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Network Address Translation (NAT) Is A Process in Which One or More Local IP Address

Network Address Translation (NAT) allows multiple devices to share a single public IP address to access the Internet. NAT operates on a router or firewall by translating private IP addresses to a public IP address. When a packet leaves the local network, the private IP address is converted to the public IP address. When a packet enters the local network, the translation is reversed. Port Address Translation (PAT), also known as NAT overload, allows many private IP addresses to be mapped to a single public IP address by using port numbers to distinguish the traffic.

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38 views10 pages

Network Address Translation (NAT) Is A Process in Which One or More Local IP Address

Network Address Translation (NAT) allows multiple devices to share a single public IP address to access the Internet. NAT operates on a router or firewall by translating private IP addresses to a public IP address. When a packet leaves the local network, the private IP address is converted to the public IP address. When a packet enters the local network, the translation is reversed. Port Address Translation (PAT), also known as NAT overload, allows many private IP addresses to be mapped to a single public IP address by using port numbers to distinguish the traffic.

Uploaded by

lijmatios
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Network Address Translation (NAT)

 Network Address Translation (NAT) is a process in which one or more local IP address
is translated into one or more Global IP address and vice versa in order to provide Internet
access to the local hosts.
 The idea of NAT is to allow multiple devices to access the Internet through a single public
address. To achieve this, the translation of a private IP address to a public IP address is
required.
 To access the Internet, one public IP address is needed
 Network Address Translation ( NAT) generally operates on a router or firewall.
Network Address Translation (NAT) working

 Generally, the border router is configured for NAT i.e. the router which has one interface
in the local (inside) network and one interface in the global (outside) network.

 When a packet traverse outside the local (inside) network, then NAT converts that local
(private) IP address to a global (public) IP address.

 When a packet enters the local network, the global (public) IP address is converted to a
local (private) IP address.
Why mask port numbers ?

 Suppose, in a network, two hosts A and B are connected. Now, both of them request for
the same destination, on the same port number, say 1000, on the host side, at the same
time.
 If NAT does only translation of IP addresses, then when their packets will arrive at the
NAT, both of their IP addresses would be masked by the public IP address of the network
and sent to the destination.
 Destination will send replies to the public IP address of the router. Thus, on receiving a
reply, it will be unclear to NAT as to which reply belongs to which host (because source
port numbers for both A and B are the same).
 Hence, to avoid such a problem, NAT masks the source port number as well and makes an
entry in the NAT table.
NAT inside and outside addresses –

❖ Inside local address – An IP address that is assigned to a host on the Inside (local) network. The
address is probably not an IP address assigned by the service provider i.e., these are private IP
addresses. This is the inside host seen from the inside network.

❖ Inside global address – IP address that represents one or more inside local IP addresses to the
outside world. This is the inside host as seen from the outside network.

❖ Outside local address – This is the actual IP address of the destination host in the local network
after translation.

❖ Outside global address – This is the outside host as seen from the outside network. It is the IP
address of the outside destination host before translation.
Cont.…
Network Address Translation (NAT) Types –

There are 3 ways to configure NAT:


1. Static NAT – In this, a single unregistered (Private) IP address is mapped with a legally
registered (Public) IP address i.e. one-to-one mapping between local and global addresses.
This is generally used for Web hosting.
 These are not used in organizations as there are many devices that will need Internet
access and to provide Internet access, a public IP address is needed.
 Suppose, if there are 3000 devices that need access to the Internet, the organization has to
buy 3000 public addresses that will be very costly.
Cont.…

2. Dynamic NAT – In this type of NAT, an unregistered IP address is translated into a registered
(Public) IP address from a pool of public IP addresses. If the IP address of the pool is not free, then
the packet will be dropped as only a fixed number of private IP addresses can be translated to public
addresses.

 Suppose, if there is a pool of 2 public IP addresses then only 2 private IP addresses can be
translated at a given time. If 3rd private IP address wants to access the Internet, then the packet
will be dropped therefore many private IP addresses are mapped to a pool of public IP addresses.

 NAT is used when the number of users who want to access the Internet is fixed. This is also very
costly as the organization has to buy many global IP addresses to make a pool.
Cont.…

3.Port Address Translation (PAT) – This is also known as NAT overload. In this, many
local (private) IP addresses can be translated to a single registered IP address.

➢ Port numbers are used to distinguish the traffic i.e., which traffic belongs to which IP
address.

➢ This is most frequently used as it is cost-effective as thousands of users can be connected


to the Internet by using only one real global (public) IP address.

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