynamic effects of wind Strength irregularity (Weak storey)
4-4. Wind loads on buildings 5-11. Second order analysis
EARTHQUAKE LOADS 5-12. Second order drift due to lateral loads: P-D analysis
4-5. The earthquake 5-13. Stability index
4-6. Interior of the earth (1) Frame with No-sway
4-7. Tectonic plates (2) Frame with sway
4-8. Causes and occurrence of an earthquake 5-14. Lateral stability of the building
4-9. Terminology 5-15. Local P- d correction
(1) Focus or hypocentre Questions 5
(2) Epicentre Examples 5
(3) Focal depth
(4) Epicentre distance CHAPTER 6 CALCULATION OF EARTHQUAKE FORCES
4-10. Measurement of ground motion 6-1. Elastic Response Spectrum
4-11. Magnitude of earthquake 6-2. Design horizontal seismic coefficient
4-12. Intensity of earthquake (Damage Potential) (1) The seismic zone factor
4-13. Seismic zoning (2) The design acceleration coefficient
4-14. Ground accelerations (3) Response reduction factor
4-15. Difference between wind loads and earthquake loads (4) Importance factor
4-16. Factors governing response of buildings during earthquakes 6-3. Methods of calculating earthquake forces
(1) Properties of the structure (1) Linear methods
(2) Properties of foundation (2) Non-linear methods
(3) Characteristics of the exciting motion 6-4. Lateral force
4-17. Effects of earthquakes 6-5. Equivalent static method
(1) Effect on the soil mass 6-6. Natural modes of oscillation of a building
(2) Effect on the structure 6-7. Determination of lateral seismic forces
4-18. Effect of seismic waves on soil using response spectrum method
(1) For determining the spectrum to be used to estimate (1) Mode number and damage potential
design earthquake force (2) Response spectrum analysis
(2) For determining percentage increase in (3) Torsion mode
net bearing pressure and skin friction 6-8. Equations of motion
4-19. Weighted average of corrected N values of a multi-layer soil 6-9. Determination of eigenvectors and drawing mode shapes
(1) For determining the spectrum to be used to estimate (1) Eigenvector for w1
design earthquake force (2) Calculation of eigenvectors to determine mode shapes
(2) For determining percentage increase in net bearing (3) Mode shapes
pressure and skin friction 6-10. Calculation of seismic shears at each floor
4-20. General principles of seismic analysis and design (1) Modal mass
(1) Fundamental assumptions (2) Modal mass contribution
(2) Design criteria (3) Number of modes to be considered
(3) Basic strategy of earthquake design (4) Missing mass correction
(4) Designing earthquake resistant structures (5) Mode participation factor

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 REINFORCED CONCRETE – VOL. II
DETAILED CONTENTS
(6) Design lateral force at each floor in each mode (1) Concrete
6-11. Modal combination (3) Requirements of testing of steel
(1) CQC (Complete quadratic combination) Method BEAMS
(2) SRSS method (Alternate method) 8-7. General
6-12. Storey drift 8-8. Requirements of longitudinal reinforcement
Questions 6 (1) Minimum and maximum steel in a beam
(2) Longitudinal steel at support
CHAPTER 7 EARTHQUAKE RESISTANT
(3) Longitudinal steel at sections other than supports
Structural Planning
(4) Anchorage of longitudinal bars at support
7-1. Introductory
(5) Splicing of longitudinal bar
7-2. Five Priorities
8-9. Transverse reinforcement
(1) Safety
8-10. Calculation of design shear in beams
(2) Functionality
8-11. Lose of shear strength due to formation of plastic hinge
(3) Sustainability
8-12. Shear resistance or a shear capacity of the section
(4) Aesthetics
8-13. Detailing rules for transverse reinforcement
(5) Economy
COLUMNS
7-3. Progressive collapse
8-14. Columns and inclined members
(1) Design or construction errors
8-15. Selection of column dimensions
(2) Extreme loading conditions
(1) Providing adequate anchorage within the joint:
7-4. Structural Integrity
Minimum dimension
7-5. Structural Restorability
(2) Confining of the core concrete
7-6. Desirable Attributes to Earthquake Resistant Building
8-16. Relative strengths of beams and columns at a beam-column joint
7-6-1. Robust structural configuration
8-17. Reinforcement requirements for columns
7-6-2. At least a minimum elastic lateral stiffness
8-17-1. Design and details of transverse reinforcement
7-6-3. At least a minimum lateral strength
(1) General
7-6-4. Adequate ductility
(2) Diameter
7-7. General Requirements
(3) Circular columns
(1) Interaction between architect and structural engineer
(4) Rectangular columns
(2) Grid planning
8-17-2. Splices in longitudinal bars
(3) Maximum height
(1) Lap splices
(4) Slenderness ratio
(2) Welded splices
(5) Shape
(3) Mechanical splices – Couplers
(6) Plan aspect ratio
8-18. Nomenclature for column lengths
7-8. Requirements related to earthquake design
(1) Floor height
(1) Configuration
(2) Length of column or storey height
(2) Continuity in load path
(3) Unsupported length of column
(3) Well defined LFRS
8-19. Types of beam column joints
(4) Codal requirements
based on confinement
7-9. Structural Irregularities
8-20. Special confining reinforcement
7-9-1. Plan irregularities
(1) Calculation
(1) Torsion irregularities
(2) Spacing of special confining reinforcement
(2) Re-entrant corners
(3) Calculation of area of special confining reinforcement
(3) Floor slabs having excessive cut outs or openings
(4) Additional rules
(4) Out of plane offsets in vertical elements
8-21. Design of ductile column for shear
(5) Non-Parallel lateral force system
8-22. Summary of detailing of column reinforcement
7-9-2. Vertical Irregularities
(1) Longitudinal reinforcement
(1) Stiffness irregularities
(2) Location of lap
(2) Mass irregularities
(3) Transverse reinforcement
(3) Vertical geometrical irregularities
8-23. Horizontal shear in beam column joint
(4) In-plane discontinuity in LFRS elements
(1) Effective width of the joint
(5) Strength irregularities (Weak Storey)
(2) Effective area of the joint
(6) Floating or stub columns
(3) Distortional shear stress at the joint
(7) Irregular modes of oscillation in
(4) Shear strength of concrete in a joint
two principal plan directions
(5) Checking
7-10. Lateral force resisting system (LFRS)
7-11. Closure Questions 8
Questions 7 Example 8

CHAPTER 8 DUCTILITY CONSIDERATION CHAPTER 9 SMRF BUILDING – I: DESIGN EXAMPLE —

8-1. Introductory GRAVITY LOAD ANALYSIS
8-2. Capacity design concept 9-1. Requirements of the example
8-3. Strong beam-weak column verses (1) Slabs
strong column weak beam design (2) Beams
(1) Strong beam-weak column design (3) Columns
(2) Strong column-weak beam design (4) Foundations
8-4. Ductility requirements (5) Parking
8-5. Forms of transverse reinforcement 9-2. Global and local axes
(1) Link 9-3. Data of the example building
(2) Cross-tie (1) General data
(3) Modified transverse reinforcement for beams (2) Soil report
(4) Spiral (3) Summary of the building configuration
8-6. Materials requirements GRAVITY LOAD ANALYSIS

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 REINFORCED CONCRETE – VOL. II
DETAILED CONTENTS
9-4. Unit load calculations (3) Check for anchorages of reinforcements
(1) Slab at terrace level (4) Moment capacities of various sections
(2) Slab at typical floor level 11-5. Design of a typical corner column
(3) Beams (All floors) 11-5-1. Collection of data
(4) Columns: (16 No.) 11-5-2. Selection of trial sections of columns for
(5) Peripheral brick walls selected load combinations
(6) Height of parapet at terrace (1) Design proposal
(7) Floor level beams (2) Main longitudinal reinforcement
9-5. Calculation of levels and self weights of columns 11-5-3. Checking of trial sections for other
9-6. Selection of concrete grades in columns and beams of various storeys load combinations with wind and earthquake
9-7. Column gravity load calculations using beam-reaction method (1) Nominal flexural strength of column
9-8. Primary loads and load combinations (2) Nominal flexural strength of beams
9-9. Gravity load analysis 11-5-4. Design of secondary reinforcements in column
(1) Use of symmetry (1) Arrangement of transverse reinforcement
(2) Calculation of distribution factors (2) Design of transverse reinforcement
(3) Calculation of gross moments of inertia values of beams 11-5-5. Design of Column for Shear
and columns at various storeys 11-6. Square footing design for C1
(4) Distribution factors for factored loads considering various load combinations
(5) Primary loads and load combinations (1) Loading data
(6) Analysis of a typical beam (2) Soil data
9-10. Analysis of beams B1-B2-B3 and B10-B11-B12 AT 6th level (3) Soil design
9-11. Idealisation of connection between main beams and (4) Analysis and design
floor beams (FB) Example 11
9-12. Closure CHAPTER 12 WALLS IN BUILDINGS
Example 9 12-1. Introductory
CHAPTER 10 SMRF BUILDING – II: DESIGN EXAMPLE — (1) Types of walls
LATERAL LOAD ANALYSIS (2) Loads carried by structural walls
10-1. Introductory 12-2. Classification of walls
10-2. Wind load calculation (1) Braced and unbraced walls
(1) Data (2) Stocky (short) and slender (long) walls
(2) Check for dynamic analysis (3) Ordinary and ductile walls
(3) Design wind speed AXIALLY LOADED PLAIN CONCRETE
(4) Design wind pressure BRACED WALLS
(5) Wind load calculations 12-3. Axially loaded plain concrete braced walls
(6) Wind load analysis (1) Thickness of the wall
EARTHQUAKE LOAD ANALYSIS (2) Effective height of braced walls
10-3. Earthquake Analysis (3) Calculation of axial loads and their eccentricity
(1) Calculation of seismic weight (4) Design axial strength of a braced wall
(2) Calculation of base shear using approximate fundamental (5) Reinforcements in wall
translational period of oscillation (6) Walls subjected to combined horizontal and vertical forces
10-4. The response spectrum method (7) Design for horizontal shear
10-5. Response spectrum analysis 12-4. Shear Walls
(1) Calculation of various matrices (1) Isolated shear walls
(2) Calculation of time period (2) Coupled shear wall
(3) Calculation of Eigen vectors SPECIAL SHEAR WALLS
(4) Mode shapes 12-5. Special shear walls
(5) Number of modes to be considered 12-6. General requirements for special shear walls
(6) Modal mass (1) Minimum ratio
(7) Modal contribution (2) Minimum thickness
(8) The modal participation factor (3) Classification of special walls based on ratio
10-6. Design lateral force at each floor in each mode (4) Reinforcement requirements
10-7. Drift and stability analysis (5) Minimum reinforcement
10-8. Accidental eccentricity and design earthquake forces (6) Maximum diameter and maximum spacing
10-9. Earthquake load analysis using portal method (7) Foundation of special walls
10-10. Comparison of lateral loads 12-7. Design for shear force
10-11. Closure 12-8. Interaction charts for Shear walls without boundary
Examples 10 elements subjected to in-plane axial loads and moments
CHAPTER 11 SMRF BUILDING – III: 12-9. Straight wall with uniform steel
12-10. Simplified method of designing a shearwall with
DESIGN EXAMPLE — DESIGN
boundary elements
11-1. Design of the building
(1) Thickness of the wall
(1) Slabs
(2) Properties of wall
(2) Beams and columns
(3) Necessity of boundary element
(3) Footings
(4) Size of boundary element
11-2. Design of typical floor
(1) Floor slab (5) Curtains of reinforcement required
(2) Floor beam (6) Maximum spacing of vertical and horizontal bars
(7) Flexure reinforcement in wall/web
11-3. Summary of analysis results of beams
(8) Design for shear (Horizontal reinforcement)
11-4. Design of beam
(9) Distribution of axial load in boundary element (B.E.) and web
(1) Data
(10) Moment of resistance of web
(2) Design for flexure
(11) Axial loads in boundary elements

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 REINFORCED CONCRETE – VOL. II
DETAILED CONTENTS
(12) Design of boundary element CHAPTER 14 LIQUID RETAINING STRUCTURES:
(13) Boundary element (B.E.) links Member Design
(14) Net steel ratio 14-1. Introductory
(15) Checking 14-2. Limit state design
12-11. Gravity columns
(1) Limit state of collapse
(1) Occurrence
(2) Behaviour of gravity columns under earthquake event (2) Limit state of serviceability
(3) Design criteria of gravity columns 14-3. Cases for member design
(4) Analysis and design of (1) Members subjected to flexure only
complete building with gravity columns (2) Members subjected to axial tension only
(5) Special case (3) Members subjected to tension with bending
Questions 12 14-4. Review of equations for flexure and
PART II: WATER TANKS: LIQUID RETAINING STRUCTURES shear design by limit state method
CHAPTER 13 LIQUID RETAINING STRUCTURES: (1) Design for flexure
FUNDAMENTALS (2) Design for shear
13-1. Introductory 14-5. Design of a wall
(1) General 14-6. Moment capacity and shear capacity tables
(2) Scope (1) Moment capacity table
13-2. Typical water supply scheme (2) Shear capacity table
(1) Collection of potable water from water sources 14-7. Cracking
(2) Water collection and distribution scheme 14-8. Calculation of crack width due to flexure
(3) Storage reservoirs
14-9. Check for development length
(4) Working of storage reservoirs
13-3. Special Considerations (1) Development length
(1) Impermeability (2) Lap length
(2) Durability 14-10. Check for deflection of a wall
(3) Importance AXIAL TENSION
13-4. Site Conditions 14-11. Members subjected to axial tension
13-5. Materials TENSION WITH BENDING
(1) Cement
14-12. Member subjected to bending and
(2) Aggregates
axial tension acting orthogonally
(3) Admixtures
(4) Water 14-13. Member subjected to bending and axial
(5) Reinforcement tension acting in the same direction
13-6. Concrete 14-14. Determination of predominance of
(1) Quantity of cement tension or flexure on a section
(2) Minimum grade of concrete 14-15. Strength design of a member subjected to combined axial
(3) Maximum free water cement ratio tension and bending
(4) Minimum thickness of members 14-16. Checking the crack width of a section subjected to combined
(5) Concrete cover to reinforcement
tension and flexure
(6) Joints
13-7. Construction issues at foundation level (1) Tension predominates:
13-8. Joints (2) Flexure predominates
(1) Construction joints Questions 14
(2) Movement joints Examples 14
(3) Temporary open joint CHAPTER 15 LIQUID RETAINING STRUCTURES: LOADING
13-9. Cracks in concrete
15-1. Introductory
(1) Heat of hydration of cement
15-2. Primary Loads
(2) Drying shrinkage
(1) Dead loads
(3) Environmental conditions (temperature changes)
(2) Live or imposed loads (LL)
13-10. Ensuring uniform crack
(3) Earthquake loads (EL)
distribution in unloaded members
(4) Wind loads (WL)
13-11. Controlling crack width
(5) Earth pressure (EP)
(1) Crack spacing
(6) Snow loads (SL)
(2) Crack width
(7) Liquid (fluid) load (FL)
13-12. Design options
15-3. Load combinations
(1) Continuous for full restraint
15-4. Other loads and application of loads
(2) Semi-continuous
(1) Internal liquid pressure in circular tank
(3) Close movement joints for freedom of movement
(2) Temperature effects on connection between wall and
13-13. Minimum reinforcement
roof slab
(1) General
(3) Ground water table (GWT)
(2) Thick sections
15-5. Liquid pressure loading
(3) Surface zones
15-6. Earth pressure (EP) loads
(4) Minimum reinforcement
(1) Earth pressure at rest
13-14. Modelling the connections between container elements
(2) Active earth pressure
(1) Connection between side wall and cover slab
(3) Passive earth pressure
(2) Connection between adjacent sidewalls in rectangular tank
(4) General formulae
(3) Connection between wall and base
(5) Cohesive soil as backfill
Questions 13
(6) c-f soil as backfill
Examples 13

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 REINFORCED CONCRETE – VOL. II
DETAILED CONTENTS
(7) Cantilever and counterfort retaining walls CHAPTER 18 EARTHQUAKE FORCES ON LIQUID
(8) Under ground water tanks RETAINING STRUCTURES
(9) Choice of backfill and estimation of earth pressure 18-1. Liquid Pressures induced due to Earthquake
(10) Conventional procedure (1) Impulsive pressure
(11) Estimating equivalent f for c-f soil (2) Convective pressure
(12) Conclusion (3) Pressure due to wall inertia
15-6-1. Earth pressure due to surcharge (4) Pressure due to vertical acceleration
15-6-2. Earth pressure of submerged soil 18-2. Spring mass model for ground supported tanks
15-7. Further discussion on handling ground water table problems 18-2-1. Determination of spring mass model parameters
(1) Tips for similar cases (1) Circular tanks
(2) Connection between wall and base slab (2) Rectangular tanks
15-8. Wind loads on water tanks and staging 18-3. Calculation of earthquake forces
Examples 15 (1) Determination of time period
(2) Damping
CHAPTER 16 CIRCULAR TANKS
(3) Zone factor
16-1. Introductory
(4) Importance factor
16-2. Circular tanks with flexible joint at the base
(5) Response reduction factor
16-3. Analysis of circular tanks (6) Design horizontal seismic coefficient
16-4. Design of circular tank (7) Base shear
(1) General (8) Base moments
(2) Load combinations (9) Hydrodynamic pressure
(3) Under ground and resting on ground tanks (10) Pressure due to wall inertia
(4) Overhead tanks (OHT) or Elevated storage reservoir (ESR) (11) Pressure due to vertical ground acceleration
DESIGN OF AN UNDERGROUND (12) Sloshing wave height
STORAGE RESERVOIR (USR) (13) Anchorage requirement
16-5. Introductory 18-4. Equivalent linear pressure distribution
18-5. Closure
16-6. Cover slab or dome
Questions 18
(1) Simple slab freely supported over walls Examples 18
(2) Normal slab-beams with or without columns
(3) Flat slab supported on columns and wall CHAPTER 19 ELEVATED WATER TANKS
[Elevated Storage reservoir (ESR)]
(4) Dome
19-1. Introductory
(5) Accessaries associated with top cover 19-2. Components of an elevated tank
(6) Structural modelling (1) Container
16-7. Side walls (2) Supporting system called staging
16-8. Side wall footing (3) Foundations
16-9. Base slab (4) Staircase
16-10. Estimate for earthquake loads on container 19-3. Structural design of an ESR
Examples 16 (1) Loads and load combinations
(2) Wind load analysis
CHAPTER 17 RECTANGULAR TANKS
(3) Earthquake load analysis
17-1. Introductory
(4) Design constants
17-2. Use of coefficients from IS:3370(Part IV) 19-4. Design of ESR on Trestle
(1) Deflection calculations (tables 70 to 73) 19-5. Closure
(2) Moment calculations with triangular loads (tables 74 to 103) Examples 19
and rectangular loads (tables 210 to 239)
CHAPTER 20 INTZE TANK
(3) Shear calculations with triangular loads (tables 28) and
20-1. Introduction
rectangular loads (table 93)
20-2. Analysis and design
17-3. Trial depth and selection of layer of reinforcement (1) Membrane analysis
17-4. Analysis and design of (2) Effect of continuity
rectangular underground storage reservoir (USR) (3) Wind loads on the tank and staging
17-5. Design of cover slab (4) Earthquake loads on the tank
(1) Design of reinforcement for limit state of collapse 20-2-1. Design of Container
(2) Checking of section for limit state of cracking (1) Top dome (cover roof )
(3) Typical calculation for checking the crack width (2) Top ring beam
(Centre of short span) (3) Side walls (circular)
(4) Check for deflection (4) Middle ring beam
17-6. Design of foundation: Rectangular tank [Long Wall] (5) Conical dome
(6) Bottom spherical dome
(1) Data
(7) Bottom circular ring beam
(2) Summary of gravity loads (8) Intze principle
(3) Calculation of moment @ toe (9) Foundation
(4) Pressure diagrams 20-2-2. Design of Staging
(5) Analysis of wall footing (1) Design of columns
(6) Provision of reinforcement in wall footing (2) Design of bracings
(7) Check for crack width 20-3. Effect of continuity
(8) Check for shear (1) Observation
(9) Design of base slab (2) Analysis procedure
Questions 17 Example 20
INDEX

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